Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2024.3367379
David N. Lucsko
When I Was growing up, my best friend’s father lost his job in the great collapse of Eastern Airlines. I was just a kid, so I did not really understand the ins and outs at the time, but what I now know is that his was a very good job, a union job on the ground crew that paid a genuine middle-class wage. It was the sort of job that was getting harder and harder to come by in late 20th-century America, and in the end, he was not able to find another like it. So, instead, he enrolled in a driving school, earned his commercial driver’s license, and went to work for a long-haul trucking company. At first, he was away from home for long stretches but whenever he returned, he would regale us with tales of his many adventures on the road. After several years, he started to drive more local routes, and after a few more, he financed his own rig and became an owner-operator specializing in shorter hauls. For him, trucking was a smart choice, a way to earn a middle-class wage comparable to what he once made at Eastern. Indeed, the success he found in long- and short-haul trucking seemed to validate all of the rosy promises the industry made (and continues to make) in its recruitment materials. Surely, you have seen them, plastered on the back of 18-wheelers everywhere: “50 cents a mile! No experience needed! Guaranteed home time! Excellent lease-to-own terms available! Call now!”
{"title":"Data Driven: Truckers, Technology, and the New Workplace Surveillance—Karen Levy (Princeton, NJ, USA: Princeton Univ. Press, 2023, 231 pp.)","authors":"David N. Lucsko","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3367379","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3367379","url":null,"abstract":"When I Was growing up, my best friend’s father lost his job in the great collapse of Eastern Airlines. I was just a kid, so I did not really understand the ins and outs at the time, but what I now know is that his was a very good job, a union job on the ground crew that paid a genuine middle-class wage. It was the sort of job that was getting harder and harder to come by in late 20th-century America, and in the end, he was not able to find another like it. So, instead, he enrolled in a driving school, earned his commercial driver’s license, and went to work for a long-haul trucking company. At first, he was away from home for long stretches but whenever he returned, he would regale us with tales of his many adventures on the road. After several years, he started to drive more local routes, and after a few more, he financed his own rig and became an owner-operator specializing in shorter hauls. For him, trucking was a smart choice, a way to earn a middle-class wage comparable to what he once made at Eastern. Indeed, the success he found in long- and short-haul trucking seemed to validate all of the rosy promises the industry made (and continues to make) in its recruitment materials. Surely, you have seen them, plastered on the back of 18-wheelers everywhere: “50 cents a mile! No experience needed! Guaranteed home time! Excellent lease-to-own terms available! Call now!”","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"43 2","pages":"23-25"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10568230","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141444726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2024.3410449
{"title":"Understanding the Role of Technology in Society","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3410449","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3410449","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"43 2","pages":"C4-C4"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10568168","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141439381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2024.3402708
Ketra Schmitt
Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a disruptive force. While artifical intelligence (AI)-generated responses can include text, images, code, and other materials, here, we largely focus on the challenges posed by text generation in educational settings and the workplace.
{"title":"When Not to Use AI","authors":"Ketra Schmitt","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3402708","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3402708","url":null,"abstract":"<fig> <graphic> </fig>\u0000Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a disruptive force. While artifical intelligence (AI)-generated responses can include text, images, code, and other materials, here, we largely focus on the challenges posed by text generation in educational settings and the workplace.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"43 2","pages":"7-15"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10568165","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141444713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2024.3410193
{"title":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3410193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3410193","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"43 2","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10568163","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141444727","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-21DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2024.3410512
{"title":"IEEE Foundation","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3410512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3410512","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"43 2","pages":"58-58"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-06-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10568228","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141444729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-30DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3276188
Jean-Pierre Gauci;Noemi Magugliani
This article focuses on COVID-19 as a determinant of antitrafficking efforts. While the impacts of COVID-19 on trafficking itself (including the increased awareness of new forms of exploitation and heightened vulnerabilities to trafficking) have been relatively well documented [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] , [6] , the impacts of the health emergency on governments’ antitrafficking efforts have received less attention. This article seeks to address this gap in the literature, building on the findings of the “Determinants of Anti-Trafficking Efforts” research project [7] funded by the U.S. Department of State Office for Combatting Human Trafficking and implemented by the authors at the British Institute of International and Comparative Law.
