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Guatemalan beaded lizards (Helodermatidae: Heloderma charlesbogerti) navigate and follow a scent trail in maze tasks. 危地马拉串珠蜥蜴(皮蜥科:Heloderma charlesbogerti)在迷宫任务中导航并追随气味线索。
IF 1.1 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-12 DOI: 10.1037/com0000394
Elizabeth L Haseltine, Maisy D Englund, James L Weed, Michael J Beran, Hollyn Tao, Sarah Paschal, Joseph R Mendelson

Maze studies have provided substantial information about nonhuman cognition, such as insights on navigational strategies, spatial memory, and choice discriminations. This knowledge can aid in how we understand the foraging strategies of many animals, particularly understudied and endangered species, such as the Guatemalan beaded lizard (Heloderma charlesbogerti). These actively foraging lizards rely on chemoreception to locate prey, but it is unknown to what extent they engage in olfaction and vomerolfaction to hunt and navigate their environment. We investigated how Guatemalan beaded lizards moved through a physical maze. When navigating an eight-arm radial maze with all arms baited, lizards tended to turn into the immediately adjacent arm in a single direction, similar to other reptiles that have been tested in radial arm mazes. In a T-maze, the lizards had to discriminate between arms that contained scent and no-scent from a distance. They were generally unable to choose the baited (correct) arm at levels greater than chance, indicating an inability for this discrimination. With the addition of a scent trail, however, all lizards chose the baited arm at levels significantly above chance, and this increased accuracy was correlated with increased latency to make the arm choice. The lizards also demonstrated a decreased rate of tongue flicking as proximity to reward increased. Guatemalan beaded lizards can efficiently navigate a radial arm maze and can successfully use vomerolfaction with substrate-borne cues to locate prey, but they appear to have minimal olfaction abilities when sensing from a distance. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

迷宫研究提供了有关非人类认知的大量信息,例如有关导航策略、空间记忆和选择辨别的见解。这些知识有助于我们了解许多动物的觅食策略,尤其是研究不足的濒危物种,如危地马拉珠蜥 (Heloderma charlesbogerti)。这些积极觅食的蜥蜴依靠化学知觉来确定猎物的位置,但它们在多大程度上利用嗅觉和体视来捕食和导航环境还不得而知。我们研究了危地马拉珠蜥如何在物理迷宫中移动。当蜥蜴在所有臂都有诱饵的八臂径向迷宫中穿行时,它们倾向于沿着单一方向转入紧邻的臂,这与在径向臂迷宫中测试过的其他爬行动物类似。在T型迷宫中,蜥蜴必须从远处区分有气味的臂和没有气味的臂。它们通常无法选择有诱饵(正确)的手臂,这表明它们无法进行这种辨别。然而,在添加了气味线索后,所有蜥蜴选择有诱饵手臂的准确率都明显高于概率水平,而且准确率的提高与选择手臂的延迟时间的增加相关。蜥蜴还表现出,随着距离奖赏距离的增加,舌头弹动的频率也会降低。危地马拉珠蜥能够有效地在径向臂迷宫中导航,并能成功地利用体液嗅觉和基质传播的线索来确定猎物的位置,但在远距离感知时,它们的嗅觉能力似乎微乎其微。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Contrafreeloading in umbrella cockatoos (Cacatua alba): Further evaluation of the play hypothesis. 伞形凤头鹦鹉(Cacatua alba)的同类性行为:游戏假说的进一步评估。
IF 1.1 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1037/com0000395
Alana Carroll, Irene M Pepperberg

Contrafreeloading is defined as choosing to perform work to obtain a reward, despite the presence of an identical, freely available alternative. According to standard learning and optimal foraging theories, it should not exist. Thus, any evidence of such behavior is noteworthy. We briefly review the recently introduced play hypothesis, which proposes that contrafreeloading is more likely if the action involved is viewed as play rather than work (i.e., agreeable rather than aversive). One might consequently expect species that are relatively more playful to be more likely to engage in contrafreeloading. We evaluated this possibility by testing purportedly playful umbrella cockatoos (Cacatua alba); we studied four residents of a bird sanctuary in upstate New York (Dudley, JJ, Poly, and Teddy Bear). The task involved choosing between shelled and deshelled almonds; the former choice constituting evidence of contrafreeloading. We documented contrafreeloading in a novel species and then compared our results with previously published data on the reportedly less playful Grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus). Individually, a higher percentage of cockatoos engaged in contrafreeloading on more than half the trials than did the Greys, with statistically similar levels of individual variation, but the overall amount of contrafreeloading was not statistically significantly different between the species at a group level. We discuss possible reasons for these findings. Additionally, we examine similarities in the behavioral expression of play and contrafreeloading. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

