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Diverse Relationships between Batrachochytrium Infections and Antimicrobial Peptide Defenses Across Leopard Frog Populations. 豹蛙种群中蝙蝠恙虫感染与抗菌肽防御之间的不同关系
IF 2.2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae130
Emily H Le Sage, Laura K Reinert, Michel E B Ohmer, Brandon C LaBumbard, Karie A Altman, Laura A Brannelly, Ian Latella, Nina B McDonnell, Veronica Saenz, Jason C Walsman, Mark Q Wilber, Douglas C Woodhams, Jamie Voyles, Corinne L Richards-Zawacki, Louise A Rollins-Smith

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) play a fundamental role in the innate defense against microbial pathogens, as well as other immune and non-immune functions. Their role in amphibian skin defense against the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is exemplified by experiments in which depletion of host's stored AMPs increases mortality from infection. Yet, the question remains whether there are generalizable patterns of negative or positive correlations between stored AMP defenses and the probability of infection or infection intensity across populations and species. This study aims to expand on prior field studies of AMP quantities and compositions by correlating stored defenses with an estimated risk of Bd exposure (prevalence and mean infection intensity in each survey) in five locations across the United States and a total of three species. In all locations, known AMPs correlated with the ability of recovered secretions to inhibit Bd in vitro. We found that stored AMP defenses were generally unrelated to Bd infection except in one location where the relative intensity of known AMPs was lower in secretions from infected frogs. In all other locations, known AMP relative intensities were higher in infected frogs. Stored peptide quantity was either positively or negatively correlated with Bd exposure risk. Thus, future experiments coupled with organismal modeling can elucidate whether Bd infection affects secretion/synthesis and will provide insight into how to interpret amphibian ecoimmunology studies of AMPs. We also demonstrate that future AMP isolating and sequencing studies can focus efforts by correlating mass spectrometry peaks to inhibitory capacity using linear decomposition modeling.

抗菌肽(AMPs)在抵御微生物病原体的先天防御以及其他免疫和非免疫功能中发挥着重要作用。实验表明,消耗宿主储存的 AMPs 会增加感染死亡率,这说明了 AMPs 在两栖动物皮肤防御病原真菌 Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd)方面的作用。然而,在不同种群和物种中,储存的 AMP 防御能力与感染概率或感染强度之间是否存在可推广的负相关或正相关模式,这个问题仍然存在。本研究的目的是扩大先前对 AMP 数量和组成的实地研究,在美国的五个地点和总共三个物种中,将储存的防御能力与估计的 Bd 感染风险(每次调查中的流行率和平均感染强度)相关联。在所有地点,已知的 AMP 与回收的分泌物在体外抑制 Bd 的能力相关。我们发现,储存的 AMP 防御能力一般与 Bd 感染无关,但有一个地方除外,在那里,受感染蛙类的分泌物中已知 AMP 的相对强度较低。在所有其他地方,受感染蛙体内已知 AMP 的相对强度都较高。储存的多肽数量与接触 Bd 的风险呈正相关或负相关。因此,未来的实验加上生物体模型可以阐明Bd感染是否会影响分泌/合成,并为如何解释两栖动物AMP生态免疫学研究提供启示。我们还证明,未来的 AMP 分离和测序研究可以利用线性分解模型将质谱峰值与抑制能力相关联,从而集中力量进行研究。
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引用次数: 0
Drivers of Intraspecific Variation in Thermal Traits and Their Importance for Resilience to Global Change in Amphibians. 两栖动物热特征种内变异的驱动因素及其对抵御全球变化的重要性。
IF 2.2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae132
Jennifer M Cocciardi, Michel E B Ohmer

