Journal of Electrostatics最新文献

英文中文

Experimental analysis and voltage optimization of water-solid triboelectric nanogenerators for sustainable energy harvesting using a hybrid PSO–random forest model 基于混合粒子群-随机森林模型的水-固摩擦纳米发电机可持续能量收集实验分析及电压优化

IF 2.1 4区工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Journal of Electrostatics

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104197

Khursheed Ahmad Sheikh, Mohammad Mohsin Khan

The study investigates the design, fabrication, and performance optimization of water-solid triboelectric nanogenerators for sustainable energy harvesting. Utilizing mechanical energy from falling water droplets, the research explores how droplet height, surface angle between the water droplets and the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) strip, and triboelectric material pairing influence electrical output. Four TENG configurations were tested using aluminum or copper as electron donors and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) or Kapton tape as electron acceptors. The experimental results revealed that the Aluminum–FEP combination yielded the highest voltage (591 mV) at a droplet height of 300 mm and 75° angle. A Random Forest (RF) regression model was developed to predict voltage output based on experimental parameters, achieving a high R² value of 0.88. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) was employed alongside RF to determine the optimal configuration for maximum voltage generation. The PSO optimization revealed that the highest voltage output of 587.18 mV was obtained at a 68° inclination angle and a droplet height of 277 mm, with aluminium as the donor and FEP as the acceptor material. These findings suggest that water-solid triboelectric nanogenerators hold substantial promise for powering low-energy devices and supporting decentralized energy systems.

本研究探讨了用于可持续能量收集的水-固摩擦电纳米发电机的设计、制造和性能优化。利用水滴下落的机械能，研究了水滴高度、水滴与摩擦电纳米发电机（TENG）条带之间的表面夹角以及摩擦电材料配对如何影响电输出。采用铝或铜作为电子给体，氟化乙烯丙烯（FEP）或卡普顿胶带作为电子受体，测试了四种TENG构型。实验结果表明，在液滴高度为300 mm、角度为75°时，铝- fep组合产生了最高电压（591 mV）。基于实验参数，建立随机森林（Random Forest， RF）回归模型预测电压输出，R2值高达0.88。采用粒子群算法（PSO）和射频算法确定最大电压产生的最优配置。PSO优化结果表明，当电极倾角为68°、液滴高度为277 mm时，铝为供体材料，FEP为受体材料，输出电压最高，为587.18 mV。这些发现表明，水-固体摩擦电纳米发电机在为低能耗设备供电和支持分散式能源系统方面有着巨大的前景。

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引用次数: 0

Connecting standards and theoretical models for minimum ignition energy Estimation: a procedure to optimize the number of experimental tests 最小点火能量估计的连接标准和理论模型：一个优化实验测试数量的程序

IF 2.1 4区工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Journal of Electrostatics

Pub Date : 2025-10-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104196

Marco Barozzi , Davide Ballinari , Martina Silvia Scotton , Sabrina Copelli

Dust explosions pose a significant concern in the process industry, particularly in the context of risk assessment. Such explosions can be initiated by various ignition sources, including electrical (e.g., static discharges, arcs, equipment-generated sparks) and thermal (e.g., hot surfaces, flame pockets) triggers. Assessing the likelihood and severity of dust explosions is inherently complex. However, the experimental determination of key dust parameters can greatly support the risk evaluation process. Among these parameters, electrical resistivity and Minimum Ignition Energy (MIE) are crucial. Unfortunately, a regular MIE testing demands up to 1 kg of powder, and no existing standard outlines how to reduce the number of required tests. However, EN ISO/IEC 80079-20-2 does not require to carry out a full screening on every possible combination of parameters, but to identify non-combustion and combustion regions. In this framework, theoretical models may offer preliminary MIE estimates, optimizing the experimental procedure. This study proposes a screening flow chart that integrates MIE and electrical resistivity values along with process-specific information (e.g., quantity of dust handled, presence of ignition sources). The aim is to prioritize potentially hazardous substances in the plant for detailed safety evaluation. The advantages and limitations of the proposed flow chart are also discussed.

