Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-08-01DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104112
Mengyao Li , Qing Xia , Minghui Cai , Liangliang Xu , Tao Yang , Xinyu Jia
China's lunar exploration, including Chang'e−6, aims for future manned missions and a research station. The lunar environment and human activity, such as friction between rovers, spacesuits, and lunar dust, pose serious charging hazards, potentially generating voltages in the kilovolt range. This paper investigates the frictional charging effects between materials and simulated lunar dust under vacuum, UV light, and varying temperatures. Experimental results show that Teflon can be charged to −375 V in vacuum, −200 V under UV light, and −39 V in the atmosphere. Triboelectrification at different temperatures reveals the most severe charging occurs at −50 °C, reaching −1975 V. These findings provide insights into potential charge and discharge risks for future lunar missions.
{"title":"Triboelectrification of dielectric material in the lunar environment","authors":"Mengyao Li , Qing Xia , Minghui Cai , Liangliang Xu , Tao Yang , Xinyu Jia","doi":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104112","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104112","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>China's lunar exploration, including Chang'e−6, aims for future manned missions and a research station. The lunar environment and human activity, such as friction between rovers, spacesuits, and lunar dust, pose serious charging hazards, potentially generating voltages in the kilovolt range. This paper investigates the frictional charging effects between materials and simulated lunar dust under vacuum, UV light, and varying temperatures. Experimental results show that Teflon can be charged to −375 V in vacuum, −200 V under UV light, and −39 V in the atmosphere. Triboelectrification at different temperatures reveals the most severe charging occurs at −50 °C, reaching −1975 V. These findings provide insights into potential charge and discharge risks for future lunar missions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrostatics","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104112"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144750650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104202
Jingqi Sun , Weining Chen , Dianhang Li , Shengxin Huang , Nianwen Xiang , Kejie Li , Jianwei Zheng , Youjing Lei , Zhaoyuan Song
The ancient architecture with wooden structures is vulnerable to lightning strike damage. Whether wooden structures have the same ability to initiate upward lightning leader discharges as modern structures is still unclear. To explore this question, experiments were conducted in the laboratory. The strong lightning background electric field was produced and the positive upward lightning leader discharges were simulated and observed. The results indicate that it’s difficult for the positive upward lightning leader to initiate on dry wooden structures under the strong background electric field. Keeping the wooden structures dry may be the key to protecting the wooden structures from lightning damage.
{"title":"Experimental study on lightning attraction characteristics of wooden structures","authors":"Jingqi Sun , Weining Chen , Dianhang Li , Shengxin Huang , Nianwen Xiang , Kejie Li , Jianwei Zheng , Youjing Lei , Zhaoyuan Song","doi":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104202","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104202","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ancient architecture with wooden structures is vulnerable to lightning strike damage. Whether wooden structures have the same ability to initiate upward lightning leader discharges as modern structures is still unclear. To explore this question, experiments were conducted in the laboratory. The strong lightning background electric field was produced and the positive upward lightning leader discharges were simulated and observed. The results indicate that it’s difficult for the positive upward lightning leader to initiate on dry wooden structures under the strong background electric field. Keeping the wooden structures dry may be the key to protecting the wooden structures from lightning damage.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrostatics","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104202"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424621","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-04DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104190
Norman Sepsik , Zoltán Ádám Tamus , István Kiss , Ferenc Ender
Electrostatic masks are significantly more effective than conventional mechanical masks due to their enhanced filtration efficiency. The charge of filtering textiles is generated by friction between two layers due to the spontaneous movement of the mask under wearing. However, the filtrating efficiency is diminished over time as the electrostatic charge decays, especially in humid environments. An essential requirement would be to compare the filling properties of various textiles used for masks by reliable measurement to produce more effective masks. However, no standardized procedure exists for measuring the charge of textiles. In this paper, a new test arrangement and protocol were developed to measure textiles’ charging due to friction accurately is presented. The new test system is built up from a stationary sample holder and a movable element holding another sample to simulate friction between the layers and ensure the measurement repeatability. The surface charge of tested textiles was measured using a parallel plane electrode system positioned 0.5 cm above the textile, connected to a high-impedance voltmeter. The tested textiles’ initial charging can be determined by measuring the voltage of plane electrode. The results demonstrate that the newly developed test setup enables testing the charging capabilities of various mask filters and ensuring the comparability of various textile materials.