逆向觅食的定义是,尽管存在相同的、可自由选择的替代品,但为了获得奖励而选择工作。根据标准的学习和最佳觅食理论,这种行为是不应该存在的。因此,这种行为的任何证据都值得注意。我们简要回顾一下最近提出的 "游戏假说",该假说认为,如果所涉及的行为被视为游戏而非工作(即令人愉悦而非厌恶),则更有可能发生觅食反刍行为。因此,我们可能会认为,相对来说更喜欢玩耍的物种更有可能进行 "忌食"。我们通过测试据称贪玩的伞凤头鹦鹉(Cacatua alba)来评估这种可能性;我们研究了纽约州北部一个鸟类保护区的四只鹦鹉(Dudley、JJ、Poly 和泰迪熊)。任务包括在带壳杏仁和去壳杏仁之间做出选择;前者的选择构成了忌食的证据。我们记录了一种新物种的 "忌食 "行为,然后将我们的结果与之前发表的关于据报道不那么贪玩的灰鹦鹉(Psittacus erithacus)的数据进行了比较。就个体而言,在一半以上的试验中,凤头鹦鹉进行反食的比例高于灰鹦鹉,个体差异水平在统计学上相似,但在群体水平上,物种间反食的总体数量在统计学上没有显著差异。我们将讨论这些发现的可能原因。此外,我们还研究了玩耍和倒立的行为表现的相似性。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)。
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引用次数: 0
Responses to prey chemical cues in wild-caught, adult gopher snakes (Pituophis catenifer). 野生捕获的成年地鼠蛇(Pituophis catenifer)对猎物化学线索的反应。
IF 1.1 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1037/com0000397
Mark A Krause, Caleb Koharchik, Lucas Staples

Surface chemical cues from prey elicit elevated levels of tongue-flicking and striking behavior in many species of snakes and lizards. These responses are mediated by the vomeronasal system, and they may even occur in the absence of other sensory cues. How individuals of a species respond to prey chemical cues can reflect developmental, ecological, and evolutionary processes. Our focus in this study was ecologically based, and involved testing whether levels of chemosensory responding reflect the putative relative intake of prey types in nature. We tested 11 wild-caught adult gopher snakes (Pituophis catenifer) for their chemosensory responses, namely tongue flicking, in response to surface chemicals of natural prey items (rodent and bird) and to two control stimuli (distilled water and hexane). On average the snakes had significantly higher rates of tongue flicking toward prey cues than to control stimuli (p = .001). Responses to rodent and bird surface chemicals did not significantly differ from each other (p = .35). Tongue-flick responses to rodent surface chemicals were significantly higher than to both water and hexane (ps < .01), while responses to bird surface chemicals were significantly higher than to water (p < .05) but not to hexane (p = .12). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

在许多蛇类和蜥蜴物种中,来自猎物的表面化学线索会引起更高水平的弹舌和击打行为。这些反应是由绒毛神经系统介导的,甚至可能在没有其他感觉线索的情况下发生。一个物种的个体如何对猎物的化学线索做出反应,可以反映出发育、生态和进化过程。本研究以生态学为基础,测试化学感觉反应水平是否反映了自然界中猎物类型的相对摄入量。我们测试了 11 条野生捕获的成年地鼠蛇(Pituophis catenifer)对自然猎物(啮齿动物和鸟类)表面化学物质以及两种对照刺激(蒸馏水和正己烷)的化学感觉反应,即弹动舌头。平均而言,蛇对猎物线索的弹舌率明显高于对对照刺激的弹舌率(p = .001)。对啮齿动物和鸟类表面化学物质的反应没有明显差异(p = .35)。对啮齿动物表面化学物质的弹舌反应明显高于对水和正己烷的反应(ps < .01),而对鸟类表面化学物质的反应明显高于对水的反应(ps < .05),但对正己烷的反应不明显(ps = .12)。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Implementation of automated cognitive testing systems for socially housed rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and squirrel (Saimiri spp.) monkeys: Age differences in learning. 为社会饲养的恒河猴(Macaca mulatta)和松鼠猴(Saimiri spp.)实施自动化认知测试系统:学习中的年龄差异
IF 1.1 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-09 DOI: 10.1037/com0000391
Michele M Mulholland, Will Whitham, Michael Berkey, Lisa M Pytka, Peter Pierre, William D Hopkins

