Human Movement Science最新文献_第5页

Bases for the selection of alternate foot placement during straight- and turning-gait 在直步和转步中选择交替脚位的基础

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103402

Nicholas Kreter , Peter C. Fino

Humans typically plan foot placement strategy multiple steps in advance when walking across complex terrain. Planning steps in advance is beneficial for both upright stability and forward progress, but one drawback is that new obstacles can make planned foot placement location unsafe between planning and execution, necessitating a rapid shift to foot placement that impacts both stability and progress. This study investigates the selection of alternate foot placement during both straight- and turning-gait. Thirteen healthy young adults walked along a virtually projected walkway with precision footholds oriented in either a straight line or with a single 60°, 90°, or 120° step or spin turn to the right. Step turns are turns where the rotation of the body occurs while the outside limb is in contact with the ground, whereas spin turns pivot over the inside limb. On a subset of trials, participants were required to rapidly avoid stepping on select footholds. Hierarchical bootstrapping analyses revealed stereotyped alternate foot placement strategies across turn angles that differed between step turns and spin turns. Specifically, alternate foot placement for step turns aligned with the person's approach trajectory when they identified a new obstacle, regardless of turn angle; whereas alternate foot placement for disrupted spin turns aligned with the person's future turn trajectory. We conclude that when humans are forced to rapidly alter previously developed motor plans for foot placement, they utilize a rapid stereotyped behavior that changes based on the demand of the turn.

在复杂的地形上行走时，人类通常会提前多步规划脚的放置策略。提前计划步骤对直立稳定性和向前进步都是有益的，但一个缺点是新的障碍会使计划好的脚放置位置在计划和执行之间变得不安全，需要快速转移到脚放置位置，从而影响稳定性和进步。本研究探讨了直立和转身步态中交替足部放置的选择。13名健康的年轻人沿着一条虚拟投影的人行道行走，这些人行道的精确立足点可以是一条直线，也可以是一个60°、90°或120°的单步或向右旋转。步转是指身体在外侧肢体接触地面时的旋转，而自旋是指身体在内侧肢体上的旋转。在一部分试验中，参与者被要求迅速避免踩在选定的立足点上。分层自举分析揭示了跨步转和自旋转不同转角的刻板交替足部放置策略。具体来说，当他们识别到一个新的障碍物时，无论转弯角度如何，交替的脚位置都与人的接近轨迹保持一致；然而，交替的脚位置打乱旋转转身与人的未来转弯轨迹对齐。我们的结论是，当人类被迫快速改变先前发展的足部运动计划时，他们利用快速的刻板行为，根据转弯的需要改变。

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引用次数: 0

Transfer of motor learning in a motion-controlled video game is better facilitated using rotations of the torso rather than movements of the center of pressure as a controller 在动作控制的视频游戏中，使用躯干的旋转而不是作为控制器的压力中心的运动，更容易促进运动学习的转移

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103400

Vasileios Mylonas , Paris Mavromoustakos Blom , Vassilios Panoutsakopoulos , Nick Stergiou , Thomas Nikodelis

Despite growing interest in motion-controlled video games for rehabilitation, the mechanisms that facilitate transfer of motor learning in such situations remain poorly understood. This study examined the transfer of motor learning in a video game task controlled either via center of pressure (CoP) displacement or through torso rotations. For this purpose, during the game, participants controlled an aircraft in vertical and horizontal axes and had to fly through 100 ring-shaped targets. Twenty-one participants were randomly divided into two experimental groups. The first group (CoP-Tor) played first the game controlling the aircraft with CoP displacements and then the one with torso rotations. The second group (Tor-CoP) played the games in reverse order. Spatial errors were calculated between the player's position and the targets to quantify game performance. Sample entropy of the CoP displacement was calculated to quantify repeatability in postural sway variability. Our results showed that spatial errors were significantly lower in the CoP-controlled game for the Tor-CoP group compared to the CoP-Tor group. The Tor-CoP group also exhibited lower repeatability values in the CoP-controlled game compared to the CoP-Tor group. Our results suggested a directional transfer of motor learning from the Tor-controlled game to the CoP-controlled game, because performance improved in the CoP-controlled game when it was played after a Tor-controlled game. The entropy results suggested that the improved CoP-controlled game performance was also followed by a more repeatable pattern of movement variability. Overall, our findings suggest that torso-related training can improve CoP control possibly by increasing the repeatability of movement variability.