{"title":"A measurement method for testing textile materials charging for self-charging electrostatic face masks application","authors":"Norman Sepsik , Zoltán Ádám Tamus , István Kiss , Ferenc Ender","doi":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Electrostatic masks are significantly more effective than conventional mechanical masks due to their enhanced filtration efficiency. The charge of filtering textiles is generated by friction between two layers due to the spontaneous movement of the mask under wearing. However, the filtrating efficiency is diminished over time as the electrostatic charge decays, especially in humid environments. An essential requirement would be to compare the filling properties of various textiles used for masks by reliable measurement to produce more effective masks. However, no standardized procedure exists for measuring the charge of textiles. In this paper, a new test arrangement and protocol were developed to measure textiles’ charging due to friction accurately is presented. The new test system is built up from a stationary sample holder and a movable element holding another sample to simulate friction between the layers and ensure the measurement repeatability. The surface charge of tested textiles was measured using a parallel plane electrode system positioned 0.5 cm above the textile, connected to a high-impedance voltmeter. The tested textiles’ initial charging can be determined by measuring the voltage of plane electrode. The results demonstrate that the newly developed test setup enables testing the charging capabilities of various mask filters and ensuring the comparability of various textile materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrostatics","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104190"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145226896","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-16DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104162
Md Arifur Rahman , Rudolf Kiefer , Indrek Must , Tarmo Tamm
The anti-static effect is an increasingly valuable asset for hair treatment products, holding an increasing economic share. Hair care industries are increasingly looking for quantitative methods for hair treatment assessment, yet the multiscale nature of hair challenges the comparative assessment of its triboelectric properties. This study presents a straightforward methodology for measuring the surface potential of human hair at the mesoscale. Instead of studying microscale local charges highly accurately or bundling large bunches of hair for averaging, an intermediate approach was designed. The method was validated by varying both the hair count and the sample distance from the sensor. The results showed that the method can distinguish the surface charge of bleached hair from those of chemically untreated or mildly peptide treated. The variations in static charge were linked to the hair properties after the treatments, as assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The availability of a relatively simple technique to obtain quantified measurements of hair condition after treatment will enable hair care product manufacturers to identify potential defects, ensuring their products treat damaged hair to the required specifications and quality standards.
{"title":"Triboelectric properties on treated human hair: a mesoscale method to measure the surface potential","authors":"Md Arifur Rahman , Rudolf Kiefer , Indrek Must , Tarmo Tamm","doi":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104162","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104162","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The anti-static effect is an increasingly valuable asset for hair treatment products, holding an increasing economic share. Hair care industries are increasingly looking for quantitative methods for hair treatment assessment, yet the multiscale nature of hair challenges the comparative assessment of its triboelectric properties. This study presents a straightforward methodology for measuring the surface potential of human hair at the mesoscale. Instead of studying microscale local charges highly accurately or bundling large bunches of hair for averaging, an intermediate approach was designed. The method was validated by varying both the hair count and the sample distance from the sensor. The results showed that the method can distinguish the surface charge of bleached hair from those of chemically untreated or mildly peptide treated. The variations in static charge were linked to the hair properties after the treatments, as assessed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The availability of a relatively simple technique to obtain quantified measurements of hair condition after treatment will enable hair care product manufacturers to identify potential defects, ensuring their products treat damaged hair to the required specifications and quality standards.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrostatics","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104162"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145104424","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Accumulation of electric charges, which is advantageously used in various industrial applications, can also be a major source of damage for the electronic devices and systems. Electric field or potential measurements can directly assess the electrostatic hazard, i.e. to evaluate the risks associated with electric charge generation, accumulation, and discharge in various circumstances. The aim of this work was to assess the significance of the results of electric potential measurements carried out with the non-contact probe of an electrostatic voltmeter at the surface of insulating bodies, in configurations that mimic various situations of practical interest, more particularly those related to monitoring of charge build-up in operating pneumatic transportation pipes for particulate matter or in the various elements of vacuum cleaners (floor brush/roller, telescopic tube, hose, dust collector, …). The experiments were conducted with corona-charged 25 cm2 square-shaped polypropylene (PP) slabs and mm-sized granules. The PP slabs were placed in various positions with respect to the ground and to the non-contact probe. In two situations, the charged PP granules were in or moved through the airgap between the slab and the grounded electrode. The results show that the non-contact probe can detect each change of situation, as the potential measured by the electrostatic probe is the superposition of the effects produced by two charge distributions, on the slab and on the granules.
