Pub Date : 2024-03-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2024.3365591
Apurva Kulkarni;Chandrashekar Ramanathan;Vinu E. Venugopal
Achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) necessitates the adoption of sustainable policies, which entails a crucial task of policy formulation. Policymakers must consider multiple factors, such as the present development status, which can be assessed using diverse data points, as well as the policy’s impact and an action plan outlining its implementation [1] . These data points typically originate from various sources, primarily governmental bodies encompassing statistics, budgets, legislation, public services, and geospatial data (maps, satellite imagery), along with domain users comprising individuals, organizations, and governments [2] . The SDGs are intricately crafted, taking into account a multitude of factors and pinpointing key indicators that influence these factors. These factors typically span across diverse data points sourced from various sectors. For instance, in assessing the student dropout rate, it is imperative to consider factors such as the availability of transportation facilities, basic hygiene amenities, access to drinking water, and the effectiveness of government-organized schemes in utilization and impact. Employing an open data framework coupled with advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models has the potential to facilitate in-depth exploration and analysis, providing valuable insights into the complex interplay of these factors and contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of SDG-related challenges and opportunities.
{"title":"Toward Sustainable Data Practices: Integrating Open Data With SDG-Based Data Lake Frameworks","authors":"Apurva Kulkarni;Chandrashekar Ramanathan;Vinu E. Venugopal","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3365591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3365591","url":null,"abstract":"Achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs) necessitates the adoption of sustainable policies, which entails a crucial task of policy formulation. Policymakers must consider multiple factors, such as the present development status, which can be assessed using diverse data points, as well as the policy’s impact and an action plan outlining its implementation \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000. These data points typically originate from various sources, primarily governmental bodies encompassing statistics, budgets, legislation, public services, and geospatial data (maps, satellite imagery), along with domain users comprising individuals, organizations, and governments \u0000<xref>[2]</xref>\u0000. The SDGs are intricately crafted, taking into account a multitude of factors and pinpointing key indicators that influence these factors. These factors typically span across diverse data points sourced from various sectors. For instance, in assessing the student dropout rate, it is imperative to consider factors such as the availability of transportation facilities, basic hygiene amenities, access to drinking water, and the effectiveness of government-organized schemes in utilization and impact. Employing an open data framework coupled with advanced artificial intelligence (AI) models has the potential to facilitate in-depth exploration and analysis, providing valuable insights into the complex interplay of these factors and contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of SDG-related challenges and opportunities.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"43 1","pages":"62-69"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2024-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140546508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3341465
Mackenzie Jorgensen;Madeleine Waller;Oana Cocarascu;Natalia Criado;Odinaldo Rodrigues;Jose Such;Elizabeth Black
Algorithmic Decision-Making Systems (ADMS) 1 fairness issues have been well highlighted over the past decade [1] , including some facial recognition systems struggling to identify people of color [2] . In 2021, Uber drivers filed a claim with the U.K. ’s employment tribunal for unfair dismissal resulting from automated facial recognition technology by Microsoft [3] . Bias mitigation methods have been developed to reduce discrimination from ADMS. These typically operationalize fairness notions as fairness metrics to minimize discrimination [4] . We refer to ADMS to which bias mitigation methods have been applied as “mitigated ADMS” or, in the singular, a “mitigated system.”
