Pub Date : 2026-03-16DOI: 10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101204
Enis T. Turgut
Quick Access Recorder (QAR) data is a critical source of high-fidelity information, enabling a deep characterization of aircraft, engines, and their subsystems within complex and dynamic operational environments. Even minor variations in manufacturing or operational wear can cause technically identical systems to develop distinct performance characteristics over their service life. QAR acts as a digital memory of this individuality, capturing a wide array of parameters that reflect a system’s physical reflexes and characteristic habits. Through this memory, normal or abnormal behaviors can be monitored during standard flight phases, under stressful conditions, and against the effects of aging. Thus, the performance evolution of the system over time can be examined by analyzing its alignment with expected behavior, as well as accuracy, lag, or deviation of its responses to control commands. Given its clear value, QAR data has been the subject of extensive research over the years. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a thematic map of the applications of QAR data in aviation, documenting its evolution over the past 25 years. A total of 380 studies reveal that research concentrates around three primary focal points: (i) flight safety and risk management, (ii) operational efficiency based on fuel consumption, and (iii) system health management, with an emphasis on engines. Within these areas, several core topics have emerged. Building on these topics, this paper provides a holistic assessment of QAR analysis, from raw data preparation and feature engineering to the application of various statistical and data-driven approaches across diverse domains.
{"title":"A 25-year journey in Quick Access Recorder (QAR) data: A thematic review of analytics for aircraft safety, efficiency, and health management","authors":"Enis T. Turgut","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101204","url":null,"abstract":"Quick Access Recorder (QAR) data is a critical source of high-fidelity information, enabling a deep characterization of aircraft, engines, and their subsystems within complex and dynamic operational environments. Even minor variations in manufacturing or operational wear can cause technically identical systems to develop distinct performance characteristics over their service life. QAR acts as a digital memory of this individuality, capturing a wide array of parameters that reflect a system’s physical reflexes and characteristic habits. Through this memory, normal or abnormal behaviors can be monitored during standard flight phases, under stressful conditions, and against the effects of aging. Thus, the performance evolution of the system over time can be examined by analyzing its alignment with expected behavior, as well as accuracy, lag, or deviation of its responses to control commands. Given its clear value, QAR data has been the subject of extensive research over the years. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a thematic map of the applications of QAR data in aviation, documenting its evolution over the past 25 years. A total of 380 studies reveal that research concentrates around three primary focal points: (i) flight safety and risk management, (ii) operational efficiency based on fuel consumption, and (iii) system health management, with an emphasis on engines. Within these areas, several core topics have emerged. Building on these topics, this paper provides a holistic assessment of QAR analysis, from raw data preparation and feature engineering to the application of various statistical and data-driven approaches across diverse domains.","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"38 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147465845","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-03-16DOI: 10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101205
Adrian Josua Orlando Winter, Kay Kochan
In an effort towards sustainable aviation, the use of liquid hydrogen as an energy carrier has the potential to enable zero carbon emission flights. While the idea has been around for decades, challenges in storing and handling liquid hydrogen safely and reliably to meet aviation standards still remain. As liquid hydrogen needs to be stored at −253 °C, the tank architecture, interfaces and sensors differ greatly from those used for kerosene.
{"title":"Liquid hydrogen in aviation: A critical review of usage and level sensing technologies","authors":"Adrian Josua Orlando Winter, Kay Kochan","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101205","url":null,"abstract":"In an effort towards sustainable aviation, the use of liquid hydrogen as an energy carrier has the potential to enable zero carbon emission flights. While the idea has been around for decades, challenges in storing and handling liquid hydrogen safely and reliably to meet aviation standards still remain. As liquid hydrogen needs to be stored at <mml:math altimg=\"si1.svg\" display=\"inline\"><mml:mo>−</mml:mo></mml:math>253 °C, the tank architecture, interfaces and sensors differ greatly from those used for kerosene.","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"47 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":9.6,"publicationDate":"2026-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147465842","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101159
Ketan Vasudeva , M. Reza Emami , Cameron Dickinson
The renewed global interest in furthering human’s presence on the Moon has catalyzed efforts to establish a sustainable lunar base. The incentive is not only for scientific opportunities and prospects of deep-space exploration, but also for demonstrating technologies that will extend our reach throughout the Solar System. Central to such efforts is the development of robust and scalable lunar construction technologies. This survey presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in lunar construction, including environmental characterization, infrastructure development, construction methods and materials, and robotic systems. The unique challenges posed by the lunar environment are highlighted, such as extreme temperature variations, high radiation exposure, and micrometeorite impacts, with a particular emphasis on the abrasive, adhesive, and electrostatically charged lunar regolith, thus including strategies developed for lunar dust mitigation. The survey investigates the critical infrastructure that will need to be established, including habitats, power stations, communication stations, landing pads, blast berms, and more. A detailed analysis of the methods and materials that are being developed to create such infrastructure is presented, identifying which methods have demonstrated promise and garnered the most attention. A diversity of robotic technologies are required to enable the construction of the necessary infrastructure using these methods and systems, which are broken down into lunar cranes, mobile manipulators, 3D printers, and robot teams, with a particular focus on work being done to develop flight systems. The paper concludes by identifying critical research and technological gaps that must be addressed to support the next generation of lunar missions and long-term extraterrestrial habitation.