{"title":"Assessing the significance of surface electric potential values displayed by a non-contact electrostatic voltmeter in five situations of practical interest","authors":"Nesrine Amiour, Thami Zeghloul, Mohamed Sofiane Bendilmi, Lucien Dascalescu","doi":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104130","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104130","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Accumulation of electric charges, which is advantageously used in various industrial applications, can also be a major source of damage for the electronic devices and systems. Electric field or potential measurements can directly assess the electrostatic hazard, i.e. to evaluate the risks associated with electric charge generation, accumulation, and discharge in various circumstances. The aim of this work was to assess the significance of the results of electric potential measurements carried out with the non-contact probe of an electrostatic voltmeter at the surface of insulating bodies, in configurations that mimic various situations of practical interest, more particularly those related to monitoring of charge build-up in operating pneumatic transportation pipes for particulate matter or in the various elements of vacuum cleaners (floor brush/roller, telescopic tube, hose, dust collector, …). The experiments were conducted with corona-charged 25 cm<sup>2</sup> square-shaped polypropylene (PP) slabs and mm-sized granules. The PP slabs were placed in various positions with respect to the ground and to the non-contact probe. In two situations, the charged PP granules were in or moved through the airgap between the slab and the grounded electrode. The results show that the non-contact probe can detect each change of situation, as the potential measured by the electrostatic probe is the superposition of the effects produced by two charge distributions, on the slab and on the granules.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrostatics","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104130"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144695052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-19DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104166
Tom F. O’Hara , Ellen Player , Graham Ackroyd , Peter J. Caine , Karen L. Aplin
Triboelectrification of granular materials is a poorly understood phenomenon that alters particle behaviour, impacting industrial processes such as bulk powder handling and conveying. At small scales (2 g) net charging of powders has been shown to vary linearly with the total particle surface area and hence mass for a given size distribution. This work investigates the scaling relation of granular triboelectric charging, with small, medium (2–200 g), and large-scale (400 kg) laboratory testing of industrially relevant materials using a custom powder dropping apparatus and Faraday cup measurements. Our results demonstrate that this scaling is broken before industrially relevant scales are reached. Charge (Q) scaling with mass (m) was fitted with a function of the form and exponents ranging from to were determined. These exponents lie between those that would be expected from the surface area of the bulk powder () and the total particle surface area (). This scaling relation is found to hold across the powders tested and remains robust under varying humidity, despite changes in the absolute charge magnitude.
{"title":"The scaling of triboelectric charging powder drops for industrial applications","authors":"Tom F. O’Hara , Ellen Player , Graham Ackroyd , Peter J. Caine , Karen L. Aplin","doi":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104166","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104166","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Triboelectrification of granular materials is a poorly understood phenomenon that alters particle behaviour, impacting industrial processes such as bulk powder handling and conveying. At small scales (<span><math><mo><</mo></math></span>2 g) net charging of powders has been shown to vary linearly with the total particle surface area and hence mass for a given size distribution. This work investigates the scaling relation of granular triboelectric charging, with small, medium (2–200 g), and large-scale (<span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>400 kg) laboratory testing of industrially relevant materials using a custom powder dropping apparatus and Faraday cup measurements. Our results demonstrate that this scaling is broken before industrially relevant scales are reached. Charge (Q) scaling with mass (m) was fitted with a function of the form <span><math><mrow><mi>Q</mi><mo>∝</mo><msup><mrow><mi>m</mi></mrow><mrow><mi>b</mi></mrow></msup></mrow></math></span> and <span><math><mi>b</mi></math></span> exponents ranging from <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>68</mn><mspace></mspace><mo>±</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>01</mn></mrow></math></span> to <span><math><mrow><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>86</mn><mspace></mspace><mo>±</mo><mspace></mspace><mn>0</mn><mo>.</mo><mn>02</mn></mrow></math></span> were determined. These exponents lie between those that would be expected from the surface area of the bulk powder (<span><math><mrow><mi>b</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>2</mn><mo>/</mo><mn>3</mn></mrow></math></span>) and the total particle surface area (<span><math><mrow><mi>b</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></math></span>). This scaling relation is found to hold across the powders tested and remains robust under varying humidity, despite changes in the absolute charge magnitude.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrostatics","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104166"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145104429","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-10-26DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104200
Aws Al-Taie, Suhaib Al-Karawi
The accumulation of ice on power grid insulators in cold climate areas, as in the north of Iraq, is a serious problem. The ice bridges the sheds and adversely affects the insulator performance mechanically and electrically. In this work, Finite Element Method (FEM) based analysis of 33 kV specific alternating inclined sheds polymeric insulator is used. The ice pollution, with different thicknesses of 0.5/0.75/1 cm, is simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics® software. The electrostatic interface has been utilized to simulate the models since it is considered to study the behavior of insulating materials under AC fields with frequencies over than 1 Hz. A Silicon Carbide (SiC) Cone-Shaped layer with non-linear conductivity is proposed as a field grading material (FGM). Accordingly, the SiC effect on relaxing the distribution of electrostatic field and lessening maximum field value for the ice polluted insulators is investigated. The results demonstrate an increase in the electrostatic field efficiency factor due to SiC layer usage by 21.9 %–30 %. In addition, maximum tangential electrostatic field, maximum surface and volume power dissipation are reduced by 9.5 %–12.5 %, and by 18.1 %–23.4 %, respectively. Thus, using the SiC layer, as an FGM with field-dependent conductivity, positively contributes in enhancing the electrostatic field distribution uniformity for the specific inclined alternating polymeric insulator design. This might enhance flashover voltage levels and positively upgrade the insulator performance in icy weather conditions.
