Pub Date : 1938-04-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228310
M. Boella
A method of measuring the losses of a variable air condenser at high frequencies is described in which the condenser under test and the standard are connected in series as part of a tuned circuit. A radio-frequency voltage of resonant frequency is impressed on this circuit for a stated value of the standard. The unknown is then removed and the standard adjusted to resonance. The voltage across the tuned circuit is readjusted to its initial value by placing a conductance across the standard. The design of the standard condenser requires special considerations which are discussed. A self-biasing valve voltmeter, which is not critical to variations in power-supply voltage, is used. The results of measurements on several specimen condensers are given. A method of extending the measurements to higher frequencies is shown.
{"title":"Direct Measurement of the Loss Conductance of Condensers at High Frequencies","authors":"M. Boella","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228310","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228310","url":null,"abstract":"A method of measuring the losses of a variable air condenser at high frequencies is described in which the condenser under test and the standard are connected in series as part of a tuned circuit. A radio-frequency voltage of resonant frequency is impressed on this circuit for a stated value of the standard. The unknown is then removed and the standard adjusted to resonance. The voltage across the tuned circuit is readjusted to its initial value by placing a conductance across the standard. The design of the standard condenser requires special considerations which are discussed. A self-biasing valve voltmeter, which is not critical to variations in power-supply voltage, is used. The results of measurements on several specimen condensers are given. A method of extending the measurements to higher frequencies is shown.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"421-432"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228310","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62307638","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-04-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228311
T. R. Gilliland, S. S. Kirby, N. Smith
Data on the ordinary-wave critical frequencies and virtual heights of the ionospheric layers are presented for the period indicated in the title. The monthly average values of the maximum usable frequencies for undisturbed days, for radio transmission by way of the regular layers is also provided.
{"title":"Characteristics of the Ionosphere at Washington, D.C., February, 1938","authors":"T. R. Gilliland, S. S. Kirby, N. Smith","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228311","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228311","url":null,"abstract":"Data on the ordinary-wave critical frequencies and virtual heights of the ionospheric layers are presented for the period indicated in the title. The monthly average values of the maximum usable frequencies for undisturbed days, for radio transmission by way of the regular layers is also provided.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"482-485"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228311","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62307652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-04-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228197
H. Loh
The gain characteristic of a two-stage amplifier, one stage of which works into coupled tuned circuits while the other works into a single tuned circuit, is discussed. It is shown that this combination is capable of giving a flat response over a satisfactory band of frequencies and that the required circuit constants are easily computed.
{"title":"On Single and Coupled Tuned Circuits Having Constant Response-Band Characteristics","authors":"H. Loh","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228197","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228197","url":null,"abstract":"The gain characteristic of a two-stage amplifier, one stage of which works into coupled tuned circuits while the other works into a single tuned circuit, is discussed. It is shown that this combination is capable of giving a flat response over a satisfactory band of frequencies and that the required circuit constants are easily computed.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"469-474"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228197","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62307679","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-04-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228302
G. L. Haller
This paper presents the resistance and reactance characteristics of various fixed antennas on two types of modern aircraft, one a two-place low-wing metal military airplane of the attack type and the other a large mid-wing metal military airplane of the bombardment type, whose dimensions are comparable to those of modern commercial transport airplanes. A frequency range of from three to eight megacycles is covered in all cases and in some cases this range is extended. A description of the measuring equipment and method is included.
{"title":"Constants of Fixed Antennas on Aircraft","authors":"G. L. Haller","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228302","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228302","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the resistance and reactance characteristics of various fixed antennas on two types of modern aircraft, one a two-place low-wing metal military airplane of the attack type and the other a large mid-wing metal military airplane of the bombardment type, whose dimensions are comparable to those of modern commercial transport airplanes. A frequency range of from three to eight megacycles is covered in all cases and in some cases this range is extended. A description of the measuring equipment and method is included.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"415-420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228302","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62307566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-04-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228309
W.G. Wagener
Large values of power are difficult to obtain in the ultra-high-frequency region. At the limiting frequencies it is increasingly more difficult to find vacuum tubes that will deliver such power and perform efficiently. The principal factors that affect the design and performance of the tubes are those involving the electrical circuit, the size requirements for the power desired, and the transit time of the electrons within the evacuated space of the tube. The design principles that result from a consideration of these factors have been used in the development of two new ultra-high-frequency triodes. A triode capable of delivering approximately 700 watts at 100 megacycles is described. This tube, which is cooled by water and air, is capable of operation as a neutralized power amplifier up to 200 megacycles with an output of approximately 500 watts. A second triode is described which is a radiation-cooled glass tube with a 300-watt plate-dissipation rating. Normal efficiency is obtained up to 40 megacycles and operation as a neutralized power amplifier is possible up to 100 megacycles. The efficiency at 100 megacycles is approximately 60 per cent.