Intraspecific variation can be as great as variation across species, but the role of intraspecific variation in driving local and large-scale patterns is often overlooked, particularly in the field of thermal biology. In amphibians, which depend on environmental conditions and behavior to regulate body temperature, recognizing intraspecific thermal trait variation is essential to comprehensively understanding how global change impacts populations. Here, we examine the drivers of micro- and macrogeographical intraspecific thermal trait variation in amphibians. At the local scale, intraspecific variation can arise via changes in ontogeny, body size, and between the sexes, and developmental plasticity, acclimation, and maternal effects may modulate predictions of amphibian performance under future climate scenarios. At the macrogeographic scale, local adaptation in thermal traits may occur along latitudinal and elevational gradients, with seasonality and range-edge dynamics likely playing important roles in patterns that may impact future persistence. We also discuss the importance of considering disease as a factor affecting intraspecific variation in thermal traits and population resilience to climate change, given the impact of pathogens on thermal preferences and critical thermal limits of hosts. Finally, we make recommendations for future work in this area. Ultimately, our goal is to demonstrate why it is important for researchers to consider intraspecific variation to determine the resilience of amphibians to global change.

种内变异可能与物种间变异一样大,但种内变异在驱动局部和大规模模式方面的作用往往被忽视,尤其是在热生物学领域。对于依赖环境条件和行为来调节体温的两栖动物来说,认识种内热特征变异对于全面了解全球变化如何影响种群至关重要。在这里,我们研究了两栖动物微观和宏观地理种内热特征变异的驱动因素。在局部尺度上,种内变异可通过个体发育、体型和性别间的变化产生;发育可塑性、适应性和母性效应可能会调节两栖动物在未来气候情景下的表现预测。在宏观地理尺度上,热特征的局部适应可能会沿着纬度和海拔梯度发生,季节性和分布区边缘动态可能在可能影响未来持续性的模式中发挥重要作用。鉴于病原体对宿主热偏好和临界热极限的影响,我们还讨论了将疾病视为影响热特征种内变异和种群对气候变化的适应能力的一个因素的重要性。最后,我们对这一领域未来的工作提出了建议。最终,我们的目标是证明为什么研究人员必须考虑种内变异,以确定两栖动物对全球变化的适应能力。
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引用次数: 0
Taking the Pulse of Resilience in Conserving Seagrass Meadows. 为保护海草草甸的复原力把脉。
IF 2.2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae120
Olivia J Graham, Drew Harvell, Bart Christiaen, Jeff Gaeckle, Lillian R Aoki, Baylen Ratliff, Audrey Vinton, Brendan H Rappazzo, Tina Whitman

Foundational habitats such as seagrasses and coral reefs are at severe risk globally from climate warming. Infectious disease associated with warming events is both a cause of decline and an indicator of stress in both habitats. Since new approaches are needed to detect refugia and design climate-smart networks of marine protected areas, we test the hypothesis that the health of eelgrass (Zostera marina) in temperate ecosystems can serve as a proxy indicative of higher resilience and help pinpoint refugia. Eelgrass meadows worldwide are at risk from environmental stressors, including climate warming and disease. Disease outbreaks of Labyrinthula zosterae are associated with recent, widespread declines in eelgrass meadows throughout the San Juan Islands, Washington, USA. Machine language learning, drone surveys, and molecular diagnostics reveal climate impacts on seagrass wasting disease prevalence (proportion of infected individuals) and severity (proportion of infected leaf area) from San Diego, California, to Alaska. Given that warmer temperatures favor many pathogens such as L. zosterae, we hypothesize that absent or low disease severity in meadows could indicate eelgrass resilience to climate and pathogenic stressors. Regional surveys showed the San Juan Islands as a hotspot for both high disease prevalence and severity, and surveys throughout the Northeast Pacific indicated higher prevalence and severity in intertidal, rather than subtidal, meadows. Further, among sites with eelgrass declines, losses were more pronounced at sites with shallower eelgrass meadows. We suggest that deeper meadows with the lowest disease severity will be refuges from future warming and pathogenic stressors in the Northeast Pacific. Disease monitoring may be a useful conservation approach for marine foundation species, as low or absent disease severity can pinpoint resilient refugia that should be prioritized for future conservation efforts. Even in declining or at-risk habitats, disease surveys can help identify meadows that may contain especially resilient individuals for future restoration efforts. Our approach of using disease as a pulse point for eelgrass resilience to multiple stressors could be applied to other habitats such as coral reefs to inform conservation and management decisions.