{"title":"Mitigating ice adverse effect on distorting the electric field of polymeric insulators using cone-shaped SiC layer","authors":"Aws Al-Taie, Suhaib Al-Karawi","doi":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104200","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104200","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The accumulation of ice on power grid insulators in cold climate areas, as in the north of Iraq, is a serious problem. The ice bridges the sheds and adversely affects the insulator performance mechanically and electrically. In this work, Finite Element Method (FEM) based analysis of 33 kV specific alternating inclined sheds polymeric insulator is used. The ice pollution, with different thicknesses of 0.5/0.75/1 cm, is simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics® software. The electrostatic interface has been utilized to simulate the models since it is considered to study the behavior of insulating materials under AC fields with frequencies over than 1 Hz. A Silicon Carbide (SiC) Cone-Shaped layer with non-linear conductivity is proposed as a field grading material (FGM). Accordingly, the SiC effect on relaxing the distribution of electrostatic field and lessening maximum field value for the ice polluted insulators is investigated. The results demonstrate an increase in the electrostatic field efficiency factor due to SiC layer usage by 21.9 %–30 %. In addition, maximum tangential electrostatic field, maximum surface and volume power dissipation are reduced by 9.5 %–12.5 %, and by 18.1 %–23.4 %, respectively. Thus, using the SiC layer, as an FGM with field-dependent conductivity, positively contributes in enhancing the electrostatic field distribution uniformity for the specific inclined alternating polymeric insulator design. This might enhance flashover voltage levels and positively upgrade the insulator performance in icy weather conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrostatics","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104200"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145424620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-01Epub Date: 2025-09-08DOI: 10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104148
B.A. De Liso, G. Pio, E. Salzano
The simultaneous exceedance of the flash point and the presence of an external source of ignition such as electrostatic sparks or hot spots lead to a flame-related scenario. Nevertheless, anomalous behaviour can be observed if the liquid is subject to thermal degradation, even below the flash point. This work is dedicated to the specific case of the hazard of combustible liquids due to the insurgence of secondary reactions activated by an ignition source and a constant heat flux to the sample within the range 7 kW/m2 and 50 kW/m2. To this aim, an aqueous solution having 90 %w lactic acid has been analysed experimentally by calorimetric analysis. The temperature of the liquid, the mass loss rate, and the heat release rate for the pool fire of lactic acid have been measured by a cone calorimeter. Results were compared with experimental data from the literature and theoretical data. The use of flash point temperature (regardless of the approach adopted for its evaluation) has been found to lead to non-conservative results on the safe side. Based on the collected data, the use of a cone calorimeter is recommended to evaluate the ignitability of liquid substances exposed to heating sources such as fires.
