Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3340236
Jeremy Pitt
April is the cruelest month, according to the modernist poet T. S. Eliot [1] , drawing attention to the difficulty of renewal after winter, and how hope can be more unbearable than despair. Within academia, and perhaps especially in science, technology, engineering maths, and medicine (STEMM) subjects, there is a “Red Queen” problem: the need to keep running just to stay still [2] . This produces a continual requirement not just to keep up, but to stay ahead; and staying ahead may necessitate the re-invention of the self, and revitalization of a research program, as the scientific and technological tectonic plates shift, realign, and indeed emerge. Against this backdrop, starting and sustaining a career in academia is not necessarily a straightforward undertaking. The aim of this article is to offer early-career (maybe even early midcareer) researchers some advice or heuristics derived from some [loses count] years in academic research which might help with this process. Finally, it puts this reinvention process in the broader context of the university’s “fifth wave” [3] , for you who would turn the wheel and look windward.
现代主义诗人艾略特（T. S. Eliot）说，四月是最残酷的月份[1]，这让人们注意到冬天过后万物复苏的艰难，以及希望如何比绝望更让人难以忍受。在学术界，尤其是在科学、技术、工程、数学和医学（STEMM）学科中，存在着一个 "红皇后 "问题：为了保持静止而需要不断奔跑[2]。随着科技板块的移动、调整和出现，保持领先可能需要重新发明自我，重振研究计划。在这种背景下，开始并维持学术生涯并不一定是一件简单的事情。本文旨在为职业生涯早期（甚至可能是职业生涯中期）的研究人员提供一些建议或启发式方法，这些建议或启发式方法来自于从事学术研究的数年时间，可能会对这一过程有所帮助。最后，本文将这一重塑过程置于大学 "第五次浪潮"[3] 的更广阔背景中，供希望转舵向风的您参考。
{"title":"The End of Exploring","authors":"Jeremy Pitt","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3340236","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3340236","url":null,"abstract":"April is the cruelest month, according to the modernist poet T. S. Eliot \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000, drawing attention to the difficulty of renewal after winter, and how hope can be more unbearable than despair. Within academia, and perhaps especially in science, technology, engineering maths, and medicine (STEMM) subjects, there is a “Red Queen” problem: the need to keep running just to stay still \u0000<xref>[2]</xref>\u0000. This produces a continual requirement not just to keep up, but to stay ahead; and staying ahead may necessitate the re-invention of the self, and revitalization of a research program, as the scientific and technological tectonic plates shift, realign, and indeed emerge. Against this backdrop, starting and sustaining a career in academia is not necessarily a straightforward undertaking. The aim of this article is to offer early-career (maybe even early midcareer) researchers some advice or heuristics derived from some [loses count] years in academic research which might help with this process. Finally, it puts this reinvention process in the broader context of the university’s “fifth wave” \u0000<xref>[3]</xref>\u0000, for you who would turn the wheel and look windward.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"7-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10410103","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3341463
Simon T. Powers;Olena Linnyk;Michael Guckert;Jennifer Hannig;Jeremy Pitt;Neil Urquhart;Aniko Ekárt;Nils Gumpfer;The Anh Han;Peter R. Lewis;Stephen Marsh;Tim Weber
Recent activity in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) has given rise to large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 and Bard. These are undoubtedly impressive achievements, but they raise serious questions about appropriation, accuracy, explainability, accessibility, responsibility, and more. There have been pusillanimous and self-exculpating calls for a halt in development by senior researchers in the field and largely self-serving comments by industry leaders around the potential of AI systems, good or bad. Many of these commentaries leverage misguided conceptions, in the popular imagination, of the competence of machine intelligence, based on some sort of Frankenstein or Terminator-like fiction: however, this leaves it entirely unclear what exactly the relationship between human(ity) and AI, as represented by LLMs or what comes after, is or could be.
{"title":"The Stuff We Swim in: Regulation Alone Will Not Lead to Justifiable Trust in AI","authors":"Simon T. Powers;Olena Linnyk;Michael Guckert;Jennifer Hannig;Jeremy Pitt;Neil Urquhart;Aniko Ekárt;Nils Gumpfer;The Anh Han;Peter R. Lewis;Stephen Marsh;Tim Weber","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3341463","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3341463","url":null,"abstract":"Recent activity in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) has given rise to large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 and Bard. These are undoubtedly impressive achievements, but they raise serious questions about appropriation, accuracy, explainability, accessibility, responsibility, and more. There have been pusillanimous and self-exculpating calls for a halt in development by senior researchers in the field and largely self-serving comments by industry leaders around the potential of AI systems, good or bad. Many of these commentaries leverage misguided conceptions, in the popular imagination, of the competence of machine intelligence, based on some sort of Frankenstein or Terminator-like fiction: however, this leaves it entirely unclear what exactly the relationship between human(ity) and AI, as represented by LLMs or what comes after, is or could be.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"95-106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3342851
John Impagliazzo
With all periodicals, the time comes to transition from one editor or editor-in-chief to another. IEEE Society on Social Implications of Technology (IEEE SSIT) and IEEE have a policy to appoint a publication editor for a period, usually three years, once renewable. This policy allows publications to acquire new or different ideas to serve their readers and the public. So, it is with IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, SSIT’s award-winning magazine. We are now at the crossroads of transition as we bid a fond farewell to Jeremy Pitt, the magazine’s esteemed editor-in-chief, and extend a warm welcome to Ketra Schmitt, who plans to lead the magazine into a new chapter of quality.