{"title":"COVID-19 and Other Emergencies as Determinants of Antitrafficking Efforts","authors":"Jean-Pierre Gauci;Noemi Magugliani","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3276188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3276188","url":null,"abstract":"This article focuses on COVID-19 as a determinant of antitrafficking efforts. While the impacts of COVID-19 on trafficking itself (including the increased awareness of new forms of exploitation and heightened vulnerabilities to trafficking) have been relatively well documented \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[2]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[3]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[4]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[5]</xref>\u0000, \u0000<xref>[6]</xref>\u0000, the impacts of the health emergency on governments’ antitrafficking efforts have received less attention. This article seeks to address this gap in the literature, building on the findings of the “Determinants of Anti-Trafficking Efforts” research project \u0000<xref>[7]</xref>\u0000 funded by the U.S. Department of State Office for Combatting Human Trafficking and implemented by the authors at the British Institute of International and Comparative Law.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"43 2","pages":"92-96"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10510575","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141444715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-24DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2024.3400033
Cameron Shelley
Karel Čapek’s play R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots) was a big hit when it was first performed in the 1920s. Written in Czech, it was soon translated into English and other languages and performed throughout Europe and the Anglo-American world [1] . It was quickly adapted for radio and television as well [2] . Through this success, it had a significant influence on technologists, writers, and general audiences [3] .
{"title":"Rossum’s Universal Robots: A Technology Studies Perspective","authors":"Cameron Shelley","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3400033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3400033","url":null,"abstract":"Karel Čapek’s play R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots) was a big hit when it was first performed in the 1920s. Written in Czech, it was soon translated into English and other languages and performed throughout Europe and the Anglo-American world \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000. It was quickly adapted for radio and television as well \u0000<xref>[2]</xref>\u0000. Through this success, it had a significant influence on technologists, writers, and general audiences \u0000<xref>[3]</xref>\u0000.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"43 2","pages":"78-87"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141444731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-16DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2024.3392280
Malak Sadek;Rafael A. Calvo;Céline Mougenot
This article discusses the need for artificial intelligence (AI) practitioners to shift their focus from a purely technical mindset toward a more human-centered approach. Technical experts are trained to consider the technical aspects of their work, which can cause them to overlook important socio–technical considerations and implications, resulting in a socio–technical gap in AI-based systems [4] . Unhelpful practitioner cultures can lead to them “rejecting practices or downplaying the importance of values or the possible threats of ignoring them” [1] . While efforts are being made to create ethical and more human-centered AI systems, there is a need for corresponding changes in the attitudes and perceptions of AI practitioners. Practitioners need to move away from a sole focus on compliance with responsible AI guidelines and regulations toward active reflection and empathy based on a true understanding of the profound effects their decisions can have on different stakeholders. However, one problematic barrier to beginning work on interventions that target practitioners’ mindsets and attitudes is the lack of a standardized method for evaluating or measuring the effectiveness of design interventions on their attitudes and perceptions. This article suggests the need for clearer metrics within the human–computer interaction (HCI) community for looking at practitioners’ attitudes toward socio–technical factors in AI design.
