Pub Date : 2023-06-06DOI: 10.1177/09544097231179514
Jannik S. Theyssen
Transient events in railway rolling noise, such as the characteristic impulsive noise at switches and crossings, can significantly contribute to the perceived annoyance, despite being difficult to detect in the standard frequency-domain methods to analyse rolling noise. Studying these transient effects and their perception requires predicting the noise in the time domain. While several time-domain approaches exist for predicting the dynamic interaction of wheel and rail, predicting the associated rolling noise with adequate accuracy is computationally costly. The lack of a model for transient noise and the need for studying its perception was recently identified. Aiming for a comprehensive time-domain radiation model that includes the wheel and track contributions to rolling noise, this work focuses on the track radiation. The modelling approach taken here is based on a 2.5D formulation for the acoustic radiation and moving Green’s functions in the air. The computational cost, which lies mainly in the 2.5D BE calculations, is addressed by pre-calculating acoustic transfer functions. These transfer functions can be combined with different dynamic track models. Different dynamic track models in turn affect radiated sound field in different ways. Here, the sound fields produced by six different track models are compared, including different support types and analytical and numerical rail models. Several descriptors of the sound field are analysed. In terms of the radiated sound power and radiation efficiency, modelling the rail as a simple beam leads to similar results as elaborate numerical models up to about 5 kHz. In terms of the track-side sound pressure, simple beam models can provide similar results only up to 2.5 kHz. Euler-Bernoulli (E-B) beams seem unfit for time-domain predictions of the radiated noise as they over-estimate the bending wave speed at high frequencies. The results also show that the standard track decay rate (TDR) and the decay of acoustic sound pressure along the track are comparable.
{"title":"Towards time-domain modelling of wheel/rail noise: Effect of the dynamic track model","authors":"Jannik S. Theyssen","doi":"10.1177/09544097231179514","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544097231179514","url":null,"abstract":"Transient events in railway rolling noise, such as the characteristic impulsive noise at switches and crossings, can significantly contribute to the perceived annoyance, despite being difficult to detect in the standard frequency-domain methods to analyse rolling noise. Studying these transient effects and their perception requires predicting the noise in the time domain. While several time-domain approaches exist for predicting the dynamic interaction of wheel and rail, predicting the associated rolling noise with adequate accuracy is computationally costly. The lack of a model for transient noise and the need for studying its perception was recently identified. Aiming for a comprehensive time-domain radiation model that includes the wheel and track contributions to rolling noise, this work focuses on the track radiation. The modelling approach taken here is based on a 2.5D formulation for the acoustic radiation and moving Green’s functions in the air. The computational cost, which lies mainly in the 2.5D BE calculations, is addressed by pre-calculating acoustic transfer functions. These transfer functions can be combined with different dynamic track models. Different dynamic track models in turn affect radiated sound field in different ways. Here, the sound fields produced by six different track models are compared, including different support types and analytical and numerical rail models. Several descriptors of the sound field are analysed. In terms of the radiated sound power and radiation efficiency, modelling the rail as a simple beam leads to similar results as elaborate numerical models up to about 5 kHz. In terms of the track-side sound pressure, simple beam models can provide similar results only up to 2.5 kHz. Euler-Bernoulli (E-B) beams seem unfit for time-domain predictions of the radiated noise as they over-estimate the bending wave speed at high frequencies. The results also show that the standard track decay rate (TDR) and the decay of acoustic sound pressure along the track are comparable.","PeriodicalId":54567,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part F-Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78745424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-24DOI: 10.1177/09544097231178857
Binbin Liu, S. Bruni
In this paper, the extension of the FASTSIM algorithm to a SDEC region is implemented and a strategy is proposed to generalise this algorithm to any general non-elliptic contact patch. The extended FASTSIM is applied to the prediction of wheel wear and rolling contact fatigue under typical non-Hertzian wheel/rail contact conditions, using CONTACT as a reference and showing that the extended version of FASTSIM proposed in this work provides more accurate solutions for non-Hertzian contact conditions, compared to other widely used formulations of FASTISM.