{"title":"Seamless Transitioning","authors":"John Impagliazzo","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3342851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3342851","url":null,"abstract":"With all periodicals, the time comes to transition from one editor or editor-in-chief to another. IEEE Society on Social Implications of Technology (IEEE SSIT) and IEEE have a policy to appoint a publication editor for a period, usually three years, once renewable. This policy allows publications to acquire new or different ideas to serve their readers and the public. So, it is with IEEE Technology and Society Magazine, SSIT’s award-winning magazine. We are now at the crossroads of transition as we bid a fond farewell to Jeremy Pitt, the magazine’s esteemed editor-in-chief, and extend a warm welcome to Ketra Schmitt, who plans to lead the magazine into a new chapter of quality.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"120-120"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10410147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3342852
Katina Michael
The provocative cover of Jeremy Weissman’s debut monograph captures well the new visibility we are all subject to. Reminiscent of the times we live in, is the idea of the “photoborg” [1] .
{"title":"The Crowdsourced Panopticon: Conformity and Control on Social Media—Jeremy Weissman (New York, NY, USA: Rowman & Littlefield, 2021)","authors":"Katina Michael","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3342852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3342852","url":null,"abstract":"The provocative cover of Jeremy Weissman’s debut monograph captures well the new visibility we are all subject to. Reminiscent of the times we live in, is the idea of the “photoborg” \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"27-31"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10410138","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3341464
Ciske Smit;Jeremy Pitt
The increasing digitalization of our social systems has led to the development of agentic computational artifacts. If socio-technical systems (STSs) fit for purpose in the digital society are to be designed and operationalized, the theory of polycentric governance (which traditionally considers the interdependency of interactions between the autonomous centers of decision-making within a social system) must be enriched to reflect this digitalization. In this article, we consider the extension of polycentricity to include “the digital” by viewing the concept through four “lenses” (interactional, governmental, architectural, and axiological), which are then synthesized to conclude with a research program for value-sensitive operationalization (VSO). This opens the potential to develop technologies and foster human relationships with these technologies that aim to optimize the human quality of experience.
{"title":"Digital Polycentricity and Value-Sensitive Operationalization","authors":"Ciske Smit;Jeremy Pitt","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3341464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3341464","url":null,"abstract":"The increasing digitalization of our social systems has led to the development of agentic computational artifacts. If socio-technical systems (STSs) fit for purpose in the digital society are to be designed and operationalized, the theory of polycentric governance (which traditionally considers the interdependency of interactions between the autonomous centers of decision-making within a social system) must be enriched to reflect this digitalization. In this article, we consider the extension of polycentricity to include “the digital” by viewing the concept through four “lenses” (interactional, governmental, architectural, and axiological), which are then synthesized to conclude with a research program for value-sensitive operationalization (VSO). This opens the potential to develop technologies and foster human relationships with these technologies that aim to optimize the human quality of experience.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"107-118"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504388","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3340245
Heather A. Love
I recently had the pleasure of speaking about my work on the literary and cultural history of cybernetics during a workshop on “Sustainable and Scalable Self-Organization” (SaSSO) at the 4th IEEE International Conference on Autonomic Computing and Self-Organizing Systems (ACSOS 2023), in Toronto, Ontario [1] . Although the venue might seem an odd fit for an English professor who studies experimental early 20th-century (i.e., “modernist”) authors like Virginia Woolf, Ezra Pound, and Gertrude Stein, this workshop, in fact, represented an ideal opportunity. My research focuses on literature’s relationship to emerging technological developments; more specifically, I explore how modernist writers were developing strategies, in their literary texts, to help readers acknowledge and learn how to navigate their increasingly information-saturated world. As I frame it, these modernists aim to cultivate in readers the capacity to “ think cybernetically ”—that is, to develop strategies for responding in creative and generative ways to the 20th century’s complex sociocultural (and socio-technical) environment [2, p. 5] . These ideas and questions happened to align beautifully with the SaSSO workshop theme, given its emphasis on issues related to sustainability and scalability and its systems-level perspective on understanding the complex networks that shape humans’ relationships with one another, the world, and technological tools. 1 I hope that they will also appeal to and resonate with readers of IEEE Technology and Society Magazine
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Until Recently, The citizen science approach to knowledge production had been confined to scientific research, applied to a limited range of questions on which scientists and citizens could collaborate and trust each other. More recently, this approach has gained increasing attention from various quarters outside the traditional remit of professionalized science, which include local governments, civil society organizations (CSOs), professional networks, and cooperatives. These entities recognize citizen science as a practical method that harnesses the collective resources of a community to address pressing local concerns and promote a robust participatory democracy. Emerging initiatives include citizen observatories, data cooperatives, and collaboration platforms. Despite the growing popularity, managing citizen science initiatives (involving numerous participants over an extended period of time) poses considerable challenges. Leaders of citizen science initiatives grapple with difficulties that appear formidable to overcome. At present, the democratic potential of citizen science necessitates further development and scrutiny from social and political actors. Critics frequently underscore a disparity between the democratic ideals associated with citizen science and its current practical implementation. This article outlines the primary benefits and challenges associated with the democratization of citizen science. It builds from the empirical research of the ISEED project 1 as well as the theoretical contribution of the Right to the Smart City project 2 and formulates 10 key recommendations to citizen science project leaders.