{"title":"The Developmental Problems and Operating Characteristics of Two New Ultra-High-Frequency Triodes","authors":"W.G. Wagener","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228309","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228309","url":null,"abstract":"Large values of power are difficult to obtain in the ultra-high-frequency region. At the limiting frequencies it is increasingly more difficult to find vacuum tubes that will deliver such power and perform efficiently. The principal factors that affect the design and performance of the tubes are those involving the electrical circuit, the size requirements for the power desired, and the transit time of the electrons within the evacuated space of the tube. The design principles that result from a consideration of these factors have been used in the development of two new ultra-high-frequency triodes. A triode capable of delivering approximately 700 watts at 100 megacycles is described. This tube, which is cooled by water and air, is capable of operation as a neutralized power amplifier up to 200 megacycles with an output of approximately 500 watts. A second triode is described which is a radiation-cooled glass tube with a 300-watt plate-dissipation rating. Normal efficiency is obtained up to 40 megacycles and operation as a neutralized power amplifier is possible up to 100 megacycles. The efficiency at 100 megacycles is approximately 60 per cent.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"401-414"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228309","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62307578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-04-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228131
K. Gonser
A method is described whereby hum and feedback can be reduced in multistage screen-grid resistance-coupled amplifiers. By the method described it is possible to reduce degenerative and regenerative feedback and hum. The principle involves using the screen grid of a multigrid tube in such a manner that it produces a variation upon the grid of the followling tube substantially equal to and out of phase with the variation appearing at that grid directly through the plate-circuit resistor. The two thus neutralize out. The theory giving the conditions under which neutralization takes place is described. Experimental data prove that such neutralization does take place. Typical graphs giving the conditions for neutralization using a 6C6 tube are given.
{"title":"A Method of Neutralizing Hum and Feed-Back Caused by Variations in the Plate Supply","authors":"K. Gonser","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228131","url":null,"abstract":"A method is described whereby hum and feedback can be reduced in multistage screen-grid resistance-coupled amplifiers. By the method described it is possible to reduce degenerative and regenerative feedback and hum. The principle involves using the screen grid of a multigrid tube in such a manner that it produces a variation upon the grid of the followling tube substantially equal to and out of phase with the variation appearing at that grid directly through the plate-circuit resistor. The two thus neutralize out. The theory giving the conditions under which neutralization takes place is described. Experimental data prove that such neutralization does take place. Typical graphs giving the conditions for neutralization using a 6C6 tube are given.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"70 1","pages":"442-448"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228131","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62307301","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-03-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228127
W. Shockley, J. Pierce
The noise in secondary-emission electron multipliers is considered from a theoretical viewpoint. The noise properties of a stage are correlated with its secondary-emission properties: the mean value m and mean-square deviation δ2of the number of secondaries per primary. If IpA2 and IsAf2 denote the mean-square noise current lying in the frequency band Δf in the primary- and secondary-electron currents, then 1aAf2= m2I, PV2+ 622eI,, Af where Īpis primary direct current. This result is applied to many-stage multipliers. For n similar stages I, f2= M2I2PA2+ f 2[ M( M )/ m( m21)] 2eIpAf where M=mnis the over-all gain of the multiplier.
{"title":"A Theory of Noise for Electron Multipliers","authors":"W. Shockley, J. Pierce","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228127","url":null,"abstract":"The noise in secondary-emission electron multipliers is considered from a theoretical viewpoint. The noise properties of a stage are correlated with its secondary-emission properties: the mean value m and mean-square deviation δ2of the number of secondaries per primary. If IpA2 and IsAf2 denote the mean-square noise current lying in the frequency band Δf in the primary- and secondary-electron currents, then 1aAf2= m2I, PV2+ 622eI,, Af where Īpis primary direct current. This result is applied to many-stage multipliers. For n similar stages I, f2= M2I2PA2+ f 2[ M( M )/ m( m21)] 2eIpAf where M=mnis the over-all gain of the multiplier.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"321-332"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228127","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62307664","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-03-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228688
H. Diamond, W. S. Hinman, F. W. Dunmore
Experimental work conducted for the United States Navy Department on the development of a radio meteorograph for sending down from unmanned balloons information on upper-air pressures, temperatures, and humidities, has led to radio methods applicable to the study of a large class of upper-air phenomena. The miniature transmitter sent aloft on the small balloon employs an ultra-high-frequency oscillator and a modulating oscillator; the frequency of the latter is controlled by resistors connected in its grid circuit. These may be ordinary resistors mechanically varied by instruments responding to the phenomena being investigated, or special devices, the electrical resistances of which vary with the phenomena. The modulation frequency is thus a measure of the phenomenon studied. Several phenomena may be measured successively, the corresponding resistors being switched into circuit in sequence by an air-pressure-driven switching unit. This unit also serves for indicating the balloon altitude. At the ground receiving station, a graphical frequency recorder, connected in the receiving-set output, provides an automatic chart of the variation of the phenomena with altitude. The availability of a modulated carrier wave during the complete ascent allows of tracking the balloon for determining its azimuthal direction and distance from the receiving station, data required in measuring the direction and velocity of winds in the upper air.