{"title":"Application of the extended FASTSIM for non-Hertzian contacts towards the prediction of wear and rolling contact fatigue of wheel/rail systems","authors":"Binbin Liu, S. Bruni","doi":"10.1177/09544097231178857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544097231178857","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, the extension of the FASTSIM algorithm to a SDEC region is implemented and a strategy is proposed to generalise this algorithm to any general non-elliptic contact patch. The extended FASTSIM is applied to the prediction of wheel wear and rolling contact fatigue under typical non-Hertzian wheel/rail contact conditions, using CONTACT as a reference and showing that the extended version of FASTSIM proposed in this work provides more accurate solutions for non-Hertzian contact conditions, compared to other widely used formulations of FASTISM.","PeriodicalId":54567,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part F-Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89439145","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-19DOI: 10.1177/09544097231177327
{"title":"Editorial: Rail Decarbonisation","authors":"","doi":"10.1177/09544097231177327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544097231177327","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":54567,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part F-Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88040001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.1177/09544097231176464
Hyun-Suk Jung, Frank Eschmann, C. Schindler
Continuous information on the current location of a vehicle in its infrastructure is essential for automated driving. However, industrial railways and shunting operations may entail boundary conditions which are not suitable for widespread satellite-based positioning. Hence, this paper presents a positioning system, based on radio-frequency identification (RFID) and odometer, which was developed and tested on an automated road-rail vehicle for shunting at low velocities. The achieved accuracy for discrete positioning with RFID was estimated at 0.22 m. In quasi-continuous positioning between consecutive RFID tags, the odometer exhibited an error of −2.2% to 0.7% of travelled distance depending on the investigated stationary driving states and sensor data evaluation. Apart from enhancement potentials for the RFID system, the results also indicated the odometer to be prone to the shunting vehicle dynamics when the rotation of its rail wheels is measured. Furthermore, the shunting vehicle appears to run constantly with a notable lateral displacement even on straight tracks due to the property of its running gear, causing a systematic underestimation of the travelled distance.
{"title":"Experimental investigation on RFID-odometer-based localization of an automated shunting vehicle","authors":"Hyun-Suk Jung, Frank Eschmann, C. Schindler","doi":"10.1177/09544097231176464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544097231176464","url":null,"abstract":"Continuous information on the current location of a vehicle in its infrastructure is essential for automated driving. However, industrial railways and shunting operations may entail boundary conditions which are not suitable for widespread satellite-based positioning. Hence, this paper presents a positioning system, based on radio-frequency identification (RFID) and odometer, which was developed and tested on an automated road-rail vehicle for shunting at low velocities. The achieved accuracy for discrete positioning with RFID was estimated at 0.22 m. In quasi-continuous positioning between consecutive RFID tags, the odometer exhibited an error of −2.2% to 0.7% of travelled distance depending on the investigated stationary driving states and sensor data evaluation. Apart from enhancement potentials for the RFID system, the results also indicated the odometer to be prone to the shunting vehicle dynamics when the rotation of its rail wheels is measured. Furthermore, the shunting vehicle appears to run constantly with a notable lateral displacement even on straight tracks due to the property of its running gear, causing a systematic underestimation of the travelled distance.","PeriodicalId":54567,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part F-Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82011011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-18DOI: 10.1177/09544097231174487
Tobias Fischer, Sittipan Reinold, Mario Lichtenberg, Marc-Andre Sahba
The biggest challenge facing society is climate protection, so Deutsche Bahn is also planning to become climate-neutral by 2040 – but implementing this is a mammoth task that must and can be tackled today! The electrification of a line from diesel to electric vehicles provides allows for more cost-effective railway operation. However as long as major gaps in the non-electrified network are missing, it will be difficult to achieve further modal shifts to rail and thus to reach climate targets. Alternative drive technologies to achieve climate neutrality are largely available in or scalable for the rail sector: Besides classic alternative drive technologies, such as battery and fuel cell new innovative solutions such as alternative fuels, hydrogen engines and ammonia engines will enrich the market and create new possibilities especially for existing vehicles. There is not one technology that can be used in all applications; each diesel replacement technology has its specific applications and limitations. The remaining 17 years until 2040 are very ambitious, and the challenging economic viability of 'green' measures continues to be the biggest obstacle.
{"title":"Farewell diesel: On the way to climate neutrality using alternative drives and fuels in rail passenger service and rail transport","authors":"Tobias Fischer, Sittipan Reinold, Mario Lichtenberg, Marc-Andre Sahba","doi":"10.1177/09544097231174487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544097231174487","url":null,"abstract":"The biggest challenge facing society is climate protection, so Deutsche Bahn is also planning to become climate-neutral by 2040 – but implementing this is a mammoth task that must and can be tackled today! The electrification of a line from diesel to electric vehicles provides allows for more cost-effective railway operation. However as long as major gaps in the non-electrified network are missing, it will be difficult to achieve further modal shifts to rail and thus to reach climate targets. Alternative drive technologies to achieve climate neutrality are largely available in or scalable for the rail sector: Besides classic alternative drive technologies, such as battery and fuel cell new innovative solutions such as alternative fuels, hydrogen engines and ammonia engines will enrich the market and create new possibilities especially for existing vehicles. There is not one technology that can be used in all applications; each diesel replacement technology has its specific applications and limitations. The remaining 17 years until 2040 are very ambitious, and the challenging economic viability of 'green' measures continues to be the biggest obstacle.","PeriodicalId":54567,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part F-Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91033395","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-05DOI: 10.1177/09544097231173738
L. Ghidini, M. Faccoli, N. Zani, C. Petrogalli, Silvio Bonometti, A. Mazzù
The diffusion of brake-shoe system has made it necessary to study brake–wheel–rail interactions. This study aims to elucidate this topic with an innovative small-scale test rig, the ‘4-contact machine’. A test procedure is designed in which an ER7 steel wheel is coupled with a R260 steel rail and two different brake-shoe materials (cast iron and sintered material). The results show that the 4-contact machine reproduces the effects of wheel–rail–brake shoe contact and damage similar to those observed on a railway wheel at the end of its life, highlighting marked differences in behaviour between the two brake materials.
