Álvaro Huerta Ojeda, Rodrigo Beltrán-Inostroza, María-Mercedes Yeomans-Cabrera, Maximiliano Torres-Banduc
BACKGROUND: Isometric maximal voluntary force (IMVF) is essential for individuals’ health and physical performance. Therefore, there is a need for valid and reliable devices to assess IMVF. OBJECTIVE: To determine the validity and reliability of the Valkyria Trainer Balance® portable force platformin its isometric mode. METHODS: Fifty-eight physically healthy individuals (30 men and 28 women) participated in the study. A repeated measures design was used to compare the inter-day test-retest reliability of peak force. The validity of the Valkyria Trainer Balance® force platform was determined by comparing the peak force with the ArtOficio® force platform. The analysis consisted of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and coefficient of variation (CV). A CV ⩽ 10% and ICC ⩾ 0.80 were considered acceptable reliability, while a ⩽ 5% and ICC ⩾ 0.90 were regarded as high reliability. RESULTS: CV the peak force showed high test-retest inter-day reliability (CV = 4.3% and ICC = 0.99). When comparing both force platforms, there was a 1.1% difference between the two devices. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that the Valkyria Trainer Balance® force platform is valid and reliable for assessing IMVF in physically healthy individuals.
{"title":"Validity and reliability of the Valkyria Trainer Balance ® portable force platform in its isometric mode","authors":"Álvaro Huerta Ojeda, Rodrigo Beltrán-Inostroza, María-Mercedes Yeomans-Cabrera, Maximiliano Torres-Banduc","doi":"10.3233/ies-240022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ies-240022","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Isometric maximal voluntary force (IMVF) is essential for individuals’ health and physical performance. Therefore, there is a need for valid and reliable devices to assess IMVF. OBJECTIVE: To determine the validity and reliability of the Valkyria Trainer Balance® portable force platformin its isometric mode. METHODS: Fifty-eight physically healthy individuals (30 men and 28 women) participated in the study. A repeated measures design was used to compare the inter-day test-retest reliability of peak force. The validity of the Valkyria Trainer Balance® force platform was determined by comparing the peak force with the ArtOficio® force platform. The analysis consisted of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), and coefficient of variation (CV). A CV ⩽ 10% and ICC ⩾ 0.80 were considered acceptable reliability, while a ⩽ 5% and ICC ⩾ 0.90 were regarded as high reliability. RESULTS: CV the peak force showed high test-retest inter-day reliability (CV = 4.3% and ICC = 0.99). When comparing both force platforms, there was a 1.1% difference between the two devices. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study demonstrate that the Valkyria Trainer Balance® force platform is valid and reliable for assessing IMVF in physically healthy individuals.","PeriodicalId":54915,"journal":{"name":"Isokinetics and Exercise Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141172123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
C. Sekine, H. Yokota, R. Hirabayashi, Hiroshi Akuzawa, Tomonobu Ishigaki, T. Kikumoto, M. Edama
BACKGROUND: Trunk muscle thickness and brightness are associated with injuries. OBJECTIVE: This study compared trunk muscle thickness and brightness between female college athletes with and without history of low back pain. METHODS: 15 sprinters, 22 volleyball-, and 18 basketball players, all females, were included. The participants were grouped based on the presence of low back pain. Short-axis ultrasound images of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, and lumbar multifidus were obtained. The muscle brightness was calculated after selecting the region of interest for each muscle. Muscle thickness and brightness in both groups were compared. RESULTS: In sprinters, the right lumbar multifidus thickness was significantly thinner in the low back pain group (24.66 ± 2.98 mm) than in the healthy group (28.13 ± 2.84 mm). Volleyball and basketball players showed no significant differences in muscle thickness between the two groups for any muscle type. In volleyball players, the right transverse abdominis thickness is inclined toward thinness in the low back pain group than in the healthy group, but the difference was not significant. In all sports, there were no significant differences in muscle brightness between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Low back pain in female college athletes may not be related to trunk muscle thickness and brightness.