Utilizing Automated Cognitive Testing Systems (ACTS) with group-housed nonhuman primates offers a number of advantages over manual testing and computerized testing of singly housed subjects. To date, ACTS usage has been limited to great apes or African monkeys. Here, we detail what we have learned while implementing ACTS with socially housed squirrel monkeys and rhesus macaques and provide information about the training process. In addition, we examined the effects of age on learning acquisition. We found age differences in learning for both squirrel monkeys and rhesus monkeys. Older monkeys were not as proficient as younger monkeys on learning to use the touch screens (squirrel monkeys only), discrimination learning (rhesus monkeys only; note: squirrel monkeys were not trained to criterion on this task), and recognition learning (both species). Overall, ACTS provide a number of advantages for studying cognition in socially living nonhuman primates and can be used to further investigate cognitive decline whether related to natural aging processes or disease pathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

与人工测试和电脑测试单只灵长类动物相比,在群居非人灵长类动物中使用自动认知测试系统(ACTS)具有许多优势。迄今为止,ACTS 的使用仅限于类人猿或非洲猴。在此,我们将详细介绍我们在社会化饲养的松鼠猴和猕猴身上实施 ACTS 的心得体会,并提供有关训练过程的信息。此外,我们还研究了年龄对学习掌握的影响。我们发现松鼠猴和猕猴在学习方面存在年龄差异。在学习使用触摸屏(仅松鼠猴)、辨别学习(仅恒河猴;注:松鼠猴未在此任务中接受标准训练)和识别学习(两种猴子)方面,年龄较大的猴子不如年龄较小的猴子熟练。总之,ACTS 为研究非人类灵长类动物的认知能力提供了许多优势,并可用于进一步研究认知能力的衰退是否与自然衰老过程或疾病病理有关。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Testing three primate species' attentional biases toward preferred and unpreferred foods: Seeing red or high valued food? 测试三种灵长类动物对首选和非首选食物的注意偏差:看到红色食物还是高价值食物?
IF 1.1 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-29 DOI: 10.1037/com0000375
Gillian L Vale, Jesse G Leinwand, Priyanka B Joshi

Animals navigate complex environments that present both hazards and essential resources. The prioritization of perceptual information that is relevant to their next actions, such as accessing or avoiding different resources, poses a potential challenge to animals, one that can impact survival. While animals' attentional biases toward negatively valanced and threatening stimuli have been explored, parallel biases toward differently valued resources remain understudied. Here, we assessed whether three primate species (chimpanzees [Pan troglodytes], gorillas [Gorilla gorilla gorilla], and Japanese macaques [Macaca fuscata]) prioritized their attention to positively valued resources-preferred foods compared to unpreferred foods. We employed a computerized dot probe attentional bias task in which we presented participants with paired images of their preferred and unpreferred foods in randomized locations (left or right). Latencies to touch the "probe" that replaced either image revealed that all three species responded faster to the probe when it replaced the preferred option (χ²(1) = 284.50, SE² = .03, p < .001). The uniformity of the primates' responses hints that a propensity to prioritize highly preferred items is rooted in these primates' evolutionary past, one that may serve as a mechanism to rapidly detect and locate resources such as highly valued foods. Future research will help disentangle the role that color plays in these biases. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