{"title":"An innovative small-scale testing procedure to study damage in shoe-braked wheels","authors":"L. Ghidini, M. Faccoli, N. Zani, C. Petrogalli, Silvio Bonometti, A. Mazzù","doi":"10.1177/09544097231173738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544097231173738","url":null,"abstract":"The diffusion of brake-shoe system has made it necessary to study brake–wheel–rail interactions. This study aims to elucidate this topic with an innovative small-scale test rig, the ‘4-contact machine’. A test procedure is designed in which an ER7 steel wheel is coupled with a R260 steel rail and two different brake-shoe materials (cast iron and sintered material). The results show that the 4-contact machine reproduces the effects of wheel–rail–brake shoe contact and damage similar to those observed on a railway wheel at the end of its life, highlighting marked differences in behaviour between the two brake materials.","PeriodicalId":54567,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part F-Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79828774","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-05-04DOI: 10.1177/09544097231173739
F. Szanto
As in many countries, rail electrification in Australia is largely confined to the major cities, and elsewhere most trains are powered by diesel. Electrification is expensive and only viable on lines where traffic density is high. Having adopted the 2050 Zero CO2 emissions target, there is limited time to find alternative power sources or repower all diesels. Hydrogen is one of the most promising alternatives, and a few hydrogen-powered trains are already in service in Europe. However, hydrogen must be stored as a compressed gas or a liquid, and either way the storage volume is much greater than diesel fuel, and handling is difficult. This paper looks at the feasibility of hydrogen for locomotive-hauled freight applications, with a focus on Australia.
{"title":"Filling your tank with hydrogen","authors":"F. Szanto","doi":"10.1177/09544097231173739","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544097231173739","url":null,"abstract":"As in many countries, rail electrification in Australia is largely confined to the major cities, and elsewhere most trains are powered by diesel. Electrification is expensive and only viable on lines where traffic density is high. Having adopted the 2050 Zero CO2 emissions target, there is limited time to find alternative power sources or repower all diesels. Hydrogen is one of the most promising alternatives, and a few hydrogen-powered trains are already in service in Europe. However, hydrogen must be stored as a compressed gas or a liquid, and either way the storage volume is much greater than diesel fuel, and handling is difficult. This paper looks at the feasibility of hydrogen for locomotive-hauled freight applications, with a focus on Australia.","PeriodicalId":54567,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part F-Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74583445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-29DOI: 10.1177/09544097231171742
T. J. Gschwandl, T. Antretter, D. Künstner, S. Scheriau, W. Daves
Squats are rather complex failure mechanisms in rails and challenge railway operators all over the world, thus calling for a detailed investigation of squats by means of finite element analysis to locate the initiation and propagating mechanisms. In this work, a cyclic three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of a wheel-rail contact including an initial penny-shaped defect is used. This work presents the implementation of the starting penny-shaped crack in the rail for a wheel-rail simulation by utilising a submodel strategy. Moreover, viable evaluation options are shown. In the future, this set-up will help to assess multiple crack positions and possible squat growth mechanisms.