{"title":"Lunar construction: A state-of-the-art survey","authors":"Ketan Vasudeva , M. Reza Emami , Cameron Dickinson","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101159","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101159","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The renewed global interest in furthering human’s presence on the Moon has catalyzed efforts to establish a sustainable lunar base. The incentive is not only for scientific opportunities and prospects of deep-space exploration, but also for demonstrating technologies that will extend our reach throughout the Solar System. Central to such efforts is the development of robust and scalable lunar construction technologies. This survey presents a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in lunar construction, including environmental characterization, infrastructure development, construction methods and materials, and robotic systems. The unique challenges posed by the lunar environment are highlighted, such as extreme temperature variations, high radiation exposure, and micrometeorite impacts, with a particular emphasis on the abrasive, adhesive, and electrostatically charged lunar regolith, thus including strategies developed for lunar dust mitigation. The survey investigates the critical infrastructure that will need to be established, including habitats, power stations, communication stations, landing pads, blast berms, and more. A detailed analysis of the methods and materials that are being developed to create such infrastructure is presented, identifying which methods have demonstrated promise and garnered the most attention. A diversity of robotic technologies are required to enable the construction of the necessary infrastructure using these methods and systems, which are broken down into lunar cranes, mobile manipulators, 3D printers, and robot teams, with a particular focus on work being done to develop flight systems. The paper concludes by identifying critical research and technological gaps that must be addressed to support the next generation of lunar missions and long-term extraterrestrial habitation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 101159"},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101157
Iván Castro-Fernández , Gonzalo Sánchez-Arriaga , Manuel García-Villalba
Airborne Wind Energy (AWE) systems are tethered aircraft for wind energy harvesting that, since not constrained by a tower like conventional wind turbines, can operate at high altitudes with access to a better wind resource. This work presents a comprehensive review of the current knowledge and state of the art of the aerodynamics of AWE systems. Aerodynamics, which affects power generation, flight physics, control, structure, and safety, among others, is the most transversal area for AWE technology. It is a rich field of experimental and theoretical research due to its significant impact on performance. The review starts organizing actual AWE prototypes, some of them reaching the 100 kW range, according to some selected dimensionless parameters strongly related with their aerodynamics including the Reynolds and Mach numbers, the aspect ratio, the maximum lift-to-weight ratio and aerodynamic efficiency, the reduced frequency, and the sweep and dihedral angles of the wing. AWE machines with different electrical generation solutions (on the ground and onboard), links to the ground (tethered and rotary machines), aircraft (non-rigid or soft, hybrid and fixed wing), and control (aerodynamic surfaces, hanging control pod, ground-based, etc.) are considered and the implication of each architecture on the aerodynamics is discussed. After such a fundamental introduction, the work reviews the current state of AWE numerical and experimental aerodynamics, detailing the modeling methods and key findings. The numerical models are categorized into fast, low- to mid-fidelity methods based on potential flow, and high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics methods like Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and Large-Eddy Simulations. Most numerical studies aim to understand local phenomena by examining the flow and pressure fields over wings, and/or to calculate the aerodynamic force and moment coefficients of 2D airfoils or entire wings. On the experimental side, the significant progress characterizing different types of aircraft in wind tunnels, water channels and in-flight during typical AWE trajectories is summarized. Special attention is paid to the experimental setups and on-board instruments that have been used for the in-situ measurements of aerodynamic variables, as well as the estimation theory and applications of the experimental data to construct aerodynamic models. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the effective application of current numerical and experimental aerodynamic knowledge and models in related areas such as dynamics and control, and fluid–structure interaction. The paper concludes with a critical assessment of the current state of knowledge, highlighting the main open questions, challenges, and opportunities in the field of AWE aerodynamics.