{"title":"Beyond Data: Recognizing the Democratic Potential of Citizen Science","authors":"Magdalena Roszczyńska-Kurasińska;Anna Domaradzka;Michael O’Grady;Baptiste Bedessem;Niccolò Tempini;Mateusz Trochymiak;Nina Wróblewska","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3344904","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3344904","url":null,"abstract":"Until Recently, The citizen science approach to knowledge production had been confined to scientific research, applied to a limited range of questions on which scientists and citizens could collaborate and trust each other. More recently, this approach has gained increasing attention from various quarters outside the traditional remit of professionalized science, which include local governments, civil society organizations (CSOs), professional networks, and cooperatives. These entities recognize citizen science as a practical method that harnesses the collective resources of a community to address pressing local concerns and promote a robust participatory democracy. Emerging initiatives include citizen observatories, data cooperatives, and collaboration platforms. Despite the growing popularity, managing citizen science initiatives (involving numerous participants over an extended period of time) poses considerable challenges. Leaders of citizen science initiatives grapple with difficulties that appear formidable to overcome. At present, the democratic potential of citizen science necessitates further development and scrutiny from social and political actors. Critics frequently underscore a disparity between the democratic ideals associated with citizen science and its current practical implementation. This article outlines the primary benefits and challenges associated with the democratization of citizen science. It builds from the empirical research of the ISEED project\u0000<xref>1</xref>\u0000 as well as the theoretical contribution of the Right to the Smart City project\u0000<xref>2</xref>\u0000 and formulates 10 key recommendations to citizen science project leaders.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"47-56"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3344901
{"title":"IEEE WIE","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3344901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3344901","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10410135","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3342859
Charles Robinson
It is 1864. Union and Confederate soldiers, often less than 300 yards apart, are tapping the copper telegraph lines of their opposition. Soon, disinformation campaigns and coded keying were developed. So begins the history of wiretapping in The Listeners, by Bruce Hochman, professor of English and director of American studies at Georgetown University. His 282 pages of text and 56 pages of scholarly notes brings us into the early 1990s when the explosion of fiber optics, spy satellites, pen registers that recorded all numbers dialed from a given phone, and internet data mining all supplemented, but never replaced, the “Wire Tap.” The breadth and intensity of the conflict over wiretapping is documented in this volume through detailed examinations of major Supreme Court decisions, which now are resulting in the near completion of the U.S. Surveillance State.
{"title":"The Listeners: A History of Wiretapping in the United States—Bruce Hochman (Cambridge, MA, USA: Harvard Univ. Press, 2022, 366 pp.)","authors":"Charles Robinson","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3342859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3342859","url":null,"abstract":"It is 1864. Union and Confederate soldiers, often less than 300 yards apart, are tapping the copper telegraph lines of their opposition. Soon, disinformation campaigns and coded keying were developed. So begins the history of wiretapping in The Listeners, by Bruce Hochman, professor of English and director of American studies at Georgetown University. His 282 pages of text and 56 pages of scholarly notes brings us into the early 1990s when the explosion of fiber optics, spy satellites, pen registers that recorded all numbers dialed from a given phone, and internet data mining all supplemented, but never replaced, the “Wire Tap.” The breadth and intensity of the conflict over wiretapping is documented in this volume through detailed examinations of major Supreme Court decisions, which now are resulting in the near completion of the U.S. Surveillance State.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"24-26"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10410136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3340238
Zahra Atf;Peter R. Lewis
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is now applied in various contexts, from casual uses like entertainment and smart homes to critical decisions such as determining medical priorities, drug recommendations, humanitarian aid planning, satellite schedules, privacy, and detecting malicious software. There has been significant research into the societal impacts of algorithmic decision-making. For instance, studies on consumer preferences in user-centered explainable AI (XAI) found that AI is becoming an integral part of our daily experiences, with its influence expected to surge [1] . Researchers have also shed light on racial prejudices in algorithm-based bail decisions, probed the possibility of biases in AI-driven recruitment systems, and detected gender bias in online ads [2] .
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