在全球范围内,海草和珊瑚礁等基础栖息地正面临气候变暖的严重威胁。与气候变暖事件相关的传染病既是这两种生境衰退的原因,也是压力的指标。由于需要新的方法来检测避难所和设计气候智能型海洋保护区网络,我们测试了温带生态系统中的鳗草(Zostera marina)的健康状况可以作为较高复原力的替代指标并帮助确定避难所的假设。全球的鳗草草甸都面临着环境压力的威胁,包括气候变暖和疾病。Labyrinthula zosterae 疾病的爆发与最近美国华盛顿州圣胡安群岛的鳗草草甸大面积减少有关。机器语言学习、无人机调查和分子诊断揭示了气候对从加利福尼亚州圣地亚哥到阿拉斯加的海草枯萎病流行率(受感染个体比例)和严重性(受感染叶面积比例)的影响。鉴于气温升高有利于带状疱疹嗜血杆菌等许多病原体的生长,我们假设草甸中没有病害或病害严重程度较低,这可能表明海草对气候和病原体压力的适应能力较强。区域调查显示,圣胡安群岛是病害流行率和严重性都较高的热点地区,整个东北太平洋地区的调查显示,潮间带草甸的流行率和严重性都高于潮下带草甸。此外,在鳗草减少的地点中,鳗草草甸较浅的地点损失更为明显。我们认为,病害严重程度最低的较深草甸将成为东北太平洋地区抵御未来气候变暖和病原体压力的庇护所。对于海洋基础物种来说,疾病监测可能是一种有用的保护方法,因为疾病严重程度较低或不存在疾病,可以确定未来保护工作应优先考虑的弹性庇护所。即使在衰退或濒临灭绝的栖息地,疾病调查也能帮助确定哪些草甸可能含有特别有生命力的个体,以便今后开展恢复工作。我们利用疾病作为鳗草对多种压力的恢复能力的脉冲点的方法可应用于珊瑚礁等其他栖息地,为保护和管理决策提供信息。
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引用次数: 0
Five Key Strategies for Organizing Interdisciplinary Scientific Events to Strengthen Careers, Collaborations, and Creativity. 组织跨学科科学活动以加强事业、合作和创造力的五大战略。
IF 2.2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae050
Andrew K Schulz, M Janneke Schwaner, Armita R Manafzadeh

Science is becoming increasingly interdisciplinary; the widespread emergence of dedicated interdisciplinary journals, conferences, and graduate programs reflects this trend. Interdisciplinary scientific events are extremely valuable in that they offer opportunities for career advancement, especially among early career researchers, for collaboration beyond traditional disciplinary echo chambers, and for the creative generation of innovative solutions to longstanding scientific problems. However, organizing such events can pose unique challenges due to the intentionality required to meaningfully break down the barriers that separate long-independent disciplines. In this paper, we propose five key strategies for organizing and hosting interdisciplinary scientific events. The recommendations offered here apply both to small symposia aiming to contribute an interdisciplinary component to a larger event and to broad interdisciplinary conferences hosting hundreds or thousands of attendees.