{"title":"On the ignition hazards of combustible liquid: the case of S-lactic acid water solution","authors":"B.A. De Liso, G. Pio, E. Salzano","doi":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104148","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104148","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The simultaneous exceedance of the flash point and the presence of an external source of ignition such as electrostatic sparks or hot spots lead to a flame-related scenario. Nevertheless, anomalous behaviour can be observed if the liquid is subject to thermal degradation, even below the flash point. This work is dedicated to the specific case of the hazard of combustible liquids due to the insurgence of secondary reactions activated by an ignition source and a constant heat flux to the sample within the range 7 kW/m<sup>2</sup> and 50 kW/m<sup>2</sup>. To this aim, an aqueous solution having 90 %w lactic acid has been analysed experimentally by calorimetric analysis. The temperature of the liquid, the mass loss rate, and the heat release rate for the pool fire of lactic acid have been measured by a cone calorimeter. Results were compared with experimental data from the literature and theoretical data. The use of flash point temperature (regardless of the approach adopted for its evaluation) has been found to lead to non-conservative results on the safe side. Based on the collected data, the use of a cone calorimeter is recommended to evaluate the ignitability of liquid substances exposed to heating sources such as fires.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrostatics","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104148"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145010219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
— Waste plastics are a significant source of pollution as they contain substances identified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs). These substances are added to many polymer materials to comply with safety flammability standards, to enhance their fire resistance, delay ignition, slow the spread of fire, or delay the time of flashover. BFRs are released from plastic materials into the environment during use, disposal, and recycling; they require careful management to reduce the risks associated with their dangerous nature for human health. Among the plastics found in WEEE, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polystyrene (PS) are the most prevalent, as their excellent insulating and mechanical properties render them essential for the electrical and electronic equipment sector. However, their high flammability makes them particularly targeted for the addition of high levels of BFRs to enhance their fire resistance and comply with safety standards. Moreover, their similar surface properties and close mass density values significantly limit wet separation methods, such as density and flotation methods. In this case, tribo-electrostatic separation might be a low-cost, low-polluting solution that can preserve the original properties of plastic. Tribo-electrostatic separation was chosen over wet methods because it is a dry process that requires no chemical pretreatment, no expensive wetting reagents, and also eliminates wastewater treatment issues. This method exploits the differences in triboelectric properties of ABS and PS, enabling their separation without altering their chemical structure, which is critical for preserving recyclability. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of the presence of BFR with different concentrations in ABS and PS materials on their triboelectric charging characteristic and tribo-electrostatic separation process of brominated ABS and PS particles. The tribocharging properties of brominated plastic particles were studied by a fluidized bed tribocharger. The brominated polymers used in the tribocharging experiments were BFR-free ABS, 0.23 % BFR ABS, 4.6 % BFR ABS, BFR-free PS, 0.23 % BFR PS, and 4.6 % BFR PS, produced by CRITT France, using hexabromobenzene as a model of BFR. In the first part of the experiments, this work investigated the influence of the tribocharger wall material, the triboelectric behavior of BFR ABS and PS plastics, their charge density evolution over time, and finally the effect of tribocharging duration. In the second part of the experiments, tribo-electrostatic separation tests were conducted on different mixtures (BFR-free ABS/BFR-free PS, 4.6 % BFR ABS/4.6 % BFR PS, etc.).
{"title":"Triboelectric charging properties of ABS and PS granules with different concentration of Brominated flame retardants","authors":"Siham Labiod , Thami Zeghloul , Mohamed Sofiane Bendilmi , Arnaud Parenty , Farida Tomasella , Lucian Dascalescu","doi":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104158","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104158","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>— Waste plastics are a significant source of pollution as they contain substances identified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs). These substances are added to many polymer materials to comply with safety flammability standards, to enhance their fire resistance, delay ignition, slow the spread of fire, or delay the time of flashover. BFRs are released from plastic materials into the environment during use, disposal, and recycling; they require careful management to reduce the risks associated with their dangerous nature for human health. Among the plastics found in WEEE, Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) and Polystyrene (PS) are the most prevalent, as their excellent insulating and mechanical properties render them essential for the electrical and electronic equipment sector. However, their high flammability makes them particularly targeted for the addition of high levels of BFRs to enhance their fire resistance and comply with safety standards. Moreover, their similar surface properties and close mass density values significantly limit wet separation methods, such as density and flotation methods. In this case, tribo-electrostatic separation might be a low-cost, low-polluting solution that can preserve the original properties of plastic. Tribo-electrostatic separation was chosen over wet methods because it is a dry process that requires no chemical pretreatment, no expensive wetting reagents, and also eliminates wastewater treatment issues. This method