{"title":"Investigating the Legality of Bias Mitigation Methods in the United Kingdom","authors":"Mackenzie Jorgensen;Madeleine Waller;Oana Cocarascu;Natalia Criado;Odinaldo Rodrigues;Jose Such;Elizabeth Black","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3341465","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3341465","url":null,"abstract":"Algorithmic Decision-Making Systems (ADMS) \u0000<xref>1</xref>\u0000 fairness issues have been well highlighted over the past decade \u0000<xref>[1]</xref>\u0000, including some facial recognition systems struggling to identify people of color \u0000<xref>[2]</xref>\u0000. In 2021, Uber drivers filed a claim with the U.K. ’s employment tribunal for unfair dismissal resulting from automated facial recognition technology by Microsoft \u0000<xref>[3]</xref>\u0000. \u0000<italic>Bias mitigation methods</i>\u0000 have been developed to reduce discrimination from ADMS. These typically operationalize fairness notions as \u0000<italic>fairness metrics</i>\u0000 to minimize discrimination \u0000<xref>[4]</xref>\u0000. We refer to ADMS to which bias mitigation methods have been applied as “mitigated ADMS” or, in the singular, a “mitigated system.”","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"87-94"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3340229
Luis Kun
From the time I imigrated to the United States, I have always been very surprised by the constant use of acronyms in schools, industries, and government. In November 1978, I started my first full-time job with International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) after finishing my doctorate at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). I was to be part of a national team that tried to understand and define the computer requirements of faculty, particularly researchers at Caltech, University of Southern California (USC), and UCLA, on how they would use computers. Because of my biomedical engineering (BME) background, I was assigned to the healthcare/hospital marketing team. During my first week, I overheard a team member say: “Just came back from the LA County-USC Medical Center and there is a problem in the CCU. ”
{"title":"Words, Acronyms, Languages, and Perceptions: The Human Mind, Life, and Semantics Interoperability","authors":"Luis Kun","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3340229","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3340229","url":null,"abstract":"From the time I imigrated to the United States, I have always been very surprised by the constant use of acronyms in schools, industries, and government. In November 1978, I started my first full-time job with International Business Machines Corporation (IBM) after finishing my doctorate at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). I was to be part of a national team that tried to understand and define the computer requirements of faculty, particularly researchers at Caltech, University of Southern California (USC), and UCLA, on how they would use computers. Because of my biomedical engineering (BME) background, I was assigned to the healthcare/hospital marketing team. During my first week, I overheard a team member say: “Just came back from the LA County-USC Medical Center and there is a problem in the CCU. ”","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"4-6"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10410105","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3340232
Ştefan Sarkadi
Deceptive artificial intelligence (AI) is a heavily loaded term. Its semantic load has become exponentially heavier in a very short period of time. Perhaps, most of this semantic load, at least in the recent public sphere, has been placed on it because of the deployment of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT. Deceptive AI is very multifaceted. Different AI approaches give rise to different types of AI technologies, or, in some cases, autonomous agents. Some of these technologies already exist in practice, others exist in theory, some are transitioning between theory to implementation, and, finally, some are still only fictions of our shared imagination [62] .
{"title":"Deceptive AI and Society","authors":"Ştefan Sarkadi","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3340232","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3340232","url":null,"abstract":"Deceptive artificial intelligence (AI) is a heavily loaded term. Its semantic load has become exponentially heavier in a very short period of time. Perhaps, most of this semantic load, at least in the recent public sphere, has been placed on it because of the deployment of large language models (LLMs), such as ChatGPT. Deceptive AI is very multifaceted. Different AI approaches give rise to different types of AI technologies, or, in some cases, autonomous agents. Some of these technologies already exist in practice, others exist in theory, some are transitioning between theory to implementation, and, finally, some are still only fictions of our shared imagination \u0000<xref>[62]</xref>\u0000.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"77-86"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3340235
Arezo Bodaghi;Benjamin C. M. Fung;Ketra A. Schmitt
Social media platforms present a perplexing duality, acting at once as sites to build community and a sense of belonging, while also giving rise to misinformation, facilitating and intensifying disinformation campaigns and perpetuating existing patterns of discrimination from the physical world. The first-step platforms take in mitigating the harmful side of social media involves identifying and managing toxic content. Users produce an enormous volume of posts which must be evaluated very quickly. This is an application context that requires machine-learning (ML) tools, but as we detail in this article, ML approaches rely on human annotators, analysts, and moderators. Our review of existing methods and potential improvements indicates that neither humans nor ML can be removed from this process in the near future. However, we see room for improvement in the working conditions of these human workers.