{"title":"A review of the aerodynamics of airborne wind energy systems","authors":"Iván Castro-Fernández , Gonzalo Sánchez-Arriaga , Manuel García-Villalba","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101157","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101157","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Airborne Wind Energy (AWE) systems are tethered aircraft for wind energy harvesting that, since not constrained by a tower like conventional wind turbines, can operate at high altitudes with access to a better wind resource. This work presents a comprehensive review of the current knowledge and state of the art of the aerodynamics of AWE systems. Aerodynamics, which affects power generation, flight physics, control, structure, and safety, among others, is the most transversal area for AWE technology. It is a rich field of experimental and theoretical research due to its significant impact on performance. The review starts organizing actual AWE prototypes, some of them reaching the 100 kW range, according to some selected dimensionless parameters strongly related with their aerodynamics including the Reynolds and Mach numbers, the aspect ratio, the maximum lift-to-weight ratio and aerodynamic efficiency, the reduced frequency, and the sweep and dihedral angles of the wing. AWE machines with different electrical generation solutions (on the ground and onboard), links to the ground (tethered and rotary machines), aircraft (non-rigid or soft, hybrid and fixed wing), and control (aerodynamic surfaces, hanging control pod, ground-based, etc.) are considered and the implication of each architecture on the aerodynamics is discussed. After such a fundamental introduction, the work reviews the current state of AWE numerical and experimental aerodynamics, detailing the modeling methods and key findings. The numerical models are categorized into fast, low- to mid-fidelity methods based on potential flow, and high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics methods like Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and Large-Eddy Simulations. Most numerical studies aim to understand local phenomena by examining the flow and pressure fields over wings, and/or to calculate the aerodynamic force and moment coefficients of 2D airfoils or entire wings. On the experimental side, the significant progress characterizing different types of aircraft in wind tunnels, water channels and in-flight during typical AWE trajectories is summarized. Special attention is paid to the experimental setups and on-board instruments that have been used for the in-situ measurements of aerodynamic variables, as well as the estimation theory and applications of the experimental data to construct aerodynamic models. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the effective application of current numerical and experimental aerodynamic knowledge and models in related areas such as dynamics and control, and fluid–structure interaction. The paper concludes with a critical assessment of the current state of knowledge, highlighting the main open questions, challenges, and opportunities in the field of AWE aerodynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 101157"},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145884078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2025-12-02DOI: 10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101158
L. Maio , J. Moore , D.E. Cook , P. Potluri , C.K. Bosetti
Since the dawn of aviation, aircraft icing has been a problem for air vehicles. Ice buildup on aircraft is a potentially serious safety issue as it can interfere with the aerodynamic characteristics. Icing alters performance and controllability of the vehicle, and hence it has been identified as one of the main causes for catastrophic accidents. Consequently, for safety reasons, the installation of devices to detect its presence has become necessary. However, ice formations can represent a threat also for other types of structures, such as high-power lines, bridge stay cables, antennas, or wind turbines, placed in environments that contribute to the ice formation. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review on the different ice detection technologies, focusing principally on aircraft icing, and classifying them according to the possible applications and their operating principle.