{"title":"Comparison of trunk muscle thickness and brightness in collegiate female athletes with and without a history of low back pain","authors":"C. Sekine, H. Yokota, R. Hirabayashi, Hiroshi Akuzawa, Tomonobu Ishigaki, T. Kikumoto, M. Edama","doi":"10.3233/ies-230163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ies-230163","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Trunk muscle thickness and brightness are associated with injuries. OBJECTIVE: This study compared trunk muscle thickness and brightness between female college athletes with and without history of low back pain. METHODS: 15 sprinters, 22 volleyball-, and 18 basketball players, all females, were included. The participants were grouped based on the presence of low back pain. Short-axis ultrasound images of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transverse abdominis, and lumbar multifidus were obtained. The muscle brightness was calculated after selecting the region of interest for each muscle. Muscle thickness and brightness in both groups were compared. RESULTS: In sprinters, the right lumbar multifidus thickness was significantly thinner in the low back pain group (24.66 ± 2.98 mm) than in the healthy group (28.13 ± 2.84 mm). Volleyball and basketball players showed no significant differences in muscle thickness between the two groups for any muscle type. In volleyball players, the right transverse abdominis thickness is inclined toward thinness in the low back pain group than in the healthy group, but the difference was not significant. In all sports, there were no significant differences in muscle brightness between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Low back pain in female college athletes may not be related to trunk muscle thickness and brightness.","PeriodicalId":54915,"journal":{"name":"Isokinetics and Exercise Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140722841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eduardo Salazar-Martínez, José Naranjo Orellana, Elena Sarabia-Cachadiña
BACKGROUND: Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a non-invasive method of assessing the autonomic nervous system response during exercise and fatigue. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyze the validity and feasibility of the stress score index (SS) calculated from SDNN values during exercise. METHODS: 18 Men performed 2 running tests: 1) incremental exercise test; 2) 10-minute constant load test. Subjects underwent HRV analysis during the constant load test, before both tests, and afterward in a seated position at 3 intervals (0’–5’, 5’–10’, 10’–15’). The relationship between SDNN and SD2 was analyzed before, during, and after the test. SS was calculated as 1/SD2*1000. The Bland-Altman test analyzed the reliability of ESS. The bias, limits of agreement (LoA), standard deviation of difference, intraclass correlation (ICC), and person coefficient were calculated. RESULTS: The bias was 0.15 ± 2.54 (UperLOA: 2.54; LowerLOA: -2.23). In all conditions, SD2 and SDNN showed a positive linear relationship (r2 = 0.986); SS and ESS were correlated; and SS and ESS described a positive linear relationship (r2 = 0.993). CONCLUSIONS: The SS index calculation from SDNN is a reliable alternative during exercise.
{"title":"Heart rate variability: Obtaining the stress score from SDNN values","authors":"Eduardo Salazar-Martínez, José Naranjo Orellana, Elena Sarabia-Cachadiña","doi":"10.3233/ies-230088","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ies-230088","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Heart Rate Variability (HRV) is a non-invasive method of assessing the autonomic nervous system response during exercise and fatigue. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyze the validity and feasibility of the stress score index (SS) calculated from SDNN values during exercise. METHODS: 18 Men performed 2 running tests: 1) incremental exercise test; 2) 10-minute constant load test. Subjects underwent HRV analysis during the constant load test, before both tests, and afterward in a seated position at 3 intervals (0’–5’, 5’–10’, 10’–15’). The relationship between SDNN and SD2 was analyzed before, during, and after the test. SS was calculated as 1/SD2*1000. The Bland-Altman test analyzed the reliability of ESS. The bias, limits of agreement (LoA), standard deviation of difference, intraclass correlation (ICC), and person coefficient were calculated. RESULTS: The bias was 0.15 ± 2.54 (UperLOA: 2.54; LowerLOA: -2.23). In all conditions, SD2 and SDNN showed a positive linear relationship (r2 = 0.986); SS and ESS were correlated; and SS and ESS described a positive linear relationship (r2 = 0.993). CONCLUSIONS: The SS index calculation from SDNN is a reliable alternative during exercise.","PeriodicalId":54915,"journal":{"name":"Isokinetics and