动物在复杂的环境中穿梭,这些环境既有危险,也有必要的资源。如何确定与动物下一步行动(如获取或避开不同资源)相关的感知信息的优先顺序,是动物面临的一个潜在挑战,也可能影响动物的生存。虽然人们已经探索了动物对负值和威胁性刺激的注意偏差,但对不同价值资源的平行偏差仍未得到充分研究。在这里,我们评估了三种灵长类动物(黑猩猩、大猩猩和日本猕猴)是否会优先注意有积极价值的资源--首选食物而非非首选食物。我们采用了一种计算机化的点探针注意偏差任务,即在随机位置(左侧或右侧)向参与者展示其偏好和非偏好食物的配对图像。当 "探针 "取代首选图像时,三种灵长类动物对 "探针 "的反应都更快(χ²(1) = 284.50, SE² = .03, p < .001)。灵长类动物反应的一致性表明,在灵长类动物的进化过程中,它们有一种优先选择高度偏好项目的倾向,这种倾向可能是一种快速检测和定位资源(如高价值食物)的机制。未来的研究将有助于厘清颜色在这些偏见中所扮演的角色。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Fins, feathers, fingers, and finding an explanation for the puzzle of ephemeral rewards. 鳍、羽毛、手指,为昙花一现的奖赏之谜找到解释。
IF 1.1 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1037/com0000398
Michael J Beran

This article discusses the ephemeral reward task and how it is not always a clear and concise choice. This is demonstrated through some animal studies involving birds and primates. This article also shows that when compared to human studies, that there are positive correlations between the BART and optimal choice in the ephemeral reward task, meaning that those who took more risks also were more inclined to be optimal. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

本文将讨论短暂奖赏任务,以及它如何并不总是一个清晰明了的选择。一些涉及鸟类和灵长类动物的动物研究证明了这一点。本文还表明,与人类研究相比,在短暂奖赏任务中,BART 与最优选择之间存在正相关,这意味着那些承担更多风险的人也更倾向于最优选择。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
The roles of social information, asocial information, and initial bias in nest-building decisions. 社会信息、非社会信息和初始偏差在筑巢决策中的作用。
IF 1.1 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1037/com0000374
Benjamin A Whittaker, Gopika Balasubramanian, Andrés Camacho-Alpízar, Connor T Lambert, Lauren M Guillette

Animals can use asocial (e.g., environmental cues) or social (e.g., conspecific behavior) information when making decisions. We investigated decisions made by zebra finches when asocial and social sources conveyed agreeing or conflicting information, and assessed the influence of initial bias on decision making. Finches completed an initial preference test ranking preference for three colors of nest-building material. Birds in the agree group (n = 14) then observed demonstrators build nests using nonpreferred color material (social information) that matched the environment color (asocial information). Birds in the conflict group (n = 15) observed demonstrators build nests with nonpreferred color material that did not match the cage environment (another nonpreferred color). A final preference test assessed any changes in color preference. The agree group reduced average preference for their initially preferred color, but did not significantly increase average preference for the asocial/social colors. The conflict group also reduced average preference for the initially preferred color and also increased preference for the socially demonstrated color. Observers with stronger initial bias were less likely to choose the socially demonstrated color than observers with weaker initial bias. This shows that social information informs nest-building decisions, even when in conflict with asocial information. However, bias influences social information use and adds nuance to how different individuals use information when making decisions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

动物在做决定时可以使用非社会信息(如环境线索)或社会信息(如同种动物的行为)。我们研究了斑马雀在非社会信息源和社会信息源传递一致或冲突信息时做出的决策,并评估了初始偏差对决策的影响。斑马雀完成了一项初始偏好测试,对三种颜色的筑巢材料进行了偏好排序。然后,同意组的鸟类(n = 14)观察示范者使用与环境颜色(非社会信息)相匹配的非偏好颜色材料(社会信息)筑巢。冲突组(n = 15)的鸟儿观察示范者使用与笼子环境不匹配的非偏好颜色材料(另一种非偏好颜色)筑巢。最后的偏好测试评估了颜色偏好的变化。同意组降低了对其最初偏好颜色的平均偏好,但对非社交/社交颜色的平均偏好并没有显著增加。冲突组也降低了对最初偏好颜色的平均偏好,但也增加了对社会表现颜色的偏好。与初始偏好较弱的观察者相比,初始偏好较强的观察者不太可能选择社会展示的颜色。这表明,即使社会信息与非社会信息相冲突,社会信息也会影响筑巢决策。然而,偏见会影响社会信息的使用,并使不同个体在决策时使用信息的方式更加微妙。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Still face in pet dogs (Canis familiaris). 宠物狗(Canis familiaris)的静止面部。
IF 1.1 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-15 DOI: 10.1037/com0000371
Molly Byrne, Kayla Sawyer, Angie Johnston