科学正变得越来越跨学科;专门的跨学科期刊、会议和研究生项目的广泛出现反映了这一趋势。跨学科科学活动极具价值,因为它们提供了职业晋升的机会,尤其是为早期职业研究人员提供了职业晋升的机会,提供了超越传统学科回声室的合作机会,以及为解决长期存在的科学问题创造性地提出创新解决方案的机会。然而,组织此类活动可能会面临独特的挑战,因为需要有意识地打破长期独立学科之间的壁垒。在本文中,我们提出了组织和举办跨学科科学活动的五项关键策略。本文提出的建议既适用于旨在为大型活动提供跨学科内容的小型研讨会,也适用于有成百上千人参加的大型跨学科会议。
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引用次数: 0
Modeling Fertilization Outcome in a Changing World. 在不断变化的世界中模拟受精结果。
IF 2.2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae071
Kit Yu Karen Chan, Wing Ho Ko

Marine organisms have complex life histories. For broadcast spawners, successful continuation of the population requires their small gametes to make contact in the water column for sufficiently long periods for fertilization to occur. Anthropogenic climate change has been shown to impact fertilization success in various marine invertebrates, including sea urchins, which are key grazers in their habitats. Gamete performance of both sexes declined when exposed to elevated temperatures and/or pCO2 levels. Examples of reduced performance included slower sperm swimming speed and thinning egg jelly coat. However, such responses to climate change stress were not uniform between individuals. Such variations could serve as the basis for selection. Fertilization kinetics have long been modeled as a particle collision process. Here, we present a modified fertilization kinetics model that incorporates individual variations in performance in a more environmentally relevant regime, and which the performance of groups with different traits can be separately tracked in a mixture. Numerical simulations highlight that fertilization outcomes are influenced by changes in gamete traits as they age in sea water and the presence of competition groups (multiple dams or sires). These results highlight the importance of considering multiple individuals and at multiple time points during in vivo assays. We also applied our model to show that interspecific variation in climate stress vulnerabilities elevates the risk of hybridization. By making a numerical model open-source, we aim to help us better understand the fate of organisms in the face of climate change by enabling the community to consider the mean and variance of the response to capture adaptive potential.

海洋生物的生活史十分复杂。对于播散产卵者来说,要使种群成功延续,需要它们的小配子在水体中接触足够长的时间才能受精。人类活动造成的气候变化已被证明会影响各种海洋无脊椎动物的受精成功率,包括在其栖息地中作为主要食草动物的海胆。当暴露于升高的温度和/或 pCO2 水平时,雌雄配子的性能都会下降。性能下降的例子包括精子游动速度减慢和卵子胶衣变薄。然而,不同个体对气候变化压力的反应并不一致。这种差异可以作为选择的基础。长期以来,受精动力学一直被模拟为粒子碰撞过程。在这里,我们提出了一个改进的受精动力学模型,该模型将个体的表现差异纳入了一个与环境更相关的机制中,而且具有不同性状的群体的表现可以在混合物中分别跟踪。数值模拟结果表明,受精结果受配子在海水中老化过程中性状变化以及竞争群体(多个母本或父本)存在的影响。这些结果凸显了在体内试验中考虑多个个体和多个时间点的重要性。我们还应用我们的模型表明,气候压力脆弱性的种间差异会提高杂交风险。通过将数值模型开源,我们旨在帮助我们更好地理解生物在气候变化面前的命运,使社区能够考虑反应的均值和方差,以捕捉适应潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Cropland Microclimate and Leaf-nesting Behavior Shape the Growth of Caterpillar under Future Warming. 耕地小气候和叶巢行为影响毛虫在未来变暖条件下的生长
IF 2.2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae043
Ling Wang, Shuang Xing, Xinyue Chang, Liang Ma, Cheng Wenda