粉尘爆炸在加工工业中引起了重大关注，特别是在风险评估方面。这种爆炸可以由各种点火源引发，包括电（例如，静电放电，电弧，设备产生的火花）和热（例如，热表面，火焰袋）触发器。评估粉尘爆炸的可能性和严重程度本身就很复杂。然而，关键粉尘参数的实验确定可以极大地支持风险评估过程。在这些参数中，电阻率和最小点火能（MIE）是至关重要的。不幸的是，常规的MIE测试需要多达1公斤的粉末，并且没有现有的标准概述如何减少所需的测试数量。然而，EN ISO/IEC 80079-20-2并不要求对所有可能的参数组合进行全面筛选，而是要求识别非燃烧区域和燃烧区域。在这个框架下，理论模型可以提供初步的MIE估计，优化实验过程。本研究提出了一个筛选流程图，该流程图集成了MIE和电阻率值以及工艺特定信息（例如，处理的粉尘数量，火源的存在）。其目的是优先考虑核电站中潜在的有害物质，以便进行详细的安全评估。本文还讨论了所提出的流程图的优点和局限性。

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引用次数: 0

Investigating the human sensory threshold for electrostatic discharge using current waveform measurements 利用电流波形测量研究人体静电放电的感觉阈值

IF 2.1 4区工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Journal of Electrostatics

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104192

Toni Viheriäkoski , Pasi Tamminen , Jeremy Smallwood , Paul Holdstock

Human perception thresholds are often used to highlight vulnerabilities of electrostatic discharge (ESD) sensitive devices. However, research on human sensory thresholds for ESD is limited, and voltage thresholds are frequently overstated within the electronics industry. Emerging evidence suggests that individuals may detect ESD at lower voltages than those cited in non-peer-reviewed sources. It is well established that standard test methods, do not accurately reflect real-world human metal discharge or human body discharge scenarios. Each discharge event can be considered unique. To address this issue, we recorded and analysed over 130 discharge current waveforms, measured with a 1 Ω current target, from eleven healthcare participants to better understand the characteristics of real human ESD events. It is assumed that the perception and sensing of ESD depend not only on source parameters such as voltage and capacitance but also on the characteristics of the resulting current waveform. To investigate this, each instance of ESD perception was linked to the corresponding current waveform. The statistical uncertainty of repeated ESD events was examined, and examples of variations in full discharge waveforms are presented. The test methodology is outlined in detail to support potential future research.

人类感知阈值常被用来突出静电放电（ESD）敏感器件的脆弱性。然而，对人体感知ESD阈值的研究是有限的，并且在电子工业中电压阈值经常被夸大。新出现的证据表明，个体可能在较低的电压下检测到ESD，而不是在非同行评审的来源中引用的电压。众所周知，标准测试方法不能准确反映真实的人体金属放电或人体放电情况。每个放电事件都是独一无二的。为了解决这个问题，我们记录和分析了11名医疗保健参与者的130多个放电电流波形，以1 Ω电流目标进行测量，以更好地了解真实人体ESD事件的特征。假设ESD的感知和感应不仅取决于电压和电容等源参数，还取决于产生的电流波形的特性。为了研究这一点，将每个ESD感知实例与相应的电流波形联系起来。研究了重复放电事件的统计不确定性，并给出了全放电波形变化的例子。详细概述了测试方法，以支持潜在的未来研究。

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引用次数: 0

Ion current density and sheath dynamics in low-pressure RF plasmas: A comparative study of particle-in-cell simulations and analytical calculations 低压射频等离子体中的离子电流密度和鞘层动力学：细胞内粒子模拟和分析计算的比较研究

IF 2.1 4区工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Journal of Electrostatics

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104194

M. Rahmani , N. Akhlaghipour , J. Taghinejad , A.R. Niknam

The spatiotemporal evolution of plasma sheaths in low-pressure RF discharges is studied using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations in conjunction with analytical calculations. The effects of RF voltage frequency, amplitude, and initial plasma density on sheath width, ion current density, and particle distributions are analyzed at multiple spatial locations over time. The results indicate that higher RF frequencies significantly enhance the ion current density due to increased space charge effects. Additionally, spatial mapping of peak ion current density demonstrates a strong dependence on RF voltage parameters. The temporal behavior of the ion current at both grounded and powered electrodes is characterized.

