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Are chimpanzees futurists? Effects of motion lines and motion blur on the judgments of global motion direction in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). 黑猩猩是未来主义者吗?运动线和运动模糊对黑猩猩(Pan troglodytes)全局运动方向判断的影响。
IF 1.4 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Epub Date: 2024-03-14 DOI: 10.1037/com0000348
Masaki Tomonaga, Tomoko Imura

Based on the invention and development of photography and movie in the 19th century, schools of contemporary art, such as Futurism, have emerged that express the dynamism of motion in painting. Painting techniques such as multiple stroboscopic images, motion blur, and motion lines are culturally based, but the biological basis of their perception has also been intensively investigated recently. Then what are the evolutionary origins of such pictorial representations of motion? Do nonhuman animals also have sensitivity to such representations? To address this question, we examined the effects of motion blur and motion lines on the judgments of global motion directions in chimpanzees. The results showed that the motion lines biased the chimpanzees' judgments toward the direction of motion implied by them, whereas the effect of the motion blur was either absent or weak (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, we manipulated the length and number of motion lines to examine the effect of "speed" and "distance" in addition to the motion direction implied by the motion lines. The results showed that the effect of motion lines became stronger as the length and the number of lines increased within a specific range. These results indicate that the motion lines also imply the direction of motion in chimpanzees and provide a clue to the evolutionary basis for the pictorial representations of motion. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

在 19 世纪摄影和电影发明和发展的基础上,出现了以未来主义为代表的当代艺术流派,这些流派在绘画中表现了运动的活力。多重频闪图像、运动模糊和运动线条等绘画技巧具有文化基础,但其感知的生物学基础近年来也得到了深入研究。那么,这种运动图像表现的进化起源是什么?非人类动物是否也对此类表征具有敏感性?为了解决这个问题,我们研究了运动模糊和运动线对黑猩猩全局运动方向判断的影响。结果显示,运动线使黑猩猩的判断偏向于运动线所暗示的运动方向,而运动模糊的影响要么不存在,要么很弱(实验 1)。在实验 2 中,我们改变了运动线的长度和数量,以考察除运动线暗示的运动方向之外,"速度 "和 "距离 "的影响。结果表明,在特定范围内,随着运动线长度和数量的增加,运动线的效果会越来越强。这些结果表明,黑猩猩的运动线也暗示着运动的方向,并为运动图像表征的进化基础提供了线索。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Reach-to-grasp kinematic signatures in Colombian spider monkeys (Ateles fusciceps rufiventris). 哥伦比亚蜘蛛猴(Ateles fusciceps rufiventris)从伸手到抓握的运动特征。
IF 1.4 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-10 DOI: 10.1037/com0000355
Eliza L Nelson, Megan A Taylor, Armando Del Valle, Narciso Pavon

A defining feature of most primates is a hand with five fingers. Spider monkeys are an exception because they have four fingers and no thumb. Despite the prevalence of reach-to-grasp research in primates, it is not known how the lack of a thumb affects reaching and grasping in spider monkeys. Drawing on patterns that have been well described in human adults, human infants, and other nonhuman primates, this study characterized prehension in Colombian spider monkeys (Ateles fusciceps rufiventris). Monkeys reached for two differently sized food objects and reaches were digitized offline for two-dimensional kinematic analysis. Grasp strategy was coded from video as preshaped when the hand was adjusted to grasp the food before contact, or not preshaped when the hand was adjusted to grasp the food after contact. Monkeys exhibited variability in reach smoothness that contrasted with the typical pattern seen in other adult primates and instead resembled the pattern observed in human infants. Monkeys anticipated the object to be grasped approximately half of the time. Reaches where the hand was preshaped to the object were smoother than reaches where the hand was adjusted to grasp after object contact. For the small object, reaches with preshaping were straighter than reaches without preshaping. Results are the first evidence of kinematic signatures for reach-to-grasp actions in spider monkeys. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