Predicting performance responses of insects to climate change is crucial for biodiversity conservation and pest management. While most projections on insects' performance under climate change have used macro-scale weather station data, few incorporated the microclimates within vegetation that insects inhabit and their feeding behaviors (e.g., leaf-nesting: building leaf nests or feeding inside). Here, taking advantage of relatively homogenous vegetation structures in agricultural fields, we built microclimate models to examine fine-scale air temperatures within two important crop systems (maize and rice) and compared microclimate air temperatures to temperatures from weather stations. We deployed physical models of caterpillars and quantified effects of leaf-nesting behavior on operative temperatures of two Lepidoptera pests: Ostrinia furnacalis (Pyralidae) and Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Crambidae). We built temperature-growth rate curves and predicted the growth rate of caterpillars with and without leaf-nesting behavior based on downscaled microclimate changes under different climate change scenarios. We identified widespread differences between microclimates in our crop systems and air temperatures reported by local weather stations. Leaf-nesting individuals in general had much lower body temperatures compared to non-leaf-nesting individuals. When considering microclimates, we predicted leaf-nesting individuals grow slower compared to non-leaf-nesting individuals with rising temperature. Our findings highlight the importance of considering microclimate and habitat-modifying behavior in predicting performance responses to climate change. Understanding the thermal biology of pests and other insects would allow us to make more accurate projections on crop yields and biodiversity responses to environmental changes.

预测昆虫对气候变化的反应对生物多样性保护和害虫管理至关重要。虽然大多数关于气候变化下昆虫表现的预测都使用了宏观尺度的气象站数据,但很少有预测纳入昆虫栖息的植被中的微气候及其取食行为(如叶巢:建造叶巢或在叶巢内取食)。在此,我们利用农田中相对均匀的植被结构,建立了微气候模型,以研究两个重要作物系统(玉米和水稻)中的微尺度气温,并将微气候气温与气象站的气温进行比较。我们部署了毛虫物理模型,并量化了叶巢行为对两种鳞翅目害虫活动温度的影响:Ostrinia furnacalis (Pyralidae) 和 Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Crambidae)。我们建立了温度-生长率曲线,并根据不同气候变化情景下微气候的降尺度变化,预测了有筑巢行为和无筑巢行为的毛虫的生长率。我们发现作物系统中的小气候与当地气象站报告的气温之间存在广泛差异。与非叶巢个体相比,叶巢个体的体温普遍要低得多。考虑到微气候,我们预测随着温度的升高,叶巢个体的生长速度会比非叶巢个体慢。我们的研究结果突出表明,在预测对气候变化的反应时,考虑微气候和改变栖息地的行为非常重要。了解害虫和其他昆虫的热生物学特性将使我们能够更准确地预测作物产量和生物多样性对环境变化的反应。
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引用次数: 0
Experimental Studies of Bioinspired Shark Denticles for Drag Reduction. 生物启发鲨鱼齿状体减阻实验研究
IF 2.2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae086
Marshall T Graybill, Nicole W Xu

Shark skin is composed of denticles, or complex scale-like features, which have been shown to reduce drag in turbulent and laminar flow. The denticle crown features undulating structures called riblets that interact with the turbulent boundary layer to reduce drag. Two mechanisms thought to contribute to the drag-reducing properties of riblets include the lifting of streamwise vortices and the hampering of spanwise vortex interactions to reduce crossflow, which could translate to similar flow mechanisms for denticles. Because of the varied morphologies of dermal denticles on different shark species, which also depend on body location, the impact of these denticle geometries on flow is of interest to the biology community, including related fields such as fluid mechanics and oceanography. This review highlights the past 15 years of manufacturing techniques and experimental measurements of drag over denticle-inspired surface structures, including real shark skin samples and engineered denticles and riblets. State-of-the-art additive manufacturing and other techniques are primarily limited to mm-length denticle scales, which have demonstrated drag reduction in lower flow speeds, under 1 m s-1. New manufacturing approaches can create sub-mm length denticles and nanotextured surface structures, which have achieved reported drag reductions of up to 31%. We synthesize results from the literature to illustrate the drag reduction properties of bioinspired denticles and riblets according to their geometry and flow conditions. Using these trends, we suggest design features and focus areas for future research, such as increasing studies of different denticle morphologies, hydrophobicity, antifouling properties, and acoustic noise reduction. Continued work on bioinspired denticles for drag reduction has wider implications in comparative biology and applications to design more energy-efficient, persistent vehicles for environmental monitoring.