{"title":"A review of ice detection technologies","authors":"L. Maio , J. Moore , D.E. Cook , P. Potluri , C.K. Bosetti","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Since the dawn of aviation, aircraft icing has been a problem for air vehicles. Ice buildup on aircraft is a potentially serious safety issue as it can interfere with the aerodynamic characteristics. Icing alters performance and controllability of the vehicle, and hence it has been identified as one of the main causes for catastrophic accidents. Consequently, for safety reasons, the installation of devices to detect its presence has become necessary. However, ice formations can represent a threat also for other types of structures, such as high-power lines, bridge stay cables, antennas, or wind turbines, placed in environments that contribute to the ice formation. The purpose of this paper is to provide a review on the different ice detection technologies, focusing principally on aircraft icing, and classifying them according to the possible applications and their operating principle.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 101158"},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145645687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-02-22DOI: 10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101184
Changsheng Zhao , Yannian Yang , Zhiyong Cheng , Tongzhen Zhang , Yu Liu
Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is emerging as a transformative mode of transportation, operating in densely populated, acoustically complex urban environments where public tolerance to noise is substantially lower than in conventional helicopter operations. In this context, even moderate noise can critically affect community acceptance, regulatory approval, and operational deployment, making it a central challenge for urban integration of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. This review synthesizes recent advancements in understanding eVTOL vehicle aerodynamic noise and explores emerging noise control strategies. The primary noise sources are rotor self-noise and interaction noise arising from rotor–rotor, rotor–airframe, and rotor–duct interferences. Distinct configurations—such as multirotor, tiltrotor, lift+cruise, and ducted-fan designs—exhibit notable differences in noise characteristics and source mechanisms, leading to shifts in dominant noise types across different flight conditions. Passive noise mitigation approaches, such as blade geometry optimization, blade serrations, surface treatment, and porous materials, are critically reviewed alongside blade- and flow-based active techniques as well as rotor synchrophasing. Research methodologies span theoretical modeling, numerical simulations, and experimental measurements. Current limitations, such as gaps in accurately simulating complex interaction noise and validating control strategies under real-world conditions, are fairly addressed. The review concludes by advocating for integrated design frameworks that harmonize noise reduction with safety, efficiency, and regulatory compliance, stressing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to advance scalable UAM noise solutions. By integrating current knowledge on eVTOL noise mechanisms and control strategies, this review aims to inform research priorities and guide industry efforts toward meeting acoustic certification standards for sustainable urban air mobility.
{"title":"Recent advancements and challenges for eVTOL aircraft aerodynamic noise in Urban Air Mobility","authors":"Changsheng Zhao , Yannian Yang , Zhiyong Cheng , Tongzhen Zhang , Yu Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101184","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101184","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Urban Air Mobility (UAM) is emerging as a transformative mode of transportation, operating in densely populated, acoustically complex urban environments where public tolerance to noise is substantially lower than in conventional helicopter operations. In this context, even moderate noise can critically affect community acceptance, regulatory approval, and operational deployment, making it a central challenge for urban integration of electric vertical take-off and landing (eVTOL) aircraft. This review synthesizes recent advancements in understanding eVTOL vehicle aerodynamic noise and explores emerging noise control strategies. The primary noise sources are rotor self-noise and interaction noise arising from rotor–rotor, rotor–airframe, and rotor–duct interferences. Distinct configurations—such as multirotor, tiltrotor, lift+cruise, and ducted-fan designs—exhibit notable differences in noise characteristics and source mechanisms, leading to shifts in dominant noise types across different flight conditions. Passive noise mitigation approaches, such as blade geometry optimization, blade serrations, surface treatment, and porous materials, are critically reviewed alongside blade- and flow-based active techniques as well as rotor synchrophasing. Research methodologies span theoretical modeling, numerical simulations, and experimental measurements. Current limitations, such as gaps in accurately simulating complex interaction noise and validating control strategies under real-world conditions, are fairly addressed. The review concludes by advocating for integrated design frameworks that harmonize noise reduction with safety, efficiency, and regulatory compliance, stressing the need for interdisciplinary collaboration to advance scalable UAM noise solutions. By integrating current knowledge on eVTOL noise mechanisms and control strategies, this review aims to inform research priorities and guide industry efforts toward meeting acoustic certification standards for sustainable urban air mobility.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 101184"},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146777617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-01Epub Date: 2026-02-11DOI: 10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101183
Ruizhe Feng , Shuangxi Liu , Wei Huang , Tuo Han , Binbin Yan , Zhongwei Wang , Yaobin Niu
The integration of game theory and multi-agent systems (MASs) has been systematically examined as a transformative paradigm for modeling strategic interactions among autonomous entities in advanced technological systems. This paper focuses on the synergy between game-theoretic principles and MASs, with emphasis on their applications to complex operational domains such as autonomous system coordination, distributed system control, and intelligent network management. Firstly, foundational concepts, historical developments, and classifications of both fields have been analyzed. The analysis highlights how game theory provides robust frameworks for addressing challenges in cooperative control, resource allocation, and swarm dynamics within advanced operational contexts. For instance, game-theoretic approaches to swarm-vs.-swarm engagement in contested environments and distributed guidance for interception systems have been investigated. Subsequently, key application scenarios have been explored, including robust path optimization for autonomous agents operating under uncertain conditions, such as GPS-denied or similar challenging environments. Challenges unique to complex applications, such as high-dimensional state spaces, real-time computational demands, and communication constraints in dynamic environments, have also been identified. Finally, future research directions emphasize the development of scalable distributed algorithms, enhancement of resilience against adversarial disruptions, and optimization of decision-making under incomplete information—critical for advancing autonomous systems in diverse technological fields. Overall, this paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the application of game theory in MASs and anticipates future advancements in the field.