采用粒子池（PIC）模拟和分析计算相结合的方法研究了低压射频放电中等离子体鞘层的时空演化。在多个空间位置分析了射频电压频率、振幅和初始等离子体密度对鞘层宽度、离子电流密度和粒子分布的影响。结果表明，由于空间电荷效应的增加，较高的射频频率显著提高了离子电流密度。此外，峰值离子电流密度的空间映射显示了对射频电压参数的强烈依赖。对离子电流在接地电极和通电电极上的时间行为进行了表征。

引用次数: 0

The Exploding Wire: A novel ignition source for the determination of safety characteristics of dusts and hybrid mixtures 爆炸线：一种新型点火源，用于测定粉尘和混合混合物的安全特性

IF 2.1 4区工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Journal of Electrostatics

Pub Date : 2025-10-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104188

Stefan H. Spitzer , Fabian Reitmeier , Enrico Danzi , Bretislav Janovsky , Michael Paul

For the determination of safety characteristics of dusts there are mainly chemical igniters in use. Especially for the maximum explosion pressure and the maximum rate of pressure rise there is no standard with another ignition source. The chemical igniters have the disadvantage of being very hard to obtain in most countries and they are even illegal in some. This leads to the fact, that those countries are not able to investigate the safety characteristics or only with a high effort by sending dust samples to facilities outside the country. This article presents a novel ignition source and describes how to build it. It is also the first step to place this ignition source into the dust standards in the future.

粉尘安全特性的测定主要采用化学点火器。特别是对于最大爆炸压力和最大升压率，没有其他点火源的标准。化学点火器的缺点是在大多数国家很难获得，在某些国家甚至是非法的。这导致这些国家无法调查其安全特性，或者只能通过将粉尘样本送到国外的设施来进行高度努力。本文介绍了一种新型的点火源，并介绍了其构造方法。这也是未来将这种点火源纳入粉尘标准的第一步。

引用次数: 0

High-voltage electrostatic slides: Are they still relevant for teaching in the era of numerical simulations? 高压静电幻灯片：在数值模拟时代，它们还适用于教学吗？

IF 2.1 4区工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Journal of Electrostatics

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104179

Pedro Llovera-Segovia , Josep Simón-Castel , Vicente Fuster-Roig , Alfredo Quijano-López

The teaching of electrostatics has been a cornerstone of physics and engineering education for centuries. Its focus has evolved significantly, transitioning from a 19th-century practical approach represented by Ganot's textbooks to a predominantly theoretical treatment in the 20th century, often presented as an introductory course to more complex electromagnetic problems. By the time the industrial applications of electrostatics, became prominent in the mid-20th century (particularly in plastics manufacturing), practical electrostatics had largely disappeared from student textbooks. However, during the first half of the 20th century, specialized companies began to develop science education tools for schools and universities which included electrostatics demonstrations. In Spain, ENOSA became a remarkable example, producing a wide range of educational materials for teaching science. Among their contributions were materials designed to demonstrate electrostatic principles. Notably, this company developed slides for visualizing electrostatic fields using specific electrode arrangements, an overhead projector, and a Van de Graaff generator. These slides contained cells filled with insulating oil and magnetic insulating particles, which visually aligned and moved when exposed to high-voltage potentials applied to the electrodes. This work outlines a brief history of these electrostatic demonstration slides and provides a detailed description of how they were designed to be used, based on ENOSA's reference materials and practical experience. Furthermore, it compares the educational value of these physical demonstrations with modern simulation techniques, such as finite element software. The pedagogical question of this study is whether these electrostatic slides remain relevant in contemporary electrostatics courses. Are these physical demonstration tools worth the effort and risks associated with their setup, or have finite element simulations in the classroom rendered them obsolete? From the students' perspective, what are the educational benefits of these traditional tools compared to modern software-based approaches?