社交媒体平台具有令人困惑的两面性，它既是建立社区和归属感的场所，同时也会产生错误信息，助长和强化虚假宣传活动，并使现实世界中现有的歧视模式永久化。平台在减少社交媒体有害一面方面采取的第一步是识别和管理有毒内容。用户发布了大量帖子，必须对其进行快速评估。这是一个需要机器学习（ML）工具的应用环境，但正如我们在本文中详细介绍的那样，ML 方法依赖于人类注释者、分析师和版主。我们对现有方法和潜在改进的回顾表明，在不久的将来，人类和 ML 都无法脱离这一过程。不过，我们认为这些人类工作者的工作条件还有待改善。
{"title":"Technological Solutions to Online Toxicity: Potential and Pitfalls","authors":"Arezo Bodaghi;Benjamin C. M. Fung;Ketra A. Schmitt","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3340235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3340235","url":null,"abstract":"Social media platforms present a perplexing duality, acting at once as sites to build community and a sense of belonging, while also giving rise to misinformation, facilitating and intensifying disinformation campaigns and perpetuating existing patterns of discrimination from the physical world. The first-step platforms take in mitigating the harmful side of social media involves identifying and managing toxic content. Users produce an enormous volume of posts which must be evaluated very quickly. This is an application context that requires machine-learning (ML) tools, but as we detail in this article, ML approaches rely on human annotators, analysts, and moderators. Our review of existing methods and potential improvements indicates that neither humans nor ML can be removed from this process in the near future. However, we see room for improvement in the working conditions of these human workers.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"57-65"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3329898
A. David Wunsch
For over 40 years, starting in 1954, Popular Electronics Magazine was the major American publication for electrical hobbyists. The last years of the magazine saw it renamed Computers and Electronics. This is an unremarkable history but, as explained by Peter Bebergal about 3/4th of the way through his fascinating book Strange Frequencies, there is an issue from October 1995 that proposes experiments that deviate from the magazine’s usual gadgetry. The magazine is easily read at this website https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Poptronics/90s/95/PE-1995-10.pdf . The cover features a middle-aged man hunched over a reel-to-reel tape recorder. Behind him, he is haunted by a trio of faded ghost-like figures. The cover story is captioned, “Ghost voices: Are the dead trying to contact us through electronic means? Try these experiments and see for yourself” The article begins with a discussion of two electronic voice phenomena (EVP) experimenters of the 1950s: Frederich Jurgenson and Konstantin Raudive who claimed that with electronics they have communicated with the dead and that they have recordings of those voices preserved on tape. During his lifetime, Raudive asserted that he captured about 70,000 such communications.
{"title":"Strange Frequencies: The Extraordinary Story of the Technological Quest for the Supernatural—Peter Bebergal (New York, NY, USA: Penguin Random House, 2022, 256 pp.)","authors":"A. David Wunsch","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3329898","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3329898","url":null,"abstract":"For over 40 years, starting in 1954, Popular Electronics Magazine was the major American publication for electrical hobbyists. The last years of the magazine saw it renamed Computers and Electronics. This is an unremarkable history but, as explained by Peter Bebergal about 3/4th of the way through his fascinating book Strange Frequencies, there is an issue from October 1995 that proposes experiments that deviate from the magazine’s usual gadgetry. The magazine is easily read at this website \u0000<uri>https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-Poptronics/90s/95/PE-1995-10.pdf</uri>\u0000. The cover features a middle-aged man hunched over a reel-to-reel tape recorder. Behind him, he is haunted by a trio of faded ghost-like figures. The cover story is captioned, “Ghost voices: Are the dead trying to contact us through electronic means? Try these experiments and see for yourself” The article begins with a discussion of two electronic voice phenomena (EVP) experimenters of the 1950s: Frederich Jurgenson and Konstantin Raudive who claimed that with electronics they have communicated with the dead and that they have recordings of those voices preserved on tape. During his lifetime, Raudive asserted that he captured about 70,000 such communications.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"21-23"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10410102","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2024.3357915
{"title":"2023 Index IEEE Technology and Society Magazine Vol. 42","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3357915","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3357915","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"1-12"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10414256","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139572636","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3342832
Craig Armiento
As young technologists, we often start our careers searching for mentors or role models who can guide us as we navigate our career choices. As mentees, we often do not have insights into our mentors’ background and history—and thus may not appreciate the source of the wisdom they impart. The importance of mentorship is just one of many lessons learned from the life and career of Mildred “Millie” Dresselhaus described in Carbon Queen by Mia Weinstock. The book is a very readable account of an amazing individual whose life and career can be an inspiration to many aspiring scientists and engineers—particularly women. The book mixes the human side of Millie’s story and manages to weave in a few understandable technical principles that help the reader understand her contributions to the scientific community.