Exercise Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140574919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUND: Assessing intrinsic foot muscles (IFM) is important for understanding their role in loading movements. Additionally, knowledge of the impact of IFM following toe flexor muscle fatigue may aid the teaching of IFM exercises. OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of toe flexor muscle fatigueon IFM stiffness using ultrasound shear-wave elastography. METHODS: This study included 19 college students. IFM stiffness at 10%, 50%, and 90% body weight was measured using ultrasound-based shear-wave elastography. IFM including the abductor hallucis (AbH), flexor hallucis brevis (FHB), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), and quadratus plantae (QP) were assessed. The fatigue induction protocol comprised a series of toe flexions at a controlled pace of 40 beats per minute and an amplitude of 75% of the maximum toe flexor strength for a duration of 5 minutes. RESULTS: Muscle stiffness significantly increased with increasing load. Toe flexor muscle fatigue significantly increased the stiffness of the FDB. CONCLUSIONS: IFM stiffness significantly increased with increasing load, and the stiffness of FDB significantly increased in the toe flexor muscle fatigue condition at DLS and SLS loads. The findings of this study will contribute to the study and clinical setting of IFM exercises.
{"title":"Influence of toe flexor muscle fatigue on stiffness of the intrinsic foot muscles","authors":"Kazushi Yoshida, Mikuto Katsuya, Shogo Takano, Kazuma Hayashi, Taisei Hakozaki, Junji Shinohara","doi":"10.3233/ies-240009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ies-240009","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Assessing intrinsic foot muscles (IFM) is important for understanding their role in loading movements. Additionally, knowledge of the impact of IFM following toe flexor muscle fatigue may aid the teaching of IFM exercises. OBJECTIVE: To examine the influence of toe flexor muscle fatigueon IFM stiffness using ultrasound shear-wave elastography. METHODS: This study included 19 college students. IFM stiffness at 10%, 50%, and 90% body weight was measured using ultrasound-based shear-wave elastography. IFM including the abductor hallucis (AbH), flexor hallucis brevis (FHB), flexor digitorum brevis (FDB), and quadratus plantae (QP) were assessed. The fatigue induction protocol comprised a series of toe flexions at a controlled pace of 40 beats per minute and an amplitude of 75% of the maximum toe flexor strength for a duration of 5 minutes. RESULTS: Muscle stiffness significantly increased with increasing load. Toe flexor muscle fatigue significantly increased the stiffness of the FDB. CONCLUSIONS: IFM stiffness significantly increased with increasing load, and the stiffness of FDB significantly increased in the toe flexor muscle fatigue condition at DLS and SLS loads. The findings of this study will contribute to the study and clinical setting of IFM exercises.","PeriodicalId":54915,"journal":{"name":"Isokinetics and Exercise Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140888849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Football players often use quick change of direction, sudden acceleration and explosive movements. This is why chronic ankle instability is one of the most common conditions affecting this athlete population. This study investigates the effects of neuro-vestibular-ocular exercises and myofascial release on proprioception and performance in football players with chronic ankle instability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized controlled clinical trial included 60 football players aged 18–30. The players were randomly divided into two groups. The first group (NVOEG, n=30) was included in the Neuro-Vestibular-ocular exercise training program, while the myofascial release was applied to the second group (MRHOG, n=30). Both protocols were applied for eight weeks. The participants’ Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) scores were assessed before and after the intervention. Proprioception was evaluated by using the joint position sense test. Additionally, kick speed (KS), 30-m sprint, zig-zag agility test (ZAT) and Landing error score system (LESS) tests were applied to evaluate their performance. RESULTS: Post-rehabilitation scores showed significant differences in proprioception and performance parameters compared to pre-scores in both groups. (p<0.05). Significant differences were observed between the NVOEG and MRHOG in the post-test scores, including CAIT for unstable and stable ankle, proprioception for unstable ankle, LESS, ZAT with ball performance, and 30-meter sprint test. CONCLUSIONS: The neuro-vulvular-ocular exercise training protocol had superior results in terms of proprioception and performance parameters in chronic ankle instability management for football players.