{"title":"Bridging game theory and multi-agent systems: Development status and future prospects","authors":"Ruizhe Feng , Shuangxi Liu , Wei Huang , Tuo Han , Binbin Yan , Zhongwei Wang , Yaobin Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101183","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2026.101183","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The integration of game theory and multi-agent systems (MASs) has been systematically examined as a transformative paradigm for modeling strategic interactions among autonomous entities in advanced technological systems. This paper focuses on the synergy between game-theoretic principles and MASs, with emphasis on their applications to complex operational domains such as autonomous system coordination, distributed system control, and intelligent network management. Firstly, foundational concepts, historical developments, and classifications of both fields have been analyzed. The analysis highlights how game theory provides robust frameworks for addressing challenges in cooperative control, resource allocation, and swarm dynamics within advanced operational contexts. For instance, game-theoretic approaches to swarm-vs.-swarm engagement in contested environments and distributed guidance for interception systems have been investigated. Subsequently, key application scenarios have been explored, including robust path optimization for autonomous agents operating under uncertain conditions, such as GPS-denied or similar challenging environments. Challenges unique to complex applications, such as high-dimensional state spaces, real-time computational demands, and communication constraints in dynamic environments, have also been identified. Finally, future research directions emphasize the development of scalable distributed algorithms, enhancement of resilience against adversarial disruptions, and optimization of decision-making under incomplete information—critical for advancing autonomous systems in diverse technological fields. Overall, this paper offers a comprehensive analysis of the application of game theory in MASs and anticipates future advancements in the field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"161 ","pages":"Article 101183"},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146153018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101169
Phillip J. Ansell
<div><div>In pursuit of developing a sustainable aviation future, the application of liquid hydrogen as an energy carrier for aircraft has emerged as an appealing strategy to achieve future zero-emission goals. Liquid hydrogen is uniquely capable of meeting the aggressive power and energy requirements of aircraft systems, though utilizing it requires a substantial and extensive transition process throughout the entire industry and energy supply infrastructure. This work is intended to demonstrate the feasibility of developing a hydrogen aviation ecosystem by the year 2050, in the form of a visionary blueprint that includes forecasts in energy, operations, aircraft systems, and infrastructure. The projected 2050 scenario is informed by a meta-analysis of roadmaps and forecasts across a broad range of technical areas, where hydrogen is demonstrated to achieve technical feasibility, scalability, economic competitiveness, and deep environmental benefits for use in aviation. It is demonstrated that liquid hydrogen applications can meet the stringent safety requirements of aviation with abatement of currently recognized hazards. The increase in global hydrogen production across the coming decades is projected to reduce the life cycle emission impacts of aviation operations by over 80% by 2050, which is enabled by decarbonization of hydrogen production pathways and electrical grids anticipated across all global regions. The cost of liquid hydrogen for aircraft, including gaseous hydrogen production, liquefaction, transportation, and distribution, is projected to decrease to $3.37/kg by 2050 to become commensurate or lower cost than that projected for kerosene fuels on a per unit energy basis. With the continued increase in air traffic and global aircraft fleets, a sufficient volume of hydrogen produced and accessible by aviation is anticipated to meet the energy demands of hydrogen aircraft of 2050. Concept aircraft for future generations of regional jet, narrowbody, and widebody hydrogen aircraft are also provided, which are capable of providing extreme improvements in energy efficiency when compared to the incumbent fleet at the corresponding entry into service timeframe. A significant investment in capital is identified to establish the necessary infrastructure for liquid hydrogen use in aviation, though the vast majority of these costs are associated with off-site energy/fuel production and processing capabilities, which can be strategically co-developed with other transportation and energy industries. Based on all of these conclusions, developing a burgeoning liquid hydrogen aviation ecosystem by 2050 is entirely feasible, but it requires purposeful investment, pursuit, and alignment both within and outside of the aviation community. As such, when determining a pathway for a sustainable aviation future, the question is not whether it is possible. Rather, the question is whether we, as an aviation community, will decide to bring this future into bei
