Journal for Nature Conservation最新文献_第7页

Exploring human-wildlife conflict through environmental justice in Uganda’s extractive industries 通过乌干达采掘业的环境正义探索人类与野生动物的冲突

IF 2.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Journal for Nature Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127151

Estellina Namutebi , Joost Dessein , Cuthbert Tukundane

Uganda’s Albertine Graben is a significant biodiversity hotspot facing critical threats from human activities, including extractive industries, human settlements, and agriculture. This tension intensifies the conflict between humans and wildlife, particularly regarding primates, such as chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), as these actions have diminished their habitats. The study was guided by the following question: How does the extraction of natural resources in Uganda contribute to human-wildlife conflict, and what role does environmental justice play in addressing these issues? To address this question, the study utilised a qualitative research methodology that involved direct observation and in-depth interviews with respondents conducted within the villages of Hoima and Kagadi districts. The findings revealed that human-wildlife conflict has existed in numerous villages within the specified districts despite conservation efforts by the Uganda Wildlife Authority and various partner organisations to address the issue. Besides the ongoing extractive industrial activities close to forest reserves, pose a significant threat to biodiversity, including chimpanzees. Although the policy framework and other regulatory procedures are well-defined, implementation measures must be adjusted to align with an environmental justice framework. This approach is crucial for achieving an equilibrium between the needs of primates and human communities, serving as a coexistence strategy.

乌干达的艾伯丁地堑是一个重要的生物多样性热点，面临着人类活动的严重威胁，包括采掘业、人类住区和农业。这种紧张加剧了人类与野生动物之间的冲突，特别是灵长类动物，如黑猩猩（Pan troglodytes），因为这些行为减少了它们的栖息地。该研究以以下问题为指导：乌干达自然资源的开采如何导致人类与野生动物的冲突，环境正义在解决这些问题方面发挥了什么作用？为了解决这一问题，该研究采用了定性研究方法，包括直接观察和在Hoima和Kagadi县的村庄对受访者进行深入访谈。调查结果显示，尽管乌干达野生动物管理局和各种合作组织努力解决这个问题，但在指定地区的许多村庄里，人类与野生动物的冲突仍然存在。除了在森林保护区附近进行的采掘工业活动外，对包括黑猩猩在内的生物多样性构成了重大威胁。虽然政策框架和其他监管程序是明确规定的，但必须调整实施措施，使之与环境司法框架保持一致。这种方法对于实现灵长类动物和人类群体需求之间的平衡至关重要，可以作为一种共存策略。

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引用次数: 0

Ecological drivers of change in waterbird communities of Iranian wetlands 伊朗湿地水鸟群落变化的生态驱动因素

IF 2.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Journal for Nature Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127150

Shirko Shokri , Mahmoud-Reza Hemami , Mohsen Ahmadi , Saeid Pourmanafi , Tejas Bhagwat , Johannes Kamp , Matthias Waltert , Mahmood Soofi

With climate change, the increasing frequency of extreme weather and variability in climatic conditions have major impacts on wetland ecosystems, especially in arid regions such as south-west Asia. Iran hosts critical habitats and stopover sites for approximately 1.9 million waterbirds, yet its wetlands are threatened by extreme weather events, variation in climatic variables and human activities such as dams. We here assess how droughts and the variation of frost events in combination with increases in retained water behind dams impact waterbird communities in Iran. We used 10-year ranger-collected data (2013–2022) of 132 waterbirds in Iranian wetlands (n = 22), and applied Bayesian generalised linear mixed models to quantify effects of droughts (indicated by a negative standardised precipitation index SPI), rainfall, number of frost days, dam water surface (proxied by the water retained by the dam), vegetation cover, and wetland water surface on total abundance and richness of waterbird species. Our results show that waterbird richness increased in wetter periods but declined as dam water surfaces expanded. Specifically, a decrease of one-unit SPI was associated with an average decrease of three species per wetland and an increase of 25 km² in dam water surface was associated with an average decrease of three species downstream per wetland. Furthermore, an increase of 30 frost days corresponded to an average decline of 5548 ± 1910 individual birds per wetland (n = 220). These findings suggest that rising volumes of water behind dams in upstream wetlands is likely to exacerbate pressure on waterbirds from extreme weather events.