{"title":"A Method for the Investigation of Upper-Air Phenomena and Its Application to Radio Meteorography","authors":"H. Diamond, W. S. Hinman, F. W. Dunmore","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228688","url":null,"abstract":"Experimental work conducted for the United States Navy Department on the development of a radio meteorograph for sending down from unmanned balloons information on upper-air pressures, temperatures, and humidities, has led to radio methods applicable to the study of a large class of upper-air phenomena. The miniature transmitter sent aloft on the small balloon employs an ultra-high-frequency oscillator and a modulating oscillator; the frequency of the latter is controlled by resistors connected in its grid circuit. These may be ordinary resistors mechanically varied by instruments responding to the phenomena being investigated, or special devices, the electrical resistances of which vary with the phenomena. The modulation frequency is thus a measure of the phenomenon studied. Several phenomena may be measured successively, the corresponding resistors being switched into circuit in sequence by an air-pressure-driven switching unit. This unit also serves for indicating the balloon altitude. At the ground receiving station, a graphical frequency recorder, connected in the receiving-set output, provides an automatic chart of the variation of the phenomena with altitude. The availability of a modulated carrier wave during the complete ascent allows of tracking the balloon for determining its azimuthal direction and distance from the receiving station, data required in measuring the direction and velocity of winds in the upper air.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"1235-1265"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228688","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62308432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-03-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228120
E. Linder
In the development of magnetron oscillators, one of the principal difficulties has been the overheating of the cathode. The present article discusses an effect which is at least partially responsible for this, and which consists in the gaining of excess energy by some electrons, which then bombard the cathode. The effect is of importance also because of its bearing on transit time, orbit shape, tube noise, shape of cutoff curve, etc. Experimental results indicate that a Maxwellian distribution of velocities is superimposed on the orbital velocities, the energy of the random motion being derived from the orbital motion. This leads to the formation of a new type of virtual cathode about the real cathode. The properties of this type of cathode are discussed. Subjects related only indirectly to cathode overheating, but necessary to its understanding, also are discussed, such as current flow and space-charge phenomena for cases in which electrons execute cyclic orbits. Extensive experimental data are included.
{"title":"Excess-Energy Electrons and Electron Motion in High-Vacuum Tubes","authors":"E. Linder","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228120","url":null,"abstract":"In the development of magnetron oscillators, one of the principal difficulties has been the overheating of the cathode. The present article discusses an effect which is at least partially responsible for this, and which consists in the gaining of excess energy by some electrons, which then bombard the cathode. The effect is of importance also because of its bearing on transit time, orbit shape, tube noise, shape of cutoff curve, etc. Experimental results indicate that a Maxwellian distribution of velocities is superimposed on the orbital velocities, the energy of the random motion being derived from the orbital motion. This leads to the formation of a new type of virtual cathode about the real cathode. The properties of this type of cathode are discussed. Subjects related only indirectly to cathode overheating, but necessary to its understanding, also are discussed, such as current flow and space-charge phenomena for cases in which electrons execute cyclic orbits. Extensive experimental data are included.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"26 1","pages":"346-371"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62306852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 1938-03-01DOI: 10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228128
W. W. Hansen, J. R. Woodyard
It is shown that in certain types of directional antenna arrays the gain can be increased by arranging so that waves going from the array elements in the direction of maximum transmission are not strictly in phase at large distances. Three examples are given, an end-fire array and two antennas designed to radiate, as far as possible, only in a horizontal plane. In the case of the end-fire array it is shown that readjustment of any existing antenna according to the ideas proposed here will increase the gain by about 1.8. The other two examples correspond to the kind of directivity generally desired in a broadcast antenna. One of these consists of short antennas placed in concentric rings. A typical array of this type containing 22 short antennas with the radius of the outer ring equal to 1.39λ has a gain of 2.31 as compared with 1.56 for a vertical half-wave antenna. The other example of a horizontally radiating array consists of a single ring of short antennas. An example of this type is calculated which has a gain of 2.0 with a total of 23 antennas placed in a circle with a radius of 1.43λ. These figures are not given as the best that can be done, but only as examples.
{"title":"A New Principle in Directional Antenna Design","authors":"W. W. Hansen, J. R. Woodyard","doi":"10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228128","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228128","url":null,"abstract":"It is shown that in certain types of directional antenna arrays the gain can be increased by arranging so that waves going from the array elements in the direction of maximum transmission are not strictly in phase at large distances. Three examples are given, an end-fire array and two antennas designed to radiate, as far as possible, only in a horizontal plane. In the case of the end-fire array it is shown that readjustment of any existing antenna according to the ideas proposed here will increase the gain by about 1.8. The other two examples correspond to the kind of directivity generally desired in a broadcast antenna. One of these consists of short antennas placed in concentric rings. A typical array of this type containing 22 short antennas with the radius of the outer ring equal to 1.39λ has a gain of 2.31 as compared with 1.56 for a vertical half-wave antenna. The other example of a horizontally radiating array consists of a single ring of short antennas. An example of this type is calculated which has a gain of 2.0 with a total of 23 antennas placed in a circle with a radius of 1.43λ. These figures are not given as the best that can be done, but only as examples.","PeriodicalId":54574,"journal":{"name":"Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers","volume":"58 1","pages":"333-345"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1938-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1109/JRPROC.1938.228128","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"62307232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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