大多数灵长类动物的一个显著特点是手有五个手指。蜘蛛猴是一个例外,因为它们只有四个手指,没有拇指。尽管对灵长类动物的伸手抓握研究非常普遍,但人们并不清楚没有拇指对蜘蛛猴的伸手抓握有何影响。这项研究借鉴了在人类成年人、人类婴儿和其他非人灵长类动物身上已经得到充分描述的模式,对哥伦比亚蜘蛛猴(Ateles fusciceps rufiventris)的抓握能力进行了描述。猴子伸手抓取两种不同大小的食物,并对其进行离线数字化,以进行二维运动学分析。当猴子的手在接触食物之前调整为抓取食物时,抓取策略被编码为 "预成型";当猴子的手在接触食物之后调整为抓取食物时,抓取策略被编码为 "非预成型"。猴子在伸手平稳性方面表现出的变化与其他成年灵长类动物的典型模式不同,而是类似于在人类婴儿身上观察到的模式。猴子大约有一半的时间预期到物体会被抓住。与接触物体后调整手的抓取方式相比,手与物体预成形状的抓取方式更为顺畅。对于小物体,有预设形状的伸手比没有预设形状的伸手更直。这些结果首次证明了蜘蛛猴伸手抓握动作的运动学特征。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Impulsivity as a trait in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris): A systematic review and meta-analysis. 家犬(Canis familiaris)的冲动特质:系统回顾与荟萃分析。
IF 1.1 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-03 DOI: 10.1037/com0000352
Jessica Barela, Yasmin Worth, Jeffrey R Stevens

Impulsivity is a critical component of dog (Canis familiaris) behavior that owners often want to curtail. Though studies of dog impulsivity have examined their inability to wait and to inhibit inappropriate behaviors, it is not clear whether impulsivity is a behavioral trait with consistent characteristics across contexts. For this project, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate whether impulsivity exists as a behavioral trait in domestic dogs. Under a preregistered protocol, we processed over 10,000 bibliographic database records to uncover 13 articles with multiple impulsivity tasks assessed in the same subjects. Across 31 pairs of impulsivity tasks, 28 failed to detect a correlation in performance between tasks and three detected a correlation. For 15 correlations of impulsivity tasks with the owner's perception of their dog's impulsivity, 10 were not correlated, while five were correlated. A formal meta-analysis on one pair of tasks (A-not-B task and cylinder task) tested across seven different studies showed no overall correlation between the tasks. Our systematic review and meta-analysis found little indication of consistent relationships between impulsivity levels across tasks for dogs. Therefore, at the moment, we do not have good evidence of impulsivity as a behavioral trait that transfers across contexts, suggesting that perhaps we should focus on the context-specific nature of impulsivity in dogs. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

冲动是狗(Canis familiaris)行为的一个重要组成部分,狗的主人通常都想遏制这种行为。虽然对狗冲动性的研究已经考察了它们无法等待和抑制不当行为的能力,但还不清楚冲动性是否是一种在不同情况下具有一致特征的行为特征。在本项目中,我们进行了系统回顾和荟萃分析,以研究冲动是否是家犬的一种行为特征。根据预先登记的协议,我们处理了 10,000 多条书目数据库记录,发现了 13 篇文章对同一受试者的多项冲动任务进行了评估。在 31 对冲动任务中,28 项任务之间的表现未发现相关性,3 项任务之间发现了相关性。在 15 项冲动性任务与狗主人对其爱犬冲动性的感知相关的研究中,有 10 项不相关,有 5 项相关。对 7 项不同研究中的一对任务(A-not-B 任务和圆柱体任务)进行的正式荟萃分析表明,这些任务之间总体上没有相关性。我们的系统回顾和荟萃分析几乎没有发现狗的冲动水平在不同任务之间存在一致的关系。因此,目前我们还没有很好的证据表明冲动是一种可以在不同情境下转移的行为特征,这表明我们也许应该把重点放在狗冲动的特定情境性质上。 (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved)。
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引用次数: 0
Gaze in cats (Felis catus) and dogs (Canis lupus familiaris). 凝视猫(猫)和狗(家犬狼疮)。
IF 1.4 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-02-01 Epub Date: 2023-07-31 DOI: 10.1037/com0000359
Michael J Bogese, Angie M Johnston, Sarah-Elizabeth Byosiere

Within human-animal dyadic interactions, dog-human gaze has been identified as the crux of several important visual behaviors, such as looking back, gaze-following, and participation in an oxytocin feedback loop. It has been posited that this gaze behavior may have been motivated and sustained by cooperative relationships between dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and humans (e.g., hunting, service roles), however, to investigate why gaze evolved, a comparison to a domesticated species that lacks a protracted history of cooperative companionship is needed: the domestic cat (Felis catus). In this study, we compare the gaze duration to owners of cats and dogs in a community science setting. We replicated previous gaze studies with dogs, wolves (Nagasawa et al., 2015), and dingoes (Johnston et al., 2017), requesting owners to sit with their pets for 5 min and interact as they normally would. Cats and dogs gazed at their owners for similar durations, but durations of petting and physical contact were significantly lower with cats. Gaze correlated significantly with vocalizations in dogs; however, no other correlations were significant. Dogs gazed less in our community science setting than dogs tested previously in-lab (Nagasawa et al., 2015). Ultimately, cats resemble dogs in their general gaze patterns, but not in most interactions with their owner. Future research should aim to include feral cats or wild cat species to shed light on gaze behavior development in the genus, while more community science work can identify the behaviors that shift for dogs between familiar and unfamiliar environments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