尽管人们对运动控制的视频游戏在康复治疗中的作用越来越感兴趣，但在这种情况下促进运动学习转移的机制仍然知之甚少。本研究考察了通过压力中心（CoP）位移或躯干旋转控制的视频游戏任务中运动学习的转移。为此，在游戏中，参与者在垂直和水平方向上控制一架飞机，并必须飞过100个环形目标。21名参与者被随机分为两个实验组。第一组（CoP- tor）首先玩的游戏是控制飞机的CoP位移，然后是躯干旋转。第二组（Tor-CoP）按相反的顺序玩游戏。通过计算玩家位置和目标之间的空间误差来量化游戏表现。计算CoP位移的样本熵以量化姿势摇摆可变性的重复性。我们的研究结果表明，Tor-CoP组在cop控制游戏中的空间错误明显低于CoP-Tor组。与CoP-Tor组相比，Tor-CoP组在cop控制的游戏中也表现出较低的重复性值。我们的研究结果表明，运动学习从tor控制的游戏向cop控制的游戏有方向性转移，因为在tor控制的游戏之后，cop控制的游戏的表现有所改善。熵值结果表明，改进的cop控制的游戏表现也伴随着更可重复的移动可变性模式。总的来说，我们的研究结果表明，躯干相关的训练可能通过增加运动可变性的可重复性来改善CoP控制。

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引用次数: 0

Learning the front crawl by observation: Comparing self- and other-models 通过观察学习前爬：自我模型和他人模型的比较

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103398

Carola Minkels , John van der Kamp , Peter J. Beek

Background

Observational learning is widely used in skill learning, with self-modeling (i.e., viewing oneself perform at a higher level than currently possessed) emerging as a promising method with potential direct effects through attention/information processes, as well as indirect motivational benefits. However, prior research has yielded mixed results regarding its effectiveness in children learning motor skills and whether its effects are direct, indirect, or both.

Objective

This study compared the effects of self-modeling, self-observation (i.e., viewing oneself perform at the current level), peer-modeling (i.e., viewing a peer perform at a higher level than the learner), and a control group on front crawl learning and motivation in children aged 5–9 years. The aim of this comparison was to disentangle the direct attentional/informational effects from the indirect motivational effects of self-modeling and observational learning on learning outcomes.

Methods

Sixty-seven children participated in an eight-week intervention, randomly assigned to one of the four groups. Before practicing the front crawl, participants watched instruction videos featuring either themselves at the same skill level (i.e., self-observation), themselves at a higher skill level (i.e., self-modeling), a peer (i.e., peer-modeling), or a control video of Shrek (control).

Results

All three observational learning interventions led to significantly greater improvements in swimming time than the control group, in the absence of significant differences between the observational interventions. No significant differences were found in motivational beliefs between the four groups. Mediation analyses revealed significant direct effects of all three observational interventions on improvements in swimming time, with no evidence of indirect effects through motivational beliefs.

Conclusion

It appears that, regardless of the model used, observational learning improves children's front crawl learning, but not their motivational beliefs. The effects of observational learning seem to be predominantly direct, enhancing attention and information processing.

观察学习在技能学习中被广泛应用，自我建模（即观察自己在比目前拥有的更高水平上的表现）是一种很有前途的方法，它通过注意/信息过程产生潜在的直接影响，以及间接的激励效益。然而，先前的研究得出了不同的结果，关于它对儿童学习运动技能的有效性，以及它的影响是直接的，间接的，还是两者兼而有之。目的比较5 ~ 9岁儿童前爬学习动机的影响：自我模仿、自我观察（观察自己在当前水平上的表现）、同伴模仿（观察同伴在比自己高水平上的表现）和对照组。本比较的目的是将自我建模和观察学习对学习结果的直接注意/信息效应与间接动机效应分开。方法67名儿童参加为期8周的干预，随机分为四组。在练习爬泳之前，参与者观看了指导视频，其中包括自己处于相同技能水平（即自我观察）、自己处于较高技能水平（即自我建模）、同伴（即同伴建模）或史莱克的对照视频（对照）。结果三种观察性学习干预对游泳时间的改善均显著大于对照组，观察性学习干预之间无显著差异。四组之间的动机信念没有显著差异。中介分析显示，所有三种观察性干预措施对游泳时间的改善都有显著的直接影响，没有证据表明动机信念会产生间接影响。结论无论采用何种学习模式，观察学习都能提高儿童的前爬学习能力，但对其动机信念没有作用。观察学习的效果似乎主要是直接的，增强了注意力和信息处理。

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引用次数: 0

Kinematic and kinetic characteristics of graphomotor skills in children with neurodevelopmental disorders: The impact of DCD, ADHD, and ASD traits 神经发育障碍儿童书写运动技能的运动学和动力学特征：DCD、ADHD和ASD特征的影响

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103388

Shin Kataoka , Akio Nakai , Satoshi Nobusako

Interest in the development of handwriting skills has been increasing; however, there is no consensus on the handwriting abilities of children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and the specific handwriting characteristics associated with each neurodevelopmental disorder remain unclear. This exploratory study examined the preliminary associations between graphomotor skills and neurodevelopmental traits in 17 children (aged 7–11 years) diagnosed with DCD, ADHD, or ASD. The evaluation included handwriting fluency assessments, kinematic/kinetic analyses, and assessments of neurodevelopmental disorder traits. The participants performed tracing tasks involving straight lines, sine waves, and triangular waves using the TraceCoder® system. Graphomotor kinematic/kinetic parameters, including deviation from the baseline, pen pressure, velocity, acceleration, jerk, and area, were quantified. Fluency was assessed using the Understanding Reading and Writing Skills of Schoolchildren II test. Neurodevelopmental traits were evaluated using the DCD Questionnaire, ADHD Rating Scale, and Autism Spectrum Quotient. Increased DCD, ADHD and ASD traits were correlated with deteriorations in graphomotor parameters, such as greater deviation, and increased acceleration, jerk, and pen pressure. In contrast, higher ASD traits were associated with improvements in handwriting fluency. These preliminary findings suggest that graphomotor characteristics may vary depending on specific neurodevelopmental traits, underscoring the potential value of tailored assessments and interventions.