{"title":"The effects of neuro-vestibular-ocular exercises and myofascial release on proprioception and performance in football players with chronic ankle instability","authors":"Büşra Kocakılıç, Elif Tuğçe Çil","doi":"10.3233/ies-240002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ies-240002","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Football players often use quick change of direction, sudden acceleration and explosive movements. This is why chronic ankle instability is one of the most common conditions affecting this athlete population. This study investigates the effects of neuro-vestibular-ocular exercises and myofascial release on proprioception and performance in football players with chronic ankle instability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This randomized controlled clinical trial included 60 football players aged 18–30. The players were randomly divided into two groups. The first group (NVOEG, n=30) was included in the Neuro-Vestibular-ocular exercise training program, while the myofascial release was applied to the second group (MRHOG, n=30). Both protocols were applied for eight weeks. The participants’ Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool (CAIT) scores were assessed before and after the intervention. Proprioception was evaluated by using the joint position sense test. Additionally, kick speed (KS), 30-m sprint, zig-zag agility test (ZAT) and Landing error score system (LESS) tests were applied to evaluate their performance. RESULTS: Post-rehabilitation scores showed significant differences in proprioception and performance parameters compared to pre-scores in both groups. (p<0.05). Significant differences were observed between the NVOEG and MRHOG in the post-test scores, including CAIT for unstable and stable ankle, proprioception for unstable ankle, LESS, ZAT with ball performance, and 30-meter sprint test. CONCLUSIONS: The neuro-vulvular-ocular exercise training protocol had superior results in terms of proprioception and performance parameters in chronic ankle instability management for football players.","PeriodicalId":54915,"journal":{"name":"Isokinetics and Exercise Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141516009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUND: Lower trapezius (LT) plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the scapula. Sufficient activation of LT can reduce the risk of rotator cuff tear and shoulder impingement syndrome. The Y-raise exercise has been recommended for effective LT activation. However, the upper trapezius (UT) can be co-activated during universal Y-raise exercise. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the activity of the UT, LT, and serratus anterior (SA) during Y-raise exercise with and without isometric adduction (IAD) using Thera-Band. METHODS: 21 healthy males voluntarily participated in the study. The participants were asked to perform Y-raise exercise with and without IAD using Thera-Band. Surface electromyography was used to measure the muscle activity of UT, LT, and SA during Y-raise exercise with and without IAD. Paired t-test was used to analyze the significance of the muscle activity of UT, LT, and SA as well as the activity ratio of LT/UT and LT/SA. The significance level was set at α= 0.05. RESULTS: Compared with Y-raise exercise without IAD, the muscle activity of UT and SA decreased (p= 0.001 and p= 0.003, respectively), whereas that of LT increased (p= 0.038) during Y-raise exercise with IAD. Additionally, the activity ratio of LT/UT and LT/SA was greater during Y-raise exercise with IAD (p= 0.001 and p= 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Y-raise exercise with IAD using Thera-Band is recommended as an efficient exercise to selectively activate the LT and increase the activity ratio of LT/UT and LT/SA.