鲨鱼皮肤由小齿或复杂的鳞片状特征组成,这些特征已被证明可以减少湍流和层流中的阻力。小齿冠上的波状结构被称为波纹,它们与湍流边界层相互作用,从而减少阻力。有两种机制被认为有助于波纹的阻力降低特性,包括提升流向涡和阻碍跨向涡相互作用以减少横流,这可能转化为类似于齿粒的流动机制。由于不同鲨鱼物种的真皮小齿的形态各异,而且还取决于身体位置,因此这些小齿的几何形状对流动的影响引起了生物学界的兴趣,包括流体力学和海洋学等相关领域。这篇综述重点介绍了过去 15 年中的制造技术以及对齿状体启发表面结构阻力的实验测量,包括真实的鲨鱼皮肤样本以及工程齿状体和波纹管。最先进的增材制造技术和其他技术主要局限于毫米长的齿粒尺度,这些齿粒在较低流速(1 米/秒-1 以下)下可减少阻力。新的制造方法可以制造出毫米以下长度的微粒和纳米纹理表面结构,据报道,这些微粒和结构可将阻力降低 31%。我们综合了文献中的研究结果,说明了生物启发微粒和波纹管根据其几何形状和流动条件所具有的阻力降低特性。利用这些趋势,我们提出了未来研究的设计特点和重点领域,例如增加对不同齿粒形态、疏水性、防污特性和降噪性能的研究。继续研究生物启发的齿粒以减少阻力,在比较生物学和应用设计更节能、更持久的环境监测飞行器方面具有更广泛的意义。
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引用次数: 0
Preparing the Next Generation of Integrative Organismal Biologists. 培养下一代综合生物学家。
IF 2.2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae098
Dianna K Padilla, Daniel Grünbaum

Pursuing cutting edge questions in organismal biology in the future will require novel approaches for training the next generation of organismal biologists, including knowledge and use of systems-type modeling combined with integrative organismal biology. We link agendas recommending changes in science education and practice across three levels: Broadening the concept of organismal biology to promote modeling organisms as systems interacting with higher and lower organizational levels; enhancing undergraduate science education to improve applications of quantitative reasoning and modeling in the scientific process; and K-12 curricula based on Next Generation Science Standards emphasizing development and use of models in the context of explanatory science, solution design, and evaluating and communicating information. Out of each of these initiatives emerges an emphasis on routine use of models as tools for hypothesis testing and prediction. The question remains, however, what is the best approach for training the next generation of organismal biology students to facilitate their understanding and use of models? We address this question by proposing new ways of teaching and learning, including the development of interactive web-based modeling modules that lower barriers for scientists approaching this new way of imagining and conducting integrative organismal biology.

未来要解决生物体生物学的前沿问题,就需要采用新的方法来培养下一代生物体生物学家,包括系统建模与综合生物体生物学相结合的知识和应用。我们将建议改变科学教育和实践的三个层面的议程联系起来:拓宽生物体生物学的概念,促进将生物体作为与较高级和较低级组织交互的系统建模;加强本科生科学教育,改进定量推理和建模在科学过程中的应用;以及基于《下一代科学标准》的 K-12 课程,强调在解释性科学、解决方案设计以及评估和交流信息的背景下开发和使用模型。上述每项举措都强调将模型作为假设检验和预测的工具进行常规使用。然而,问题仍然是,培训下一代生物学生的最佳方法是什么,以促进他们对模型的理解和使用?针对这一问题,我们提出了新的教学和学习方法,包括开发基于网络的互动建模模块,以降低科学家采用这种新方法想象和开展综合生物生物学研究的障碍。
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引用次数: 0
Artificial Intelligence for Climate Change Biology: From Data Collection to Predictions. 气候变化生物学人工智能:从数据收集到预测
IF 2.2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae127
Ofir Levy, Shimon Shahar