在人与动物之间的互动中,狗与人之间的凝视被认为是几种重要视觉行为的关键,如回望、凝视追随和参与催产素反馈回路。有人认为,狗(Canis lupus familiaris)与人类之间的合作关系(如狩猎、服务角色)可能促使并维持了这种凝视行为,然而,要研究凝视行为进化的原因,需要与缺乏长期合作陪伴历史的驯化物种--家猫(Felis catus)--进行比较。在这项研究中,我们比较了社区科学环境中猫和狗主人的注视持续时间。我们复制了之前对狗、狼(Nagasawa 等人,2015 年)和野狗(Johnston 等人,2017 年)的凝视研究,要求主人与宠物坐在一起 5 分钟,并像平常一样进行互动。猫和狗注视主人的时间相似,但猫抚摸和身体接触的时间明显较短。狗的凝视与发声有明显的相关性,但其他相关性并不明显。在我们的社区科学环境中,狗的凝视比之前在实验室中测试的狗(Nagasawa 等人,2015 年)要少。归根结底,猫的一般凝视模式与狗相似,但在与主人的大多数互动中却不尽相同。未来的研究应着眼于野猫或野生猫科动物,以揭示猫科动物凝视行为的发展,而更多的社区科学工作则可以确定狗在熟悉和陌生环境中的行为转变。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA,保留所有权利)。
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引用次数: 0
Supplemental Material for Evaluation of Decision-Making Behavior Under Uncertainty in Capuchin Monkeys (Sapajus apella) and Humans (Homo sapiens) Using a Modified Balloon Analogue Risk Task 使用改良气球模拟风险任务评估僧帽猴(Sapajus apella)和人类(Homo sapiens)在不确定性下的决策行为》补充材料
IF 1.4 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-12-07 DOI: 10.1037/com0000368.supp
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引用次数: 0
Supplemental Material for Do Standard Behavioral Assays Predict Foraging Behavior of Individual Black-Capped Chickadees (Poecile atricapillus) in Response to a Predator Model or Calls? 标准行为分析能否预测个体黑冠山雀(Poecile atricapillus)对捕食者模型或叫声的觅食行为?
4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-11-02 DOI: 10.1037/com0000364.supp
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引用次数: 0
Physiological constraints and cognitive chunking: Sequence organization in the songs of zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). 生理限制和认知分块:斑马雀(Taeniopygia guttata)歌声中的序列组织。
IF 1.4 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-08-10 DOI: 10.1037/com0000357
Zina B Ward, Charles T Upton, Manasi Iyer, Heather Williams

Learned bird songs often have a hierarchical organization. In the case of zebra finches, each bird's song is made up of a string of notes delivered in a stereotyped sequence to form a "motif," and motifs are repeated to form a song bout. During song learning, young males copy "chunks" of two or more consecutive notes from their tutors' songs. These chunks are represented as distinct units within memory (during learning) and within motor systems (during song production). During song performance, motifs may deviate from the learned sequence by stopping short, starting late, or by skipping, inserting, or repeating notes. We measured acoustic and temporal variables related to the respiratory and vocal physiology of song production and asked how they related to deviations from each bird's "canonical" sequence. The best predictor of deviations from that sequence was the duration of the silent interval between notes, when inspiration normally occurs. Deviations from the canonical motif occurred less often after higher-pitched notes, perhaps because a high-low sequence forms a prosodic unit. Premature stops often followed louder and longer notes, suggesting that respiratory and muscular physiology influence the location of such stops. Boundaries between the learned chunks of a male's motif predicted where and how often noncanonical starts occurred. Physiological and cognitive elements also interacted to define the segmentation of zebra finch song sequences. Long silent intervals between notes were associated both with physiology (inspirations) and with the cognitive boundaries of learned chunks-and hence with deviations from the canonical motif. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