背景：下斜方肌（LT）在保持肩胛骨稳定性方面发挥着重要作用。充分激活肩胛下肌可降低肩袖撕裂和肩撞击综合征的风险。Y 形上举运动被推荐用于有效激活 LT。然而，在普遍的 Y 形上举运动中，斜方肌上部（UT）也会被共同激活。目的：本研究旨在比较在使用 Thera-Band 进行 Y 形上举锻炼和不进行等长内收（IAD）时，UT、LT 和前锯肌（SA）的活动情况。方法：21 名健康男性自愿参与研究。研究人员要求受试者使用 Thera-Band 进行有 IAD 和无 IAD 的 Y 形上举运动。研究人员使用表面肌电图测量了有无 IAD 的 Y 形上举运动中 UT、LT 和 SA 的肌肉活动。采用配对 t 检验分析 UT、LT 和 SA 肌肉活动以及 LT/UT 和 LT/SA 活动比率的显著性。显著性水平设定为α= 0.05。结果：与不含 IAD 的 Y 形抬高运动相比，在含 IAD 的 Y 形抬高运动中，UT 和 SA 的肌肉活动减少（p= 0.001 和 p=0.003），而 LT 的肌肉活动增加（p= 0.038）。此外，在使用 IAD 进行 Y 型抬高运动时，LT/UT 和 LT/SA 的活动比率更大（分别为 p= 0.001 和 p=0.001）。结论：建议使用 Thera-Band 进行带 IAD 的 Y 形抬高运动，这是一种有效的运动，可选择性地激活 LT 并提高 LT/UT 和 LT/SA 的活动比率。
{"title":"Comparison of upper and lower trapezius electromyographic activity during Y-raise exercise with and without isometric adduction in healthy volunteers","authors":"Byeong-Hun Hwang, In-Cheol Jeon","doi":"10.3233/ies-230166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ies-230166","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Lower trapezius (LT) plays an important role in maintaining the stability of the scapula. Sufficient activation of LT can reduce the risk of rotator cuff tear and shoulder impingement syndrome. The Y-raise exercise has been recommended for effective LT activation. However, the upper trapezius (UT) can be co-activated during universal Y-raise exercise. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare the activity of the UT, LT, and serratus anterior (SA) during Y-raise exercise with and without isometric adduction (IAD) using Thera-Band. METHODS: 21 healthy males voluntarily participated in the study. The participants were asked to perform Y-raise exercise with and without IAD using Thera-Band. Surface electromyography was used to measure the muscle activity of UT, LT, and SA during Y-raise exercise with and without IAD. Paired t-test was used to analyze the significance of the muscle activity of UT, LT, and SA as well as the activity ratio of LT/UT and LT/SA. The significance level was set at α= 0.05. RESULTS: Compared with Y-raise exercise without IAD, the muscle activity of UT and SA decreased (p= 0.001 and p= 0.003, respectively), whereas that of LT increased (p= 0.038) during Y-raise exercise with IAD. Additionally, the activity ratio of LT/UT and LT/SA was greater during Y-raise exercise with IAD (p= 0.001 and p= 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: Y-raise exercise with IAD using Thera-Band is recommended as an efficient exercise to selectively activate the LT and increase the activity ratio of LT/UT and LT/SA.","PeriodicalId":54915,"journal":{"name":"Isokinetics and Exercise Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140574913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUND: Core stability has been reported to be important for improving performance in athletes. However, the variety of measures used to assess core stability has made it difficult to compare results across studies. In addition, there is a lack of consensus on precise definitions of core and core stability, which is a barrier to research in this field. OBJECTIVE: The overall purpose of this review was to summarize the definitions of core and core stability and measurements of core stability used in previous studies on athletes. METHODS: We searched four electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and Science Direct) from their inception to October 2023. Studies evaluating core stability in athletes across all sports were included. We excluded case studies and case series, opinion pieces, letters to editors and studies not written in the English language. Two researchers independently assessed articles for inclusion and exclusion criteria and methodological quality. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-four studies were included, of which two were of high quality. The definitions of core and core stability varied widely, and ‘core’ was not defined in 108 studies and ‘core stability’ was not defined in 105 studies. The most used test protocol was the McGill test, which was used in 19 studies. CONCLUSIONS: There are multiple tests to measure core stability, and there is some confusion as to whether the measurement results represent core strength or core endurance. Future research papers should clarify the definitions of core and core stability, and consider core strength and core endurance separately.