In the era of big data, ecological research is experiencing a transformative shift, yet big-data advancements in thermal ecology and the study of animal responses to climate conditions remain limited. This review discusses how big data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) can significantly enhance our understanding of microclimates and animal behaviors under changing climatic conditions. We explore AI's potential to refine microclimate models and analyze data from advanced sensors and camera technologies, which capture detailed, high-resolution information. This integration can allow researchers to dissect complex ecological and physiological processes with unprecedented precision. We describe how AI can enhance microclimate modeling through improved bias correction and downscaling techniques, providing more accurate estimates of the conditions that animals face under various climate scenarios. Additionally, we explore AI's capabilities in tracking animal responses to these conditions, particularly through innovative classification models that utilize sensors such as accelerometers and acoustic loggers. For example, the widespread usage of camera traps can benefit from AI-driven image classification models to accurately identify thermoregulatory responses, such as shade usage and panting. AI is therefore instrumental in monitoring how animals interact with their environments, offering vital insights into their adaptive behaviors. Finally, we discuss how these advanced data-driven approaches can inform and enhance conservation strategies. In particular, detailed mapping of microhabitats essential for species survival under adverse conditions can guide the design of climate-resilient conservation and restoration programs that prioritize habitat features crucial for biodiversity resilience. In conclusion, the convergence of AI, big data, and ecological science heralds a new era of precision conservation, essential for addressing the global environmental challenges of the 21st century.

在大数据时代,生态研究正经历着一场变革,但热生态学和动物对气候条件反应的研究进展仍然有限。本综述讨论了大数据分析和人工智能(AI)如何极大地增强我们对气候变化条件下的微气候和动物行为的理解。我们探讨了人工智能在完善微气候模型和分析来自先进传感器和摄像技术的数据方面的潜力,这些技术可以捕捉到详细的高分辨率信息。这种整合使研究人员能够以前所未有的精度剖析复杂的生态和生理过程。我们介绍了人工智能如何通过改进的偏差校正和降尺度技术来增强微气候建模,从而更准确地估计动物在各种气候情景下所面临的条件。此外,我们还探讨了人工智能在跟踪动物对这些条件的反应方面的能力,特别是通过利用加速度计和声学记录仪等传感器的创新分类模型。此外,人工智能驱动的图像分类模型可以准确识别动物的体温调节反应,如阴凉处的使用和喘气,这对相机陷阱的广泛使用大有裨益。因此,人工智能有助于监测动物如何与环境互动,为了解动物的适应性行为提供重要依据。最后,我们将讨论这些先进的数据驱动方法如何为保护战略提供信息和帮助。详细绘制不利条件下物种生存所必需的微生境图,可以指导设计气候适应性保护和恢复计划,优先考虑对生物多样性恢复至关重要的生境特征。总之,人工智能、大数据和生态科学的融合预示着一个新的精准保护时代的到来,这对于应对 21 世纪的全球环境挑战至关重要。
{"title":"Artificial Intelligence for Climate Change Biology: From Data Collection to Predictions.","authors":"Ofir Levy, Shimon Shahar","doi":"10.1093/icb/icae127","DOIUrl":"10.1093/icb/icae127","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In the era of big data, ecological research is experiencing a transformative shift, yet big-data advancements in thermal ecology and the study of animal responses to climate conditions remain limited. This review discusses how big data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI) can significantly enhance our understanding of microclimates and animal behaviors under changing climatic conditions. We explore AI's potential to refine microclimate models and analyze data from advanced sensors and camera technologies, which capture detailed, high-resolution information. This integration can allow researchers to dissect complex ecological and physiological processes with unprecedented precision. We describe how AI can enhance microclimate modeling through improved bias correction and downscaling techniques, providing more accurate estimates of the conditions that animals face under various climate scenarios. Additionally, we explore AI's capabilities in tracking animal responses to these conditions, particularly through innovative classification models that utilize sensors such as accelerometers and acoustic loggers. For example, the widespread usage of camera traps can benefit from AI-driven image classification models to accurately identify thermoregulatory responses, such as shade usage and panting. AI is therefore instrumental in monitoring how animals interact with their environments, offering vital insights into their adaptive behaviors. Finally, we discuss how these advanced data-driven approaches can inform and enhance conservation strategies. In particular, detailed mapping of microhabitats essential for species survival under adverse conditions can guide the design of climate-resilient conservation and restoration programs that prioritize habitat features crucial for biodiversity resilience. In conclusion, the convergence of AI, big data, and ecological science heralds a new era of precision conservation, essential for addressing the global environmental challenges of the 21st century.</p>","PeriodicalId":54971,"journal":{"name":"Integrative and Comparative Biology","volume":" ","pages":"953-974"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141857242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tiny Amphibious Insects Use Tripod Gait for Traversal on Land, Water, and Duckweed. 微小的两栖昆虫利用三脚架步态在陆地、水面和浮萍上穿行。
IF 2.2 3区 生物学 Q1 ZOOLOGY Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icae078
Johnathan N O'Neil, Kai Lauren Yung, Gaetano Difini, Holden Walker, Saad Bhamla