随着气候变化，极端天气频率的增加和气候条件的变化对湿地生态系统产生了重大影响，特别是在西南亚等干旱地区。伊朗拥有大约190万只水鸟的重要栖息地和中途停留地，但其湿地受到极端天气事件、气候变量变化和水坝等人类活动的威胁。我们在这里评估了干旱和霜冻事件的变化以及大坝后保留水的增加如何影响伊朗的水鸟群落。我们使用10年护林员收集的伊朗湿地132只水鸟（n = 22）的数据（2013-2022），并应用贝叶斯广义线性混合模型量化干旱（由负标准化降水指数SPI表示）、降雨量、霜冻天数、大坝水面（由大坝保留的水代表）、植被覆盖和湿地水面对水鸟物种总丰度和丰富度的影响。结果表明，水鸟丰富度在湿润期增加，但随着坝面扩大而减少。其中，每增加1个单位SPI，每片湿地平均减少3个物种；每增加25 km2，下游每片湿地平均减少3个物种。每增加30个霜冻日，每片湿地平均减少5548±1910只鸟（n = 220）。这些发现表明，上游湿地水坝后的水量增加可能会加剧极端天气事件对水鸟的压力。

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引用次数: 0

Scaling ethnobotanical knowledge from species to plant communities for mountain conservation 从物种到植物群落的民族植物学知识在山地保护中的扩展

IF 2.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Journal for Nature Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127153

María Virginia Palchetti , Ana M. Cingolani , Sebastián R. Zeballos , Fernando Zamudio , Melisa A. Giorgis

Sustainable management of mountain ecosystems requires integrating ecological and socio-cultural dimensions. We assessed how culturally important species are represented across plant communities, by combining vegetation survey data collected in the mountains of central Argentina with local knowledge of plant use from peer-reviewed ethnobotanical studies based on primary data. We analyzed 285 useful vascular plant species across 682 vegetation surveys covering twelve vegetation types. Each survey was characterized by total species richness, number and abundance of useful plants, a cultural importance index, and a new ecocultural index that links cultural and ecological relevance. Useful species represented 28% of the regional flora, with their richness positively associated with total plant richness and elevation. Cultural and ecocultural indices varied with elevation, showing higher values at lower elevations due to greater richness, abundance, and cultural importance of native species. In contrast, upper elevations showed lower values, likely due to limited ethnobotanical research, though they supported unique and valuable species. By scaling ethnobotanical knowledge from species to plant communities, our approach provides a globally applicable framework for assigning conservation value to plant communities based on their cultural relevance to local people.

山区生态系统的可持续管理需要兼顾生态和社会文化两个方面。通过将在阿根廷中部山区收集的植被调查数据与基于原始数据的同行评议的民族植物学研究中关于植物利用的当地知识相结合，我们评估了文化上重要的物种在植物群落中的代表性。我们分析了12种植被类型的682个植被调查中285种有用的维管植物。每次调查的特征包括总物种丰富度、有用植物的数量和丰度、文化重要性指数和一个新的生态文化指数，该指数将文化和生态相关性联系起来。有用种占区域植物区系的28%，其丰富度与植物总丰富度和海拔高度呈正相关。文化和生态文化指数随海拔高度的变化而变化，由于本地物种的丰富度、丰度和文化重要性更高，因此海拔越低，其价值越高。相比之下，高海拔地区显示出较低的价值，这可能是由于民族植物学研究有限，尽管它们支持独特和有价值的物种。通过将民族植物学知识从物种扩展到植物群落，我们的方法提供了一个全球适用的框架，根据植物群落与当地人民的文化相关性为其分配保护价值。

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引用次数: 0

Conservation and biodiversity: The influence of maintenance regimes on tree stands in historic rural parks 保育与生物多样性：保育制度对历史悠久的郊野公园林分的影响

IF 2.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Journal for Nature Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127155