{"title":"Evaluation scale and definitions of core and core stability in sports: A systematic review","authors":"Shota Enoki, Taisei Hakozaki, Takuya Shimizu","doi":"10.3233/ies-230177","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ies-230177","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Core stability has been reported to be important for improving performance in athletes. However, the variety of measures used to assess core stability has made it difficult to compare results across studies. In addition, there is a lack of consensus on precise definitions of core and core stability, which is a barrier to research in this field. OBJECTIVE: The overall purpose of this review was to summarize the definitions of core and core stability and measurements of core stability used in previous studies on athletes. METHODS: We searched four electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science and Science Direct) from their inception to October 2023. Studies evaluating core stability in athletes across all sports were included. We excluded case studies and case series, opinion pieces, letters to editors and studies not written in the English language. Two researchers independently assessed articles for inclusion and exclusion criteria and methodological quality. RESULTS: One hundred thirty-four studies were included, of which two were of high quality. The definitions of core and core stability varied widely, and ‘core’ was not defined in 108 studies and ‘core stability’ was not defined in 105 studies. The most used test protocol was the McGill test, which was used in 19 studies. CONCLUSIONS: There are multiple tests to measure core stability, and there is some confusion as to whether the measurement results represent core strength or core endurance. Future research papers should clarify the definitions of core and core stability, and consider core strength and core endurance separately.","PeriodicalId":54915,"journal":{"name":"Isokinetics and Exercise Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140574920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marwan M A Aljohani, Amr Almaz Abdel-azeim, Y. Alshehri, M. Aboonq, Raghad Khalid Aljohani, Osama A Khaled
BACKGROUND: Cryotherapy is widely utilized for therapeutic purposes, yet its specific effects on knee joint proprioception and quadriceps muscle performance in healthy individuals remain unclear. This study addresses this gap by examining the impact of a 20-minute cryotherapy session on knee joint proprioception and related muscle parameters in a cohort of healthy college students. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of cryotherapy on knee joint proprioception and quadriceps muscle peak moment, work and power in healthy college male and female students. METHODS: Thirty-two healthy students, aged 19–23, underwent a 20-minute cryotherapy session using Cryogel packs applied to the anterior thigh and knee. An isokinetic dynamometer measured knee joint proprioception and quadriceps muscle parameters before, immediately after, 10-min, and 20-min post-cryotherapy. RESULTS: Proprioception values did not significantly differ between genders or post-tests (p> 0.05). However, the female group exhibited significantly lower moment, power, and work values compared to males (p< 0.05). No significant differences were observed within or between post-tests in moment, power, and work for both genders (p> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A 20-minute cryotherapy application demonstrated no adverse effects on knee joint proprioception or quadriceps muscle metrics in healthy college students, supporting the safety of cryotherapy in this context.
{"title":"Cryotherapy effects on knee proprioception and quadriceps performance in healthy college students","authors":"Marwan M A Aljohani, Amr Almaz Abdel-azeim, Y. Alshehri, M. Aboonq, Raghad Khalid Aljohani, Osama A Khaled","doi":"10.3233/ies-230165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ies-230165","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Cryotherapy is widely utilized for therapeutic purposes, yet its specific effects on knee joint proprioception and quadriceps muscle performance in healthy individuals remain unclear. This study addresses this gap by examining the impact of a 20-minute cryotherapy session on knee joint proprioception and related muscle parameters in a cohort of healthy college students. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of cryotherapy on knee joint proprioception and quadriceps muscle peak moment, work and power in healthy college male and female students. METHODS: Thirty-two healthy students, aged 19–23, underwent a 20-minute cryotherapy session using Cryogel packs applied to the anterior thigh and knee. An isokinetic dynamometer measured knee joint proprioception and quadriceps muscle parameters before, immediately after, 10-min, and 20-min post-cryotherapy. RESULTS: Proprioception values did not significantly differ between genders or post-tests (p> 0.05). However, the female group exhibited significantly lower moment, power, and work values compared to males (p< 0.05). No significant differences were observed within or between post-tests in moment, power, and work for both genders (p> 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A 20-minute cryotherapy application demonstrated no adverse effects on knee joint proprioception or quadriceps muscle metrics in healthy college students, supporting the safety of cryotherapy in this context.","PeriodicalId":54915,"journal":{"name":"Isokinetics and Exercise Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-03-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140260392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
BACKGROUND: A potential relationship may exist between the vastus medialis (VM) and the contractile efficiency of the vastus intermedius (VI) due to their anatomical connection and common innervation by the same branches of the femoral nerve. However, this relationship has not been explored using physiological experiments. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to use electromyography (EMG) to investigate the functional significance of the VI and VM muscles during isometric contraction. METHODS: Twenty-six healthy male volunteers underwent EMG recordings from the VI, VM, and vastus lateralis (VL) at 90∘ or 30∘ of knee flexion. The EMG pre-motor time (PMT) was measured during rapid knee extension in response to an auditory stimulus. Additionally, the M-wave latency was determined by femoral nerve stimulation and subtracted from the PMT to calculate the descending conduction time (DCT). RESULTS: DCT was shortest at VM, followed by VL and VI. The DCT difference of VI-VM was significantly greater than that of VI-VL during maximal effort at 90∘ of knee flexion. CONCLUSIONS: VM is neurally driven to act as a pre-activator that primes the VI muscle; this tendency is particularly pronounced when explosive high-moment knee extension is required.