Insects exhibit remarkable adaptability in their locomotive strategies in diverse environments, a crucial trait for foraging, survival, and predator avoidance. Microvelia americana, tiny 2-3 mm insects that adeptly walk on water surfaces, exemplify this adaptability by using the alternating tripod gait in both aquatic and terrestrial terrains. These insects commonly inhabit low-flow ponds and streams cluttered with natural debris like leaves, twigs, and duckweed. Using high-speed imaging and pose-estimation software, we analyze M. americana movement on water, sandpaper (simulating land), and varying duckweed densities (10%, 25%, and 50% coverage). Our results reveal M. americana maintain consistent joint angles and strides of their upper and hind legs across all duckweed coverages, mirroring those seen on sandpaper. Microvelia americana adjust the stride length of their middle legs based on the amount of duckweed present, decreasing with increased duckweed coverage and at 50% duckweed coverage, their middle legs' strides closely mimic their strides on sandpaper. Notably, M. americana achieve speeds up to 56 body lengths per second on the deformable surface of water, nearly double those observed on sandpaper and duckweed, which are rough, heterogeneous surfaces. This study highlights M. americana's ecological adaptability, setting the stage for advancements in amphibious robotics that emulate their unique tripod gait for navigating complex terrains.

昆虫在不同环境中的运动策略表现出惊人的适应性,这是昆虫觅食、生存和躲避捕食者的重要特征。美国微小昆虫(Microvelia americana)是一种 2-3 毫米的小昆虫,善于在水面上行走,在水生和陆生地形中均采用交替三脚架步态,是这种适应性的典范。这些昆虫通常栖息在水流较小的池塘和溪流中,池塘和溪流中布满了树叶、树枝和浮萍等自然碎屑。利用高速成像和姿态估计软件,我们分析了美洲蓟马在水面、砂纸(模拟陆地)和不同浮萍密度(10%、25% 和 50%)上的运动情况。我们的研究结果表明,在所有浮萍覆盖率下,美洲金蛙的上肢和后肢的关节角度和步幅都保持一致,这与在沙纸上看到的情况一致。美洲斑鸠会根据浮萍的数量调整中腿的步长,随着浮萍覆盖率的增加而减少,当浮萍覆盖率为 50%时,中腿的步长与它们在砂纸上的步长非常接近。值得注意的是,美洲蝠在可变形的水面上的速度高达每秒 56 个体长,几乎是在砂纸和浮萍这些粗糙的异质表面上观察到的速度的两倍。这项研究凸显了美洲蛙的生态适应能力,为两栖机器人技术的发展奠定了基础,这种机器人可以模仿美洲蛙独特的三脚架步态在复杂地形上航行。
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引用次数: 0
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Integrative and Comparative Biology
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