{"title":"A blueprint for a zero-emission hydrogen aviation ecosystem for the year 2050","authors":"Phillip J. Ansell","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101169","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101169","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In pursuit of developing a sustainable aviation future, the application of liquid hydrogen as an energy carrier for aircraft has emerged as an appealing strategy to achieve future zero-emission goals. Liquid hydrogen is uniquely capable of meeting the aggressive power and energy requirements of aircraft systems, though utilizing it requires a substantial and extensive transition process throughout the entire industry and energy supply infrastructure. This work is intended to demonstrate the feasibility of developing a hydrogen aviation ecosystem by the year 2050, in the form of a visionary blueprint that includes forecasts in energy, operations, aircraft systems, and infrastructure. The projected 2050 scenario is informed by a meta-analysis of roadmaps and forecasts across a broad range of technical areas, where hydrogen is demonstrated to achieve technical feasibility, scalability, economic competitiveness, and deep environmental benefits for use in aviation. It is demonstrated that liquid hydrogen applications can meet the stringent safety requirements of aviation with abatement of currently recognized hazards. The increase in global hydrogen production across the coming decades is projected to reduce the life cycle emission impacts of aviation operations by over 80% by 2050, which is enabled by decarbonization of hydrogen production pathways and electrical grids anticipated across all global regions. The cost of liquid hydrogen for aircraft, including gaseous hydrogen production, liquefaction, transportation, and distribution, is projected to decrease to $3.37/kg by 2050 to become commensurate or lower cost than that projected for kerosene fuels on a per unit energy basis. With the continued increase in air traffic and global aircraft fleets, a sufficient volume of hydrogen produced and accessible by aviation is anticipated to meet the energy demands of hydrogen aircraft of 2050. Concept aircraft for future generations of regional jet, narrowbody, and widebody hydrogen aircraft are also provided, which are capable of providing extreme improvements in energy efficiency when compared to the incumbent fleet at the corresponding entry into service timeframe. A significant investment in capital is identified to establish the necessary infrastructure for liquid hydrogen use in aviation, though the vast majority of these costs are associated with off-site energy/fuel production and processing capabilities, which can be strategically co-developed with other transportation and energy industries. Based on all of these conclusions, developing a burgeoning liquid hydrogen aviation ecosystem by 2050 is entirely feasible, but it requires purposeful investment, pursuit, and alignment both within and outside of the aviation community. As such, when determining a pathway for a sustainable aviation future, the question is not whether it is possible. Rather, the question is whether we, as an aviation community, will decide to bring this future into bei","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 101169"},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145823338","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-01Epub Date: 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101172
Longfei Chen , Aaqib Zafar , Zheng Xu , Shenghui Zhong , Minghua Wang , Yukun Fan , Yang Zhang , Wentao Shi , Xuehuan Hu
The aviation industry, a cornerstone of global transportation and economic innovation, faces mounting environmental challenges as emissions significantly contribute to climate change and air quality degradation. Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) have emerged as a transformative solution, offering substantial carbon emission reductions while ensuring operational efficiency. This article integrates scientific rigor—including combustion and emissions analysis—with practical applications such as engine-specific evaluations and policy implications, providing unmatched depth and specificity compared to other SAF reviews. It explores SAF advancements, focusing on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)-certified pathways and their potential to mitigate aviation's environmental impact. SAFs deliver significant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soot, and particulate matter (PM). SAFs offer lower UHC, CO and CO2 (life-cycle based) emissions than conventional Jet A fuel due to their cleaner composition and renewable origin. These clean combustion properties position SAF as a critical enabler of sustainable aviation. SAF's superior combustion performance enhances its appeal, improving efficiency, flame stability, and emissions while meeting stringent operational demands. Blend ratios influence engine performance, fuel consumption, and emissions, optimizing thrust and thermal efficiency. Comparative analyses across various gas turbine types, and piston engines confirm SAF's ability to reduce PM, CO2, and CO emissions while maintaining operational performance. Despite its promise, SAF adoption faces challenges, including feedstock scarcity, technological and economic constraints, and certification complexities. Operational limitations such as higher specific fuel consumption (SFC) and fuel freezing points highlight the need for policy support, advanced feedstock development, and technological innovation to scale production. SAF adoption is crucial for decarbonizing aviation and transitioning to a low-carbon future, reinforcing its role in achieving a sustainable aviation sector.