{"title":"Carbon Queen: The Remarkable Life of Nanoscience Pioneer Mildred Dresselhaus—Mia Weinstock (Cambridge, MA, USA: MIT Press, 2023, 320 pp.)","authors":"Craig Armiento","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3342832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3342832","url":null,"abstract":"As young technologists, we often start our careers searching for mentors or role models who can guide us as we navigate our career choices. As mentees, we often do not have insights into our mentors’ background and history—and thus may not appreciate the source of the wisdom they impart. The importance of mentorship is just one of many lessons learned from the life and career of Mildred “Millie” Dresselhaus described in Carbon Queen by Mia Weinstock. The book is a very readable account of an amazing individual whose life and career can be an inspiration to many aspiring scientists and engineers—particularly women. The book mixes the human side of Millie’s story and manages to weave in a few understandable technical principles that help the reader understand her contributions to the scientific community.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"32-34"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10410104","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2023.3344897
{"title":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine Publication Information","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2023.3344897","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2023.3344897","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"1-1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10410140","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504377","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-01DOI: 10.1109/MTS.2024.3350768
Jeremy Pitt;Kate Highnam
The Athena Swan Charter is a globally applied framework for fostering and maintaining gender equality within higher education (HE) and research. The original aims of the charter (2005–2015) were to acknowledge commitments to, encourage initiatives for, and recognize achievements in advancing women’s careers in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) subjects. The charter has evolved and in 2015, Athena Swan was extended to recognize commitment to gender equality across all disciplines, professional and support staff, as well as intersections of gender and race, and trans inclusion. In 2021, following an independent review, the transformed Charter was launched including a commitment to transform gender equality for all gender identities, academic disciplines, and in professional, technical and operational (PTO) directorates. Consequently, criteria for the award of a Charter Mark include recognition of and plans for addressing priority issues, progress toward and success in achieving and transforming gender equality, and, at the highest level of award, contributions to best practice and supporting others.
{"title":"Gender Equality in Engineering: An Institutional Reflection","authors":"Jeremy Pitt;Kate Highnam","doi":"10.1109/MTS.2024.3350768","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/MTS.2024.3350768","url":null,"abstract":"The Athena Swan Charter is a globally applied framework for fostering and maintaining gender equality within higher education (HE) and research. The original aims of the charter (2005–2015) were to acknowledge commitments to, encourage initiatives for, and recognize achievements in advancing women’s careers in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) subjects. The charter has evolved and in 2015, Athena Swan was extended to recognize commitment to gender equality across all disciplines, professional and support staff, as well as intersections of gender and race, and trans inclusion. In 2021, following an independent review, the transformed Charter was launched including a commitment to transform gender equality for all gender identities, academic disciplines, and in professional, technical and operational (PTO) directorates. Consequently, criteria for the award of a Charter Mark include recognition of and plans for addressing priority issues, progress toward and success in achieving and transforming gender equality, and, at the highest level of award, contributions to best practice and supporting others.","PeriodicalId":55016,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Technology and Society Magazine","volume":"42 4","pages":"42-46"},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10410143","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139504451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：