exploits the differences in triboelectric properties of ABS and PS, enabling their separation without altering their chemical structure, which is critical for preserving recyclability. The aim of this paper was to investigate the effect of the presence of BFR with different concentrations in ABS and PS materials on their triboelectric charging characteristic and tribo-electrostatic separation process of brominated ABS and PS particles. The tribocharging properties of brominated plastic particles were studied by a fluidized bed tribocharger. The brominated polymers used in the tribocharging experiments were BFR-free ABS, 0.23 % BFR ABS, 4.6 % BFR ABS, BFR-free PS, 0.23 % BFR PS, and 4.6 % BFR PS, produced by CRITT France, using hexabromobenzene as a model of BFR. In the first part of the experiments, this work investigated the influence of the tribocharger wall material, the triboelectric behavior of BFR ABS and PS plastics, their charge density evolution over time, and finally the effect of tribocharging duration. In the second part of the experiments, tribo-electrostatic separation tests were conducted on different mixtures (BFR-free ABS/BFR-free PS, 4.6 % BFR ABS/4.6 % BFR PS, etc.).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrostatics","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104158"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145003937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The teaching of electrostatics has been a cornerstone of physics and engineering education for centuries. Its focus has evolved significantly, transitioning from a 19th-century practical approach represented by Ganot's textbooks to a predominantly theoretical treatment in the 20th century, often presented as an introductory course to more complex electromagnetic problems. By the time the industrial applications of electrostatics, became prominent in the mid-20th century (particularly in plastics manufacturing), practical electrostatics had largely disappeared from student textbooks. However, during the first half of the 20th century, specialized companies began to develop science education tools for schools and universities which included electrostatics demonstrations. In Spain, ENOSA became a remarkable example, producing a wide range of educational materials for teaching science. Among their contributions were materials designed to demonstrate electrostatic principles. Notably, this company developed slides for visualizing electrostatic fields using specific electrode arrangements, an overhead projector, and a Van de Graaff generator. These slides contained cells filled with insulating oil and magnetic insulating particles, which visually aligned and moved when exposed to high-voltage potentials applied to the electrodes. This work outlines a brief history of these electrostatic demonstration slides and provides a detailed description of how they were designed to be used, based on ENOSA's reference materials and practical experience. Furthermore, it compares the educational value of these physical demonstrations with modern simulation techniques, such as finite element software. The pedagogical question of this study is whether these electrostatic slides remain relevant in contemporary electrostatics courses. Are these physical demonstration tools worth the effort and risks associated with their setup, or have finite element simulations in the classroom rendered them obsolete? From the students' perspective, what are the educational benefits of these traditional tools compared to modern software-based approaches?
{"title":"High-voltage electrostatic slides: Are they still relevant for teaching in the era of numerical simulations?","authors":"Pedro Llovera-Segovia , Josep Simón-Castel , Vicente Fuster-Roig , Alfredo Quijano-López","doi":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104179","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.elstat.2025.104179","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The teaching of electrostatics has been a cornerstone of physics and engineering education for centuries. Its focus has evolved significantly, transitioning from a 19th-century practical approach represented by Ganot's textbooks to a predominantly theoretical treatment in the 20th century, often presented as an introductory course to more complex electromagnetic problems. By the time the industrial applications of electrostatics, became prominent in the mid-20th century (particularly in plastics manufacturing), practical electrostatics had largely disappeared from student textbooks. However, during the first half of the 20th century, specialized companies began to develop science education tools for schools and universities which included electrostatics demonstrations. In Spain, ENOSA became a remarkable example, producing a wide range of educational materials for teaching science. Among their contributions were materials designed to demonstrate electrostatic principles. Notably, this company developed slides for visualizing electrostatic fields using specific electrode arrangements, an overhead projector, and a Van de Graaff generator. These slides contained cells filled with insulating oil and magnetic insulating particles, which visually aligned and moved when exposed to high-voltage potentials applied to the electrodes. This work outlines a brief history of these electrostatic demonstration slides and provides a detailed description of how they were designed to be used, based on ENOSA's reference materials and practical experience. Furthermore, it compares the educational value of these physical demonstrations with modern simulation techniques, such as finite element software. The pedagogical question of this study is whether these electrostatic slides remain relevant in contemporary electrostatics courses. Are these physical demonstration tools worth the effort and risks associated with their setup, or have finite element simulations in the classroom rendered them obsolete? From the students' perspective, what are the educational benefits of these traditional tools compared to modern software-based approaches?</div></div>","PeriodicalId":54842,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Electrostatics","volume":"138 ","pages":"Article 104179"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2025-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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