几个世纪以来，静电学的教学一直是物理和工程教育的基石。它的重点发生了重大变化，从以加诺特教科书为代表的19世纪的实践方法过渡到20世纪的主要理论处理，通常作为更复杂的电磁问题的入门课程。到20世纪中期，静电学的工业应用（特别是在塑料制造业）变得突出时，实用的静电学在很大程度上已经从学生教科书中消失了。然而，在20世纪上半叶，专业公司开始为学校和大学开发包括静电演示在内的科学教育工具。在西班牙，ENOSA成为一个显著的例子，为科学教学制作了广泛的教育材料。他们的贡献之一是设计用于演示静电原理的材料。值得注意的是，该公司开发了用于可视化静电场的幻灯片，使用特定的电极排列，头顶投影仪和范德格拉夫发生器。这些载玻片包含充满绝缘油和磁性绝缘颗粒的细胞，当暴露在施加于电极的高压电位下时，它们在视觉上排列和移动。这项工作概述了这些静电演示幻灯片的简要历史，并根据ENOSA的参考材料和实际经验，详细描述了如何设计使用这些幻灯片。此外，它比较了这些物理演示与现代模拟技术，如有限元软件的教育价值。本研究的教学问题是这些静电幻灯片是否仍然适用于当代静电课程。这些物理演示工具值得为其设置付出努力和风险吗？还是课堂上的有限元模拟使它们过时了？从学生的角度来看，与现代基于软件的方法相比，这些传统工具的教育好处是什么？

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引用次数: 0

Rotating elements in early lightning protection: Bridging Diviš’s 18th century innovation with contemporary wind turbine physics 旋转元素在早期防雷：桥diviski的18世纪创新与当代风力涡轮机物理

IF 2.1 4区工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Journal of Electrostatics

Pub Date : 2025-10-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104187

Marcela Efmertová, Jan Mikeš, Ivan Soukup, Ondřej Hanuš

This study investigates the relationship between Václav Prokop Diviš’s 1754 lightning rod design and contemporary research on lightning interactions with wind turbines. Through comparative analysis of historical sources and modern experimental findings, we explore how Diviš’s incorporation of rotating elements and multiple discharge points shows interesting parallels with physical phenomena observed in modern wind turbine research. While Diviš’s complete system failed due to implementation limitations, certain individual design elements show correspondence with effects documented in contemporary studies: rotation-enhanced electrical activity and multi-point discharge characteristics. This historical-modern connection illustrates how empirical experimentation can explore concepts that later scientific research examines with modern methodology. The study contributes to understanding the evolution of atmospheric electricity knowledge and the persistence of certain experimental approaches across centuries.

本研究探讨了Václav Prokop divisti的1754避雷针设计与当代雷电与风力涡轮机相互作用的研究之间的关系。通过对历史资料和现代实验结果的比较分析，我们探索了Diviš i的旋转元件和多个放电点的结合如何与现代风力涡轮机研究中观察到的物理现象显示出有趣的相似之处。虽然divis的完整系统由于实施限制而失败，但某些单独的设计元素显示出与当代研究中记录的效果相对应：旋转增强的电活动和多点放电特性。这种历史与现代的联系说明了经验实验如何能够探索后来科学研究用现代方法检验的概念。这项研究有助于理解大气电学知识的演变，以及几个世纪以来某些实验方法的持久性。

引用次数: 0

A measurement method for testing textile materials charging for self-charging electrostatic face masks application 用于自充电静电口罩的纺织材料充电的测试方法

IF 2.1 4区工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Journal of Electrostatics

Pub Date : 2025-10-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104190

Norman Sepsik , Zoltán Ádám Tamus , István Kiss , Ferenc Ender

Electrostatic masks are significantly more effective than conventional mechanical masks due to their enhanced filtration efficiency. The charge of filtering textiles is generated by friction between two layers due to the spontaneous movement of the mask under wearing. However, the filtrating efficiency is diminished over time as the electrostatic charge decays, especially in humid environments. An essential requirement would be to compare the filling properties of various textiles used for masks by reliable measurement to produce more effective masks. However, no standardized procedure exists for measuring the charge of textiles. In this paper, a new test arrangement and protocol were developed to measure textiles’ charging due to friction accurately is presented. The new test system is built up from a stationary sample holder and a movable element holding another sample to simulate friction between the layers and ensure the measurement repeatability. The surface charge of tested textiles was measured using a parallel plane electrode system positioned 0.5 cm above the textile, connected to a high-impedance voltmeter. The tested textiles’ initial charging can be determined by measuring the voltage of plane electrode. The results demonstrate that the newly developed test setup enables testing the charging capabilities of various mask filters and ensuring the comparability of various textile materials.