{"title":"Comparative analysis of emission reduction and combustion performance in aviation engines: The role of sustainable aviation fuel","authors":"Longfei Chen , Aaqib Zafar , Zheng Xu , Shenghui Zhong , Minghua Wang , Yukun Fan , Yang Zhang , Wentao Shi , Xuehuan Hu","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101172","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101172","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aviation industry, a cornerstone of global transportation and economic innovation, faces mounting environmental challenges as emissions significantly contribute to climate change and air quality degradation. Sustainable Aviation Fuels (SAFs) have emerged as a transformative solution, offering substantial carbon emission reductions while ensuring operational efficiency. This article integrates scientific rigor—including combustion and emissions analysis—with practical applications such as engine-specific evaluations and policy implications, providing unmatched depth and specificity compared to other SAF reviews. It explores SAF advancements, focusing on American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)-certified pathways and their potential to mitigate aviation's environmental impact. SAFs deliver significant reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, soot, and particulate matter (PM). SAFs offer lower UHC, CO and CO<sub>2</sub> (life-cycle based) emissions than conventional Jet A fuel due to their cleaner composition and renewable origin. These clean combustion properties position SAF as a critical enabler of sustainable aviation. SAF's superior combustion performance enhances its appeal, improving efficiency, flame stability, and emissions while meeting stringent operational demands. Blend ratios influence engine performance, fuel consumption, and emissions, optimizing thrust and thermal efficiency. Comparative analyses across various gas turbine types, and piston engines confirm SAF's ability to reduce PM, CO<sub>2</sub>, and CO emissions while maintaining operational performance. Despite its promise, SAF adoption faces challenges, including feedstock scarcity, technological and economic constraints, and certification complexities. Operational limitations such as higher specific fuel consumption (SFC) and fuel freezing points highlight the need for policy support, advanced feedstock development, and technological innovation to scale production. SAF adoption is crucial for decarbonizing aviation and transitioning to a low-carbon future, reinforcing its role in achieving a sustainable aviation sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 101172"},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785531","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Additive Manufacturing (AM) is of paramount relevance in the aerospace industry. That is due to it offering numerous benefits such as complexity of geometries, modeling, prototyping, lightweighting, reduction of material use/waste, and sustainability. From the same perspective, the so-called Smart Manufacturing is gaining great interest: it is an approach integrating cutting-edge technologies, such as AM, with data-driven methods to leverage efficiency, productivity, sustainability, and scalability of processes. It aims to create interconnected manufacturing ecosystems to improve quality, to drive innovation, and to cut costs. Nevertheless, some challenges still exist with AM and its sustainability implications. While several reviews have focused on just AM processes or sustainable aspects of AM for general applications, this one is a comprehensive overview of recent manufacturing approaches, highlighting the need for integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques with AM process monitoring. As a result, this review will provide insights into the current trends and future developments to help and support decision-making in the aerospace industry from a sustainable perspective.
{"title":"Sustainability in Aerospace Additive Manufacturing: current trends and future perspectives","authors":"Ersilia Cozzolino, Ilaria Papa, Valentina Lopresto","doi":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101173","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.paerosci.2025.101173","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Additive Manufacturing (AM) is of paramount relevance in the aerospace industry. That is due to it offering numerous benefits such as complexity of geometries, modeling, prototyping, lightweighting, reduction of material use/waste, and sustainability. From the same perspective, the so-called Smart Manufacturing is gaining great interest: it is an approach integrating cutting-edge technologies, such as AM, with data-driven methods to leverage efficiency, productivity, sustainability, and scalability of processes. It aims to create interconnected manufacturing ecosystems to improve quality, to drive innovation, and to cut costs. Nevertheless, some challenges still exist with AM and its sustainability implications. While several reviews have focused on just AM processes or sustainable aspects of AM for general applications, this one is a comprehensive overview of recent manufacturing approaches, highlighting the need for integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques with AM process monitoring. As a result, this review will provide insights into the current trends and future developments to help and support decision-making in the aerospace industry from a sustainable perspective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54553,"journal":{"name":"Progress in Aerospace Sciences","volume":"160 ","pages":"Article 101173"},"PeriodicalIF":16.2,"publicationDate":"2026-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145785532","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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