Anna Gałecka-Drozda , Agnieszka Wilkaniec , Marta Golis , Iwona Huminiecka , Miłosz Walerzak

This study investigates the condition, management, and ecological dynamics of historic manor parks in Wielkopolska, Poland, highlighting their importance for biodiversity and cultural heritage. It analyzes shifts in tree species composition, focusing on native, non-native, and invasive species, and compares these shifts between maintained and unmanaged parks. Historical and present field data show significant declines in coniferous trees, particularly in unmanaged parks, where over half have disappeared since the 1970s. Maintained parks display greater stability, but still face rising numbers of invasive species. Biodiversity, measured by the Shannon–Wiener index, is generally higher in maintained parks, though invasive species continue to spread. The study concludes that neglect and limited maintenance promote secondary succession, which reduces especially the number of introduced species.

本研究调查了波兰Wielkopolska历史庄园公园的状况、管理和生态动态，突出了它们对生物多样性和文化遗产的重要性。它分析了树种组成的变化，重点是本地、非本地和入侵物种，并比较了这些变化在维护和未管理的公园之间。历史和目前的实地数据显示，针叶树的数量显著下降，特别是在没有管理的公园，自20世纪70年代以来已经消失了一半以上。得到维护的公园表现出更大的稳定性，但仍然面临着越来越多的入侵物种。用Shannon-Wiener指数来衡量的生物多样性，在维护完好的公园里通常更高，尽管入侵物种仍在继续蔓延。研究表明，忽视和有限的维护促进了次生演替，特别是减少了引进物种的数量。

引用次数: 0

Research on the coupling and impact mechanism of human-nature system in the coastal zone of Bohai Rim counties 环渤海海岸带县域人-自然系统耦合及影响机制研究

IF 2.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Journal for Nature Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127154

Tong Li , Mei Gai , Xinpeng Zhang

Coastal zones are an important hub for land-sea connectivity and are vital to ecological security and regional economic growth. Using the human-nature interaction theory as a case study, this study builds a six-dimensional assessment framework that includes “society-economy-resources-ecology-technology-digital.” We conduct a systematic analysis of the spatiotemporal evolution and driving mechanisms of human-nature system coupling coordination in the region from 2005 to 2022 using an integrated methodological approach that includes variable fuzzy recognition, coupling coordination degree, gravity center migration, and spatial econometric. Key findings show that (1) the land subsystem shows phased variations influenced by reclamation and comparable anthropogenic activities, while the human subsystem shows general developmental growth with notable regional inequalities. (2) Although economic-ecological imbalances create localized regression in some counties, the degree of coupling coordination shows overall improvement with larger intermediate coordination zones. (3) While annual temperature and nighttime light intensity show nonlinear threshold effects, coordination is much improved by the environmental investment ratio, NDVI, and fiscal spending. (4) Analysis of spatial heterogeneity reveals unique processes of influence in the north, west, and south, requiring diverse approaches to governance. Therefore, in order to promote coordination of the coastal human-nature system, we suggest policy approaches such as enhanced ecological resilience, science-based economic planning, and optimal environmental investment structures. This study supports the goals of sustainable land-sea integration by offering theoretical and practical insights for coastal spatial governance.

海岸带是陆海互联互通的重要枢纽，对生态安全和区域经济发展具有重要意义。本研究以人-自然互动理论为例，构建了“社会-经济-资源-生态-技术-数字”的六维评价框架。采用变量模糊识别、耦合协调度、重心迁移和空间计量等综合方法，系统分析了2005 - 2022年该地区人-自然系统耦合协调的时空演变及其驱动机制。结果表明：(1)土地子系统受垦殖和可比较人为活动的影响呈现阶段性变化，而人类子系统则呈现总体发展增长，区域差异显著；(2)虽然经济生态失衡在部分县域造成局部回归，但耦合协调程度总体上有所提高，中间协调带较大。(3)年气温和夜间光强表现出非线性阈值效应，但环境投资率、NDVI和财政支出对二者的协调性有较大的促进作用。(4)空间异质性分析揭示了北部、西部和南部的独特影响过程，需要不同的治理方法。为此，提出了加强生态恢复力、科学规划经济、优化环境投资结构等政策措施，以促进沿海地区人-自然系统的协调发展。本研究通过为沿海空间治理提供理论和实践见解来支持可持续陆海一体化的目标。