背景：由于股内侧阔肌（VM）和股中间阔肌（VI）在解剖学上存在联系，并由相同的股神经分支支配，因此它们之间可能存在潜在的关系。然而，这种关系尚未通过生理实验进行探讨。目的：本研究旨在使用肌电图（EMG）研究等长收缩时 VI 肌和 VM 肌的功能意义。方法：26 名健康男性志愿者在膝关节屈曲 90 ∘ 或 30 ∘ 时对 VI 肌、VM 肌和外侧阔肌（VL）进行了肌电图记录。在听觉刺激下快速伸膝时测量肌电图前运动时间（PMT）。此外，通过股神经刺激测定 M 波潜伏期，并从 PMT 中减去 M 波潜伏期，以计算降序传导时间（DCT）。结果：VM 的 DCT 最短，其次是 VL 和 VI。在膝关节屈曲 90∘时做最大努力时，VI-VM 的 DCT 差异明显大于 VI-VL。结论：VM受神经驱动充当预激活剂，为VI肌肉提供能量；当需要爆发性高动力伸膝时，这种趋势尤为明显。
{"title":"Significance of vasti muscle activity during voluntary isometric contraction: Pre-activation of vastus medialis for engaging vastus intermedius","authors":"Yoshitsugu Tanino, Wataru Yamazaki, Yuki Fukumoto, Takaki Yoshida, Tetsuya Nakao, Toshiaki Suzuki","doi":"10.3233/ies-230098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ies-230098","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: A potential relationship may exist between the vastus medialis (VM) and the contractile efficiency of the vastus intermedius (VI) due to their anatomical connection and common innervation by the same branches of the femoral nerve. However, this relationship has not been explored using physiological experiments. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to use electromyography (EMG) to investigate the functional significance of the VI and VM muscles during isometric contraction. METHODS: Twenty-six healthy male volunteers underwent EMG recordings from the VI, VM, and vastus lateralis (VL) at 90∘ or 30∘ of knee flexion. The EMG pre-motor time (PMT) was measured during rapid knee extension in response to an auditory stimulus. Additionally, the M-wave latency was determined by femoral nerve stimulation and subtracted from the PMT to calculate the descending conduction time (DCT). RESULTS: DCT was shortest at VM, followed by VL and VI. The DCT difference of VI-VM was significantly greater than that of VI-VL during maximal effort at 90∘ of knee flexion. CONCLUSIONS: VM is neurally driven to act as a pre-activator that primes the VI muscle; this tendency is particularly pronounced when explosive high-moment knee extension is required.","PeriodicalId":54915,"journal":{"name":"Isokinetics and Exercise Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139668652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alex Lopes Dos Reis, Laís Campos de Oliveira, Amanda Yasmin Vieira de Souza, Antonio Stabelini Neto, Raphael Gonçalves de Oliveira
BACKGROUND: The acute and chronic effects of stretching preceding exercises on strength, power and muscular endurance are still not entirely clear in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To verify the acute and chronic effects of the main types of stretching (static, dynamic, PNF, and ballistic) on muscle strength, power, and endurance. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in: PubMed, Web of Science, LILACS, Scopus, Science Direct, and CENTRAL. The methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Meta-analysis were performed using the standardized mean difference (SMD). RESULTS: 43 studies were included in the systematic review and 30 in the meta-analysis calculations. Only two studies showed high methodological quality. In general, static stretching had an impact on the potentiated the gain in muscle strength of the lower limbs in the long term (0.60 [0.20–1.00]). The acute (ES = 0.38 [0.05–0.70]) and long-term (ES = 1.04 [0.21–1.88]) dynamic stretching was able to potentiate the gain of muscle power in the lower limbs, while the acute PNF had an impact on the worsening of the muscular endurance (ES = 1.68 [0.83–2.53]). CONCLUSIONS: When the training objective is linked to acute effects, dynamic stretching should be prioritized before the main activity. For long-term effects, static and dynamic stretching have been shown to potentiate muscle strength and power gain, respectively, and are recommended in these cases.