{"title":"Investigation of probable squat growth from initial surface cracks in rails using a three-dimensional rollover simulation","authors":"T. J. Gschwandl, T. Antretter, D. Künstner, S. Scheriau, W. Daves","doi":"10.1177/09544097231171742","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544097231171742","url":null,"abstract":"Squats are rather complex failure mechanisms in rails and challenge railway operators all over the world, thus calling for a detailed investigation of squats by means of finite element analysis to locate the initiation and propagating mechanisms. In this work, a cyclic three-dimensional (3D) finite element model of a wheel-rail contact including an initial penny-shaped defect is used. This work presents the implementation of the starting penny-shaped crack in the rail for a wheel-rail simulation by utilising a submodel strategy. Moreover, viable evaluation options are shown. In the future, this set-up will help to assess multiple crack positions and possible squat growth mechanisms.","PeriodicalId":54567,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part F-Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83720704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-20DOI: 10.1177/09544097231170086
Michele Maglio, E. Kabo, A. Ekberg
This work aims at investigating how variations in measured stresses are affected by track conditions and, if possible, extract information on track conditions from onboard measurements. Axle bending strains measured in extensive field tests are employed to evaluate axle stress spectra. Correlation between stress spectra and parameters describing track design and condition for three sections of the Swedish mainline “Västra stambanan” have been investigated. The study shows how switches and other discontinuities in the track running surface increase the scatter of the stress spectra and increase the number of overloads. Circular and transition curves mainly increase stress amplitudes with magnitudes close to quasistatic conditions load. A decrease in track quality leads to both a shift of stress spectra towards higher values and a higher number of overloads. The influence of bridges/tunnels and decreased track stiffness were found to be difficult to distinguish from effects of curves, switches and crossings and track quality. If effects exist, they are likely to be small. Results from the study aids future track condition monitoring, maintenance planning of track and running gear, and the estimation of stress spectra for track stretches with known characteristics.
{"title":"Relating the influence of track properties to axle load spectra through onboard measurements","authors":"Michele Maglio, E. Kabo, A. Ekberg","doi":"10.1177/09544097231170086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544097231170086","url":null,"abstract":"This work aims at investigating how variations in measured stresses are affected by track conditions and, if possible, extract information on track conditions from onboard measurements. Axle bending strains measured in extensive field tests are employed to evaluate axle stress spectra. Correlation between stress spectra and parameters describing track design and condition for three sections of the Swedish mainline “Västra stambanan” have been investigated. The study shows how switches and other discontinuities in the track running surface increase the scatter of the stress spectra and increase the number of overloads. Circular and transition curves mainly increase stress amplitudes with magnitudes close to quasistatic conditions load. A decrease in track quality leads to both a shift of stress spectra towards higher values and a higher number of overloads. The influence of bridges/tunnels and decreased track stiffness were found to be difficult to distinguish from effects of curves, switches and crossings and track quality. If effects exist, they are likely to be small. Results from the study aids future track condition monitoring, maintenance planning of track and running gear, and the estimation of stress spectra for track stretches with known characteristics.","PeriodicalId":54567,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part F-Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85712964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-18DOI: 10.1177/09544097231169420
Yi Wang, Solange de Blois, K. Oldknow
The improvement in component service life and railway service reliability has been viewed from an environmental perspective. Delays and train accidents carry enormous costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions potential due to the increased fuel burn and the need to replace heavy equipment prematurely. The use of higher-performance materials, more efficient vehicle design, and modern technology by Canadian railways to reduce service interruptions are presented. Their resulting cost savings not only can provide financial incentives for the continuous optimization of asset utilization but can also lead to significant contributions to the decarbonization of the railway industry. The authors have estimated a total reduction of 2.4 kt-CO2e per year in embodies carbon emissions due to life extensions of wheelsets compared to 2017 levels on a Class 1 railway. System-wide, the rail life extension has resulted in a saving of 8.1 kt-CO2e per year compared to 2017 for the same railway. Compared to 2004, the Canadian railway industry has achieved an annual reduction in embodied carbon emission of 6.7 Mt-CO2e from the reduction in mainline derailments.
{"title":"Incentivized decarbonization through safer and more efficient heavy haul operations","authors":"Yi Wang, Solange de Blois, K. Oldknow","doi":"10.1177/09544097231169420","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/09544097231169420","url":null,"abstract":"The improvement in component service life and railway service reliability has been viewed from an environmental perspective. Delays and train accidents carry enormous costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions potential due to the increased fuel burn and the need to replace heavy equipment prematurely. The use of higher-performance materials, more efficient vehicle design, and modern technology by Canadian railways to reduce service interruptions are presented. Their resulting cost savings not only can provide financial incentives for the continuous optimization of asset utilization but can also lead to significant contributions to the decarbonization of the railway industry. The authors have estimated a total reduction of 2.4 kt-CO2e per year in embodies carbon emissions due to life extensions of wheelsets compared to 2017 levels on a Class 1 railway. System-wide, the rail life extension has resulted in a saving of 8.1 kt-CO2e per year compared to 2017 for the same railway. Compared to 2004, the Canadian railway industry has achieved an annual reduction in embodied carbon emission of 6.7 Mt-CO2e from the reduction in mainline derailments.","PeriodicalId":54567,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers Part F-Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80418030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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