{"title":"Closing the Socio–Technical Gap in AI: The Need for Measuring Practitioners’ Attitudes and Perceptions","authors":"Malak Sadek;Rafael A. Calvo;Céline Mougenot","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3392280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3392280","url":null,"abstract":"This article discusses the need for artificial intelligence (AI) practitioners to shift their focus from a purely technical mindset toward a more human-centered approach. Technical experts are trained to consider the technical aspects of their work, which can cause them to overlook important socio–technical considerations and implications, resulting in a socio–technical gap in AI-based systems \u0000<xref>[4]</xref>\u0000. Unhelpful practitioner cultures can lead to them “rejecting practices or downplaying the importance of values or the possible threats of ignoring them” \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000. While efforts are being made to create ethical and more human-centered AI systems, there is a need for corresponding changes in the attitudes and perceptions of AI practitioners. Practitioners need to move away from a sole focus on compliance with responsible AI guidelines and regulations toward active reflection and empathy based on a true understanding of the profound effects their decisions can have on different stakeholders. However, one problematic barrier to beginning work on interventions that target practitioners’ mindsets and attitudes is the lack of a standardized method for evaluating or measuring the effectiveness of design interventions on their attitudes and perceptions. This article suggests the need for clearer metrics within the human–computer interaction (HCI) community for looking at practitioners’ attitudes toward socio–technical factors in AI design.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"43 2","pages":"88-91"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141444702","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2024.3395697
Tawfiq M. Aljohani
In Today’s Digitized world, it is strategically imperative to secure energy grids against cyberattacks, as critical infrastructures have increasingly become targets in modern warfare. As part I of this work highlighted, cyberattacks serve not just as tools of disruption but as sophisticated instruments of geopolitical strategy. To complement the discussion in [1] , this work addresses the existing gaps in cybersecurity measures that protect energy infrastructure systems, discussing the importance of implementing rigorous preventive measures and exploring the role of standardization in enhancing the resilience of energy infrastructures.
{"title":"Cyberattacks on Energy Infrastructures as Modern War Weapons-Part II: Gaps, Standardization, and Mitigation","authors":"Tawfiq M. Aljohani","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3395697","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3395697","url":null,"abstract":"In Today’s Digitized world, it is strategically imperative to secure energy grids against cyberattacks, as critical infrastructures have increasingly become targets in modern warfare. As part I of this work highlighted, cyberattacks serve not just as tools of disruption but as sophisticated instruments of geopolitical strategy. To complement the discussion in \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000, this work addresses the existing gaps in cybersecurity measures that protect energy infrastructure systems, discussing the importance of implementing rigorous preventive measures and exploring the role of standardization in enhancing the resilience of energy infrastructures.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"43 2","pages":"70-77"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141444716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-15DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2024.3395688
Tawfiq M. Aljohani
For Years, Experts have expressed growing concerns that critical infrastructures are vulnerable to cyberattacks. Remotely transmitted malware and viruses can compromise interconnected power systems, airports, hospitals, military systems, and any Internet-connected computers used to manage critical functions. As the world becomes more digitalized, integrating new communication technologies offers unlimited possibilities for the accumulation of information, creating a fundamental dependence on proper functioning in all areas of society. As such reliance could offer great opportunities for a smart and efficient world, it also poses significant threats to the operation of critical infrastructures and vital facilities. Specifically, safety issues from illegal acts that violate the integrity, availability, and confidentiality of information in cyberspace are expected to be the central theme in the digitalized world. Exploitation of cyberspace to advance political, social, and military agendas is of particular concern.
{"title":"Cyberattacks on Energy Infrastructures as Modern War Weapons—Part I: Analysis and Motives","authors":"Tawfiq M. Aljohani","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3395688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3395688","url":null,"abstract":"For Years, Experts have expressed growing concerns that critical infrastructures are vulnerable to cyberattacks. Remotely transmitted malware and viruses can compromise interconnected power systems, airports, hospitals, military systems, and any Internet-connected computers used to manage critical functions. As the world becomes more digitalized, integrating new communication technologies offers unlimited possibilities for the accumulation of information, creating a fundamental dependence on proper functioning in all areas of society. As such reliance could offer great opportunities for a smart and efficient world, it also poses significant threats to the operation of critical infrastructures and vital facilities. Specifically, safety issues from illegal acts that violate the integrity, availability, and confidentiality of information in cyberspace are expected to be the central theme in the digitalized world. Exploitation of cyberspace to advance political, social, and military agendas is of particular concern.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"43 2","pages":"59-69"},"PeriodicalIF":2.1,"publicationDate":"2024-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141444705","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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