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引用次数: 0

Dogs can detect carp (Cyprinus rubrofuscus) using lake water samples 狗可以用湖水样本检测鲤鱼（Cyprinus rubrofuscus）

IF 2.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Journal for Nature Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127156

Melissa A. Collins , Samuel Barclay , Clare Browne , Nicholas Ling , Grant W. Tempero , Ian Kusabs , Timothy L. Edwards

Introduced carp (Cyprinus spp.) have caused significant damage to freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Early detection of carp invasions increases the chances of successful eradication; however, current detection methods are resource intensive. This study evaluated dogs’ potential as a surveillance method by assessing their ability to detect carp in naturally sourced water and comparing their performance to environmental DNA detection. Water samples were presented to dogs on an automated apparatus, a system that could be applied operationally. Experiment 1 examined whether dogs could discriminate between carp-free lake water samples and lake water samples spiked with a standardised concentration of carp aquarium water (concentration equivalent to 310 kg carp/ha). Results revealed that dogs could accurately detect the standardised concentration of carp in lake water, with sensitivity and specificity values of >84 % and >77 %, respectively. Experiment 2 examined dogs’ ability to discriminate between carp-containing and carp-free lake samples with varied trophic state and carp biomass. Experiment 3 evaluated generalisation of the dogs’ carp-detection performance to novel lakes with and without naturalised populations of carp. The results suggest that dogs are capable of stimulus generalisation, classifying lakes as carp-present or carp-absent with greater-than-chance accuracy. Comparisons between dogs and eDNA revealed that both methods are susceptible to detection errors: the dogs demonstrated a liberal classification bias, whereas eDNA demonstrated a conservative classification bias; but, if used together, these methods have the potential to complement each other. Collectively, these findings indicate that dogs have potential to be used as a method for detecting aquatic species using water samples.

引进鲤鱼（Cyprinus spp.）对世界各地的淡水生态系统造成了严重的破坏。及早发现鲤鱼入侵增加了成功根除的机会；然而，目前的检测方法是资源密集型的。本研究通过评估狗在天然水源中检测鲤鱼的能力，并将其性能与环境DNA检测进行比较，评估了狗作为监测方法的潜力。水样在自动装置上呈现给狗，这是一种可操作的系统。实验1检验了狗是否能够区分无鲤鱼的湖水样本和添加了标准化浓度的鲤鱼水族箱水（浓度相当于310公斤鲤鱼/公顷）的湖水样本。结果表明，犬能准确检测湖水中鲤鱼的标准浓度，灵敏度和特异度分别为84%和77%。实验2检验了狗对不同营养状态和鲤鱼生物量的含鲤和无鲤湖泊样本的区分能力。实验3评估了狗在有和没有鲤鱼归化种群的新湖泊中检测鲤鱼的普遍性。结果表明，狗有能力对刺激进行概括，将湖泊分类为有鲤鱼或没有鲤鱼，准确率高于偶然。狗和eDNA之间的比较表明，两种方法都容易出现检测错误：狗表现出自由分类偏差，而eDNA表现出保守分类偏差；但是，如果一起使用，这些方法有可能相互补充。总的来说，这些发现表明，狗有可能被用作利用水样检测水生物种的方法。

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引用次数: 0

Comprehensive stressor analysis for breeding Magellanic and Southern Rockhopper Penguins 麦哲伦企鹅和南方跳岩企鹅繁殖的综合应激源分析

IF 2.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Journal for Nature Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127152