背景：文献中仍未完全明确练习前拉伸对力量、功率和肌肉耐力的急性和慢性影响。目的：验证主要拉伸类型（静态、动态、PNF 和弹道）对肌力、力量和耐力的急性和慢性影响。方法：在以下网站进行了系统的文献检索：PubMed、Web of Science、LILACS、Scopus、Science Direct 和 CENTRAL。方法学质量采用 PEDro 量表进行评估。使用标准化平均差（SMD）进行元分析。结果：43 项研究被纳入系统综述，30 项研究被纳入荟萃分析计算。只有两项研究的方法质量较高。总的来说，静态拉伸对长期增强下肢肌肉力量有影响（0.60 [0.20-1.00]）。急性（ES = 0.38 [0.05-0.70]）和长期（ES = 1.04 [0.21-1.88]）动态拉伸能够增强下肢肌肉力量的增长，而急性 PNF 对肌肉耐力的恶化有影响（ES = 1.68 [0.83-2.53]）。结论：当训练目标与急性效果相关时，动态拉伸应优先于主要活动。就长期效果而言，静态拉伸和动态拉伸已被证明可分别促进肌肉力量和力量的增长，因此建议在这些情况下进行动态拉伸。
{"title":"Effects of stretching on muscle strength, endurance, and power performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Alex Lopes Dos Reis, Laís Campos de Oliveira, Amanda Yasmin Vieira de Souza, Antonio Stabelini Neto, Raphael Gonçalves de Oliveira","doi":"10.3233/ies-220120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3233/ies-220120","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: The acute and chronic effects of stretching preceding exercises on strength, power and muscular endurance are still not entirely clear in the literature. OBJECTIVE: To verify the acute and chronic effects of the main types of stretching (static, dynamic, PNF, and ballistic) on muscle strength, power, and endurance. METHODS: A systematic literature search was performed in: PubMed, Web of Science, LILACS, Scopus, Science Direct, and CENTRAL. The methodological quality was assessed using the PEDro scale. Meta-analysis were performed using the standardized mean difference (SMD). RESULTS: 43 studies were included in the systematic review and 30 in the meta-analysis calculations. Only two studies showed high methodological quality. In general, static stretching had an impact on the potentiated the gain in muscle strength of the lower limbs in the long term (0.60 [0.20–1.00]). The acute (ES = 0.38 [0.05–0.70]) and long-term (ES = 1.04 [0.21–1.88]) dynamic stretching was able to potentiate the gain of muscle power in the lower limbs, while the acute PNF had an impact on the worsening of the muscular endurance (ES = 1.68 [0.83–2.53]). CONCLUSIONS: When the training objective is linked to acute effects, dynamic stretching should be prioritized before the main activity. For long-term effects, static and dynamic stretching have been shown to potentiate muscle strength and power gain, respectively, and are recommended in these cases.","PeriodicalId":54915,"journal":{"name":"Isokinetics and Exercise Science","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2024-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139628861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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