Dogs are able to cooperate in reciprocal exchange with humans but little is known about the extent of these abilities (Range & Virányi, 2015). In the Still Face paradigm, infants reply to a sudden nonreciprocal facial expression with gaze aversion and an increase in re-engagement and distress behaviors (E. Tronick et al., 1978). We directly adapted this method; the dog's owner talked to the dog, then abruptly switched to a still, neutral face, maintaining eye contact. In Study 1 (N = 20), we found that dogs showed a significant decrease in the amount of looking at the owner in the Still Face phase, paralleling the results found in gaze aversion in infants, and they performed fewer pawing and vocalizations toward the person in the Still Face phase. In Study 2 (N = 60), we included one condition of continuous physical contact, and one condition that was a direct replication of the initial study without physical contact. Similar to human infants, we found a significant decrease in looking from the Interaction phase to the Still Face phase. However, in contrast to human infants, re-engagement and stress behaviors were higher in the Interaction phase than the Still Face phase. Looking and re-engagement behaviors differed based on the condition, with a smaller difference between phases in the Petting condition. These results suggest that dogs are capable of perceiving these small changes in human affect. However, unlike human infants, dogs seem to have greater expectations about physical interactions than verbal interactions, as they reacted more strongly to an Interaction phase without physical contact than the Still Face. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

狗能够与人类进行互惠交流合作,但人们对这种能力的程度知之甚少(Range & Virányi, 2015)。在 "静止的脸 "范式中,婴儿会对突然出现的非互惠面部表情做出反应,表现为凝视厌恶以及重新参与和苦恼行为的增加(E. Tronick 等人,1978 年)。我们直接采用了这种方法;狗的主人与狗交谈,然后突然切换到静止的中性面孔,并保持目光接触。在研究 1(N = 20)中,我们发现狗在静止脸部阶段看主人的次数明显减少,这与在婴儿凝视厌恶中发现的结果类似,而且它们在静止脸部阶段对人的爪子和发声次数也减少了。在研究 2(N = 60)中,我们加入了一个持续身体接触的条件和一个直接复制初始研究的无身体接触条件。与人类婴儿类似,我们发现从 "互动 "阶段到 "静止脸部 "阶段,婴儿看人的次数明显减少。然而,与人类婴儿不同的是,互动阶段的重新参与和压力行为高于静止阶段。注视和重新参与行为因条件而异,在抚摸条件下,不同阶段之间的差异较小。这些结果表明,狗能够感知人类情感的这些微小变化。然而,与人类婴儿不同的是,狗对肢体互动的期望似乎大于语言互动,因为它们对没有肢体接触的互动阶段的反应比静止的脸部反应更强烈。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) with better task-based delay of gratification skills are rated as less impulsive, more agreeable, and smarter. 任务型延迟满足技能较好的黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes)被评为不那么冲动、更合群、更聪明。
IF 1.1 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-01 Epub Date: 2024-02-26 DOI: 10.1037/com0000373
William D Hopkins, Chelsea M Cox, Robert D Latzman, Michael J Beran

Delay of gratification and inhibitory control are generally considered measures of self-control. In humans, individual differences in measures of self-control are associated with a host of behavioral, neurological, cognitive, and health-related outcomes. Self-control is not unique to humans and has been demonstrated in a variety of nonhuman species using a variety of paradigms. In this study, the effect of sex and age on delay of gratification performance, as measured by the hybrid delay task, was tested in a sample of 88 chimpanzees. Additionally, whether individual differences in hybrid delay task performance were associated with different aspects of personality was examined in this study. Contrary to reports in human subjects, geriatric male chimpanzees were found to perform more efficiently than adult males, while no age differences were found between geriatric and adult females. Indeed, delay of gratification efficiency was positively associated with age in males and negatively associated with age in females. Chimpanzees that performed more efficiently on the hybrid delay task were also found to be rated as more intelligent, more extraverted, and less impulsive. These findings suggest that objective measures of efficiency in delay of gratification tasks are associated with different dimensions of personality, which have some overlapping construct validity. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