Camille Santaniello , Samanta Dodino , Klemens Pütz , Andrea Raya Rey

Marine ecosystems face increasing pressures from climate change, pollution, overfishing, and habitat degradation, endangering biodiversity and food webs. We conducted a stressor analysis for the Southern Rockhopper (Eudyptes chrysocome), vulnerable under IUCN guidelines, and Magellanic (Spheniscus magellanicus) Penguins breeding at Isla de los Estados (Argentina). This island hosts crucial nesting sites for both species, including the world’s largest Southern Rockhopper Penguin colony. Using high-resolution GPS data from foraging trips during early chick-rearing, we quantified the spatio-temporal overlap with climate-driven (sea surface temperature and chlorophyll-a anomalies) and anthropogenic stressors (fisheries and maritime traffic). We complemented this approach with an expert elicitation survey covering 15 additional stressor categories lacking spatial data. Through our quantitative analyses, we identified distinct density hotspots and differences in cumulative exposure between species. Experts assessments pointed to five principal threats: heavy metal pollution, plastic contamination, disease outbreaks, harmful algal blooms, and climate change. Some pressures, such as light pollution, showed negligible exposure across both approaches. These complementary methods provide an integrated baseline of current overlapping pressures, identify critical data gaps, and indicate stressors warranting further monitoring. Our findings support targeted conservation measures and emphasize the need to further investigate species resilience and vulnerability under multiple, overlapping pressures in subantarctic ecosystems.

海洋生态系统面临着气候变化、污染、过度捕捞和栖息地退化带来的越来越大的压力，危及生物多样性和食物网。我们对在阿根廷Isla de los Estados （Argentina）繁殖的南方跳岩企鹅（Eudyptes chrysocome）和麦哲伦企鹅（Spheniscus magellanicus）进行了应激源分析。这个岛是这两个物种的重要筑巢地，包括世界上最大的南方跳岩企鹅群。利用雏鸡饲养早期觅食旅行的高分辨率GPS数据，我们量化了气候驱动（海面温度和叶绿素-a异常）和人为压力（渔业和海上交通）的时空重叠。我们通过一项专家启发调查补充了这一方法，该调查涵盖了15个缺乏空间数据的额外压力源类别。通过定量分析，我们确定了不同物种之间不同的密度热点和累积暴露差异。专家的评估指出了五大主要威胁：重金属污染、塑料污染、疾病爆发、有害藻华和气候变化。有些压力，比如光污染，在两种方法中都可以忽略不计。这些补充方法提供了当前重叠压力的综合基线，识别关键数据缺口，并指出需要进一步监测的压力源。我们的研究结果支持有针对性的保护措施，并强调需要进一步研究亚南极生态系统中多种重叠压力下的物种恢复力和脆弱性。

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引用次数: 0

Habitat quality assessment and spatiotemporal pattern evolution of the Black-necked Cranes (Grus nigricollis) in Tibet based on the MaxEnt-InVEST model

IF 2.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Journal for Nature Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127149

Jinxun Chen , Zhongbin Wang , Chengcheng Zou , Wanqing Shen , Qiuxiaoxiao Shen , Haiming Li , Enduo Liu , Bo Yu , Huirui Xing

Under accelerating climate change, this study employs an integrated MaxEnt and InVEST modeling approach to assess habitat quality and predict distribution patterns for the wetland indicator species, the Black-necked Crane (Grus nigricollis), across the Tibetan Plateau. The InVEST model revealed a distinct “low in the east and west, high in the center” spatial gradient in habitat quality, with high-quality habitats covering 399,245 km² in winter and 392,328 km² in summer. Only 7393 km² (0.61 % of the study area) exhibited severe degradation. MaxEnt modeling identified distance to water, slope, and annual mean temperature as the primary drivers of breeding habitat suitability, while wintering habitat selection was predominantly influenced by distance to settlements, slope, and isothermality. Currently, highly suitable breeding and wintering habitats cover 98,015 and 73,891 km², respectively. Future climate projections indicate net expansion of both breeding and wintering habitats, although higher emission scenarios reduce total suitable area and drive habitat centroids northwestward toward higher latitudes and elevations. Spatial integration of model outputs demonstrated 71.6 % congruence between suitable habitats and high-quality wetlands. This strong overlap not only confirms the Black-necked Crane’s role as a key indicator of wetland ecosystem health but also highlights the conservation imperative for these critical habitats to ensure long-term species persistence and maintenance of ecosystem integrity.