鸟类学唱的歌曲通常具有等级组织。就斑马雀而言,每只鸟的歌声都是由一串按固定顺序排列的音符组成的 "主题",主题重复出现就形成了歌声。在学歌过程中,小雄鸟会从导师的歌声中复制由两个或两个以上连续音符组成的 "音块"。这些音块在记忆(学习过程中)和运动系统(歌曲制作过程中)中表现为不同的单元。在歌曲表演过程中,动机可能会偏离所学的序列,如短暂停止、延迟开始,或跳过、插入或重复音符。我们测量了与鸣唱过程中的呼吸和发声生理有关的声学和时间变量,并询问了它们与每只鸟的 "标准 "序列偏差之间的关系。对偏离 "标准 "序列的最佳预测指标是音符之间无声间隔的持续时间,此时通常会产生灵感。偏离 "标准 "主题的情况较少发生在音调较高的音符之后,这可能是因为高低音序列构成了一个拟声单元。过早的停顿往往出现在音量较大、音程较长的音符之后,这表明呼吸和肌肉生理机能会影响此类停顿的位置。雄性动机的学习块之间的界限预测了非规范起始的发生位置和频率。生理和认知因素也相互作用,确定斑马雀鸣唱序列的分段。音符之间较长的静音间隔既与生理因素(灵感)有关,也与所学音块的认知边界有关,因此也与偏离经典主题有关。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Target number influences strategy use by rats (Rattus norvegicus) in the traveling salesperson problem. 目标数量影响大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)在旅行推销员问题中的策略使用。
IF 1.4 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI: 10.1037/com0000358
Kaitlyn Paez, Rachel E Blaser

The traveling salesman problem (TSP) is an optimization problem in which the goal is to find the shortest possible route that passes through each of a set of points in space. The TSP is of interest not only in the fields of mathematics, computer science, and engineering, but also in cognitive and behavioral research to study problem-solving and spatial navigation. Humans are able to complete even complex TSPs with a high degree of efficiency, and distance minimization in TSP analogs has been observed in a variety of nonhuman species as well. Tasks based on the TSP also have the potential for translational research on cognitive and neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. The current experiment was designed to examine the effects of target number on TSP performance in rats. After pretraining, rats were tested once on each of several target configurations, and their travel routes were recorded. We examined the routes for general efficiency, as well as evidence for strategy use including the nearest neighbor (NN) strategy and crossing avoidance. Our results indicate that latency and route length increase in proportion to the number of targets. Rats also showed a strong tendency to avoid path crossing, and to select NN targets, which strengthened with increasing target numbers. Taken together, our results indicate that travel efficiency decreases linearly in relation to the target number rather than the number of possible routes, which grows factorially with a target number. Additionally, spatial memory and route selection strategy are also affected by an increasing number of targets. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

旅行推销员问题(TSP)是一个优化问题,其目标是找到经过空间中一组点中每个点的最短路径。TSP 不仅在数学、计算机科学和工程学领域很受关注,在认知和行为研究领域也很受关注,被用来研究解决问题和空间导航。即使是复杂的 TSP,人类也能高效完成,而且在各种非人类物种中也观察到了 TSP 类似物中的距离最小化。基于 TSP 的任务也有可能用于认知和神经系统疾病(如阿尔茨海默病)的转化研究。本实验旨在研究目标数量对大鼠 TSP 表现的影响。经过预训练后,大鼠在几种目标配置中各接受了一次测试,并记录了它们的行进路线。我们检查了这些路线的一般效率以及策略使用的证据,包括近邻(NN)策略和交叉回避。我们的结果表明,延迟和路线长度的增加与目标数量成正比。大鼠还表现出强烈的避免路径交叉和选择近邻目标的倾向,这种倾向随着目标数量的增加而加强。综上所述,我们的研究结果表明,行进效率与目标数量呈线性关系,而不是与可能的路线数量呈线性关系,后者随着目标数量的增加而增加。此外,空间记忆和路线选择策略也会受到目标数量增加的影响。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)。
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引用次数: 0
The role of head and body cues in visual individual recognition in grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus). 头和身体线索在灰鹦鹉(Psittacus erithacus)视觉个体识别中的作用。
IF 1.4 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.1037/com0000347
Katarína Prikrylová, Denisa Kovácsová, Jitka Lindová

Individual recognition underlies social behaviors in many species and is essential for complex social interactions commonly occurring between conspecifics. Focusing on visual perception, we explored this process in African grey parrots (Psittacus erithacus) using the matching-to-sample (MTS) method commonly used in primate research. We used cards made from photographs of familiar conspecific in four consecutive experiments, first testing the ability of our subjects (two male and one female adult) to match the photographs of familiar individuals and then creating modified stimuli cards to determine which visual aspects and features were crucial for successful recognition of a familiar conspecific. All three subjects were able to successfully match different photographs of familiar conspecifics in Experiment 1. Experiments 2-4 showed that modification of the facial area in the photograph had only a weak effect on subjects' success rates in MTS tasks. On the other hand, changes in the plumage color or obscuring of abdominal cues impaired their ability to successfully match conspecifics' photographs in some tasks. This study implies that African grey parrots process visual information holistically. Moreover, the process of individual recognition in this species differs from what we find in primates, including humans, where faces play a crucial role. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