延迟满足和抑制控制通常被认为是自我控制的衡量标准。在人类中,自我控制能力的个体差异与一系列行为、神经、认知和健康相关结果有关。自我控制并非人类所独有,它已在多种非人类物种中通过各种范式得到证实。本研究以 88 只黑猩猩为样本,通过混合延迟任务测试了性别和年龄对延迟满足表现的影响。此外,本研究还考察了混合延迟任务表现的个体差异是否与不同的性格有关。与人类受试者的报告相反,研究发现老年雄性黑猩猩比成年雄性黑猩猩的表现更有效率,而老年雌性黑猩猩和成年雌性黑猩猩之间没有年龄差异。事实上,延迟满足的效率与雄性黑猩猩的年龄呈正相关,而与雌性黑猩猩的年龄呈负相关。在混合延迟任务中表现更有效率的黑猩猩还被认为更聪明、更外向和更不冲动。这些研究结果表明,对延迟满足任务效率的客观测量与人格的不同维度相关,而这些维度具有一些重叠的建构效度。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Visual and acoustic exploratory behaviors toward novel stimuli in Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) under human care. 人类照料下的安的列斯海牛(Trichechus manatus manatus)对新刺激的视觉和听觉探索行为。
IF 1.4 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-05-01 Epub Date: 2023-12-14 DOI: 10.1037/com0000360
Aviva Charles, Yann Henaut, Michel Saint-Jalme, Baptiste Mulot, Alexis Lecu, Fabienne Delfour

Exploratory behaviors describe the actions performed by an animal to obtain information on an object, environment, or individual by using its different senses. Exploration is described in some marine mammals, but not yet in manatees. Our study investigated behavioral and acoustic responses of two groups of Antillean manatees (N = 12 and N = 4) housed in zoological parks toward various stimuli involving three sensory modalities: visual, tactile, and auditory. Simultaneous audio and video recordings were collected during three periods of time (i.e., before, during, and after the presentation of all stimuli). Behaviors related to interest, social behaviors, the number and type of calls produced, and their frequency and duration were recorded and analyzed. Manatees reacted more to submerged stimuli than to out-of-water and sound stimuli, with an increase in approach, social contacts, and number of vocalizations. The proportion of squeaks and squeals call types also varied according to stimuli, and call entropy and F0 range varied according to periods. Our results suggest that manatees display sensory preferences when exploring stimuli, with more interest in manipulable stimuli, supporting the importance of their somatic perception. We highlight the need for particular enrichment programs (i.e., involving submerged objects) in zoological facilities. By displaying social contacts and by producing vocalizations, manatees communicate information such as their motivational state. The increase in call rate, harsh calls, and entropy values could be valid indicators of heightened arousal. We encourage further studies to associate acoustic recordings with ethological data collection to increase the understanding of manatees' behaviors andperception. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

探索行为描述的是动物通过不同的感官获取物体、环境或个体信息的行为。一些海洋哺乳动物有探索行为,但海牛还没有。我们的研究调查了饲养在动物园的两组安的列斯海牛(12 头和 4 头)对涉及视觉、触觉和听觉三种感官模式的各种刺激的行为和声音反应。在三个时间段(即所有刺激物出现之前、期间和之后)同时采集音频和视频记录。记录并分析了与兴趣、社交行为、叫声的数量和类型、频率和持续时间有关的行为。与出水和声音刺激相比,海牛对水下刺激的反应更大,接近、社交接触和发声次数都有所增加。吱吱声和尖叫声叫声类型的比例也因刺激而异,叫声熵和 F0 范围也因时期而异。我们的研究结果表明,海牛在探索刺激物时表现出感官偏好,对可操作的刺激物更感兴趣,这支持了其躯体感知的重要性。我们强调了在动物园设施中开展特定强化项目(即涉及水下物体)的必要性。海牛通过显示社会接触和发出声音来交流信息,如它们的动机状态。叫声频率的增加、刺耳的叫声和熵值都可能是海牛亢奋的有效指标。我们鼓励进一步的研究,将声学记录与人种学数据收集结合起来,以增加对海牛行为和感知的了解。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, 版权所有)。
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Journal of Comparative Psychology
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