InVEST模型显示出明显的“东西低、中间高”的空间梯度，冬季高生境面积为399245 km2，夏季高生境面积为392328 km2。仅7393 km2（0.61%）出现严重退化。MaxEnt模型发现，距离水体、坡度和年平均温度是繁殖栖息地适宜性的主要驱动因素，而冬季栖息地选择主要受距离聚落、坡度和等温线的距离影响。目前，高度适宜的繁殖和越冬栖息地面积分别为98015平方公里和73891平方公里。未来气候预测表明，尽管高排放情景减少了总适宜面积，并将栖息地质心向西北方向的高纬度和高程地区移动，但繁殖和越冬栖息地均将净扩张。模型输出的空间整合结果表明，适宜生境与优质湿地的一致性为71.6%。这种强烈的重叠不仅证实了黑颈鹤作为湿地生态系统健康的关键指标的作用，而且强调了保护这些重要栖息地以确保物种长期存在和维持生态系统完整性的必要性。

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引用次数: 0

Erratum to “Varying response of breeding waders to experimental manipulation of their habitat and predators” [J. Nat. Conserv. 72 (2023) 126353] “繁殖涉禽对其栖息地和捕食者的实验操纵的不同反应”[J]。自然科学学报。72 (2023)126353]

IF 2.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Journal for Nature Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-10-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127138

David J.T. Douglas , Irena Tománková , Philippa Gullett , Stephen G. Dodd , Daniel Brown , Martin Clift , Norrie Russell , Neal Warnock , Jennifer Smart , Sarah Sanders

引用次数: 0

Impact of sika deer (Cervus nippon) overpopulation on the distribution of the critically endangered Tsushima leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) 梅花鹿（Cervus nippon）种群过剩对极危物种对马豹（Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus）分布的影响

IF 2.5 3区环境科学与生态学 Q2 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Journal for Nature Conservation

Pub Date : 2025-10-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2025.127145

Hiromi Yamagawa , Taiki Mori, Kei K Suzuki

The Tsushima leopard cat (Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus) is a critically endangered subspecies of the leopard cat endemic to the Tsushima Islands, Japan. In recent decades, there is a possibility that the overpopulation of sika deer (Cervus nippon) has led to significant habitat degradation on the islands. This study aimed to assess the impact of sika deer on the distribution of the Tsushima leopard cat by calculating a simplified Deer Impact Score across various regions of the islands. Our findings indicated that in areas with relatively low deer impact, particularly in Shimojima—the southern part of the islands where the leopard cat has recently expanded its range—the species was more frequently observed. Notably, female leopard cats, which are vital for population sustainability, were predominantly found in areas with minimal deer disturbance. In contrast, in Kamijima, the northern part of the islands and the species’ original habitat, the overall impact of deer was too severe to clearly detect any habitat preference. These results suggest that sika deer may be negatively affecting the availability of suitable habitats for the Tsushima leopard cat. Effective deer population control is urgently needed to restore and conserve critical habitats for this endangered species.

对马豹猫（Prionailurus bengalensis euptilurus）是日本对马群岛特有的一种极度濒危的豹猫亚种。近几十年来，梅花鹿（Cervus nippon）的数量过剩可能导致了岛上栖息地的严重退化。本研究旨在评估梅花鹿对对马豹猫分布的影响，方法是计算梅花鹿对对马豹猫分布的影响。我们的研究结果表明，在鹿的影响相对较小的地区，特别是在岛的南部，豹猫最近扩大了它的活动范围，这种物种更经常被观察到。值得注意的是，对种群可持续发展至关重要的雌性豹猫主要出现在鹿干扰最小的地区。相比之下，在岛屿北部的神岛和物种的原始栖息地，鹿的整体影响太严重，无法清楚地发现任何栖息地偏好。这些结果表明梅花鹿可能会对对马豹适宜栖息地的可用性产生负面影响。为了恢复和保护这一濒危物种的重要栖息地，迫切需要有效的鹿群控制。

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引用次数: 0