个体识别是许多物种社会行为的基础,对于同种动物之间常见的复杂社会互动至关重要。我们以视觉感知为重点,采用灵长类研究中常用的 "样本匹配法"(MTS)探索了非洲灰鹦鹉(Psittacus erithacus)的这一过程。我们在连续四次实验中使用了由熟悉的同种动物照片制作的卡片,首先测试了受试者(两雄一雌)匹配熟悉个体照片的能力,然后制作了经过修改的刺激卡片,以确定哪些视觉方面和特征对于成功识别熟悉的同种动物至关重要。在实验 1 中,所有三名受试者都能成功匹配熟悉的同种动物的不同照片。实验 2-4 显示,修改照片中的面部区域对受试者在 MTS 任务中的成功率只有微弱的影响。另一方面,在某些任务中,改变羽色或遮盖腹部线索会削弱它们成功匹配同类照片的能力。这项研究表明,非洲灰鹦鹉对视觉信息的处理是整体性的。此外,该物种的个体识别过程与包括人类在内的灵长类动物不同,在灵长类动物中,人脸起着至关重要的作用。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
Is inferential reasoning a distinctly human cognitive feature? Testing reasoning in cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). 推理是人类特有的认知特征吗?测试棉顶狨(Saguinus oedipus)的推理能力。
IF 1.4 4区 心理学 Q4 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2023-11-01 Epub Date: 2023-06-12 DOI: 10.1037/com0000356
Julie J Neiworth, Ana D Knighten, Christopher Leppink-Shands

Logical inference is often assumed a human-unique ability, although many species of apes and monkeys have shown some facility within a two-cup task in which one cup is baited, the primate is shown the cup which is empty (an exclusion cue), and subsequently chooses the other baited cup. In published reports, New World monkey species show a limited ability to choose successfully, often with half or more of the subjects tested not showing the ability with auditory cues or with exclusion cues. In this study, five cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) were tested in a two-cup task with visual or auditory cues which revealed the presence or absence of bait, and in a second study, were tested with a four-cup array using a variety of walls to define the baiting space and a variety of visual cues including inclusion and exclusion. Tamarins demonstrated the ability to use either visual or auditory exclusion cues to find rewards in the two-cup study, although the visual cue required some exposure before accuracy was expressed. Experiment 2 revealed that two of three tamarins' first guesses to find rewards matched best a logic model. When they made errors, they typically chose cups adjacent to the cued location or made choices that seemed generated from avoiding empty cups. These results suggest that tamarins can deduce the location of food using reasoning, although the ability is only applied robustly to first guesses, while second guesses are motivated by approach/avoidance and proximity to cued locations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

逻辑推理通常被认为是人类独有的能力,尽管许多种类的猿猴在双杯任务中都表现出了一定的能力,在这个任务中,一个杯子是有诱饵的,灵长类动物看到的杯子是空的(排除线索),然后选择另一个有诱饵的杯子。在已发表的报告中,新世界猴类的成功选择能力有限,通常有一半或更多的受试者在听觉线索或排除线索下没有表现出这种能力。在这项研究中,五只棉顶狨(Saguinus oedipus)接受了一项双杯任务测试,测试中的视觉或听觉线索显示了诱饵的存在或不存在;在第二项研究中,五只棉顶狨接受了一项四杯阵列测试,测试中使用了各种墙壁来界定诱饵空间,并使用了包括包含和排除在内的各种视觉线索。在双杯研究中,狨猴表现出了利用视觉或听觉排除线索来寻找奖励的能力,尽管视觉线索需要接触一段时间才能表现出准确性。实验 2 显示,在三只狨猴中,有两只狨猴对寻找奖励的首次猜测与逻辑模型最为吻合。当它们出错时,通常会选择与提示位置相邻的杯子,或者做出似乎是为了避开空杯子的选择。这些结果表明,犭胥能利用推理推断出食物的位置,尽管这种能力只适用于第一次猜测,而第二次猜测是受接近/回避和接近提示位置的影响。(PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, 版权所有)。
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引用次数: 0
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Journal of Comparative Psychology
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