静电口罩比传统的机械口罩更有效，因为它们的过滤效率更高。过滤织物的电荷是由两层之间的摩擦产生的，这是由于口罩在佩戴时的自发运动。然而，随着时间的推移，随着静电荷的衰减，过滤效率会降低，特别是在潮湿的环境中。一项基本要求是通过可靠的测量来比较用于口罩的各种纺织品的填充特性，以生产更有效的口罩。然而，现时并无量度纺织品收费的标准程序。本文提出了一种新的测试方法和方案，可以准确地测量纺织品的摩擦电荷。新的测试系统由一个固定的样品夹和一个可移动的元件组成，以模拟层之间的摩擦，并确保测量的可重复性。测试纺织品的表面电荷是用一个平行的平面电极系统测量的，该系统位于纺织品上方0.5厘米处，连接到一个高阻抗伏特计。通过测量平面电极的电压，可以确定被测纺织品的初始充电情况。结果表明，新开发的测试装置能够测试各种口罩过滤器的充电能力，并确保各种纺织材料的可比性。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of polypropylene content in PPLP for high voltage insulation at cryogenic temperature 低温高压绝缘PPLP中聚丙烯含量的影响

IF 2.1 4区工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Journal of Electrostatics

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104164

Luhan Zu , Stéphane Holé , Nicolas Lallouet , Christian-Éric Bruzek

This study compares the dielectric performance of polypropylene-laminated paper (PPLP) insulation impregnated with liquid nitrogen in the context of high-power superconducting cables within the SCARLET European project. Samples with polypropylene (PP) contents of 43 % and 55 % are tested in a representative cable geometry including almost 20 % gap density in the insulation. Breakdown voltage is found to increase with hydrostatic pressure. Weibull analysis predicts similar breakdown field strength at 63 % probability for both kinds of samples (about 89 kV/mm) but a larger scale parameter for 55 %-PP-content sample (about 10 versus 7). This better performance for 55 % PP content is mitigated by a larger brittleness upon breakdown.

本研究比较了欧洲SCARLET项目大功率超导电缆中浸渍液氮的聚丙烯层压纸（PPLP）绝缘材料的介电性能。聚丙烯（PP）含量分别为43%和55%的样品在具有代表性的电缆几何形状中进行测试，其中绝缘间隙密度几乎为20%。击穿电压随着静水压力的增大而增大。威布尔分析预测两种样品的击穿场强相似，概率为63%（约89 kV/mm），但55% - pp含量的样品的尺度参数更大（约10 vs 7）。当PP含量为55%时，这种较好的性能会因破裂时较大的脆性而减弱。

引用次数: 0

PWP measurement of charge distribution in dielectric and conductive liquids under DC electric field 直流电场作用下介质和导电液体电荷分布的PWP测量

IF 2.1 4区工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONIC

Journal of Electrostatics

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104182

V. Berry , P. Leblanc , S. Hole , T. Paillat

All liquids exhibit non-zero electrical conductivity, revealing the presence of electric charges. Though often considered uniformly distributed, these charges are influenced by interfaces (electrical double layer) or external electric fields. Their local accumulation can affect the performance of power equipment. Few precise methods exist to measure charge distribution in liquids. The PPRIME Institute has been adapting solid-state techniques, such as the Pressure Wave Propagation (PWP) method, for use in liquids. These have enabled the observation of how charges spatially and temporally reorganize under a DC electric field in dielectric and conductive liquids.

所有液体都表现出非零导电性，表明电荷的存在。虽然通常被认为是均匀分布的，但这些电荷受到界面（双电层）或外部电场的影响。它们的局部积累会影响电力设备的性能。很少有精确的方法来测量液体中的电荷分布。prime研究所一直在调整固态技术，如压力波传播（PWP）方法，用于液体。这使得人们能够观察到介电和导电液体在直流电场下电荷在空间和时间上是如何重组的。

引用次数: 0

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