对书写技能发展的兴趣一直在增加；然而，关于发育性协调障碍（DCD）、注意缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）和自闭症谱系障碍（ASD）儿童的书写能力尚无共识，而且每种神经发育障碍的具体书写特征仍不清楚。本探索性研究调查了17名被诊断为DCD、ADHD或ASD的儿童（7-11岁）的书写运动技能和神经发育特征之间的初步联系。评估包括书写流畅性评估、运动学/动力学分析和神经发育障碍特征评估。参与者使用TraceCoder®系统执行涉及直线、正弦波和三角波的跟踪任务。测量笔运动的运动学/动力学参数，包括与基线的偏差、笔压力、速度、加速度、震动和面积。流利程度是通过学童理解阅读和写作技能II测试来评估的。使用DCD问卷、ADHD评定量表和自闭症谱系商评估神经发育特征。DCD、ADHD和ASD特征的增加与书写运动参数的恶化相关，如更大的偏差、加速、抽搐和笔压的增加。相反，更高的ASD特征与书写流畅性的提高有关。这些初步发现表明，笔迹运动特征可能因特定的神经发育特征而异，强调了量身定制评估和干预的潜在价值。

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引用次数: 0

Inter-limb gait asymmetry in people with Parkinson's disease 帕金森病患者的肢间步态不对称

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103399

Fabio Augusto Barbieri , Débora da Silva Fragoso de Campos , Claudiane Arakaki Fukuchi , Layla Cupertino , Nathalia Mendes Pellegrino , Emanuele Los Angeles , Daniel Boari Coelho

Gait asymmetry is a hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), contributing to instability, increased fall risk, and reduced quality of life. While spatiotemporal asymmetry has been widely studied, limited research has examined joint kinematic asymmetries throughout the gait cycle, particularly in both ON- and OFF-medication states. This study evaluated inter-limb asymmetry in lower limb angular kinematics during walking in individuals with PD compared to neurologically healthy older adults. Twenty-three individuals with PD and 18 healthy older adults participated. PD participants were evaluated in ON- and OFF-medication states. A motion capture system recorded angular kinematics of the hip, knee, ankle, and pelvis during a 10-m walk. Spatiotemporal gait parameters, including step length and stride time, were analyzed alongside joint angular displacement. Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) assessed temporal asymmetries between the more and less affected sides. Healthy older adults exhibited no significant asymmetry in joint kinematics. People with PD showed kinematic asymmetries, in both ON and OFF-states, for hip (34 % and 47 % of gait cycle, respectively), knee (30 % and 23 % of gait cycle, respectively), and ankle (29 % of gait cycle – only in OFF-state) movements. Medication had limited effects on reducing kinematic asymmetries. People with PD showed angular asymmetries in the hip, knee, and ankle during different gait cycle phases in ON and OFF states. Detecting significant asymmetry in lower limb angular kinematics suggests that therapeutic approaches should be tailored to address specific inter-limb differences.

步态不对称是帕金森病（PD）的一个标志，导致不稳定、跌倒风险增加和生活质量下降。虽然时空不对称已被广泛研究，但在整个步态周期中，特别是在开药和停药状态下，对关节运动学不对称的研究有限。本研究评估了PD患者与神经健康老年人在行走过程中下肢角运动的肢体间不对称性。23名PD患者和18名健康老年人参与了研究。PD参与者在开药和停药状态下进行评估。运动捕捉系统记录了10米步行过程中髋关节、膝关节、踝关节和骨盆的角度运动学。分析了关节角位移的时空步态参数，包括步长和步幅。统计参数映射（SPM）评估了多侧和少侧受影响的时间不对称性。健康老年人在关节运动方面没有明显的不对称性。PD患者在开状态和关状态下均表现出髋关节（分别占步态周期的34%和47%）、膝关节（分别占步态周期的30%和23%）和踝关节（仅在关状态下占步态周期的29%）运动的运动学不对称。药物治疗对减少运动不对称的效果有限。PD患者在开启和关闭状态下的不同步态周期阶段，髋关节、膝关节和踝关节表现出角度不对称。检测下肢角度运动学的显著不对称性表明治疗方法应针对特定的肢体间差异进行定制。

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引用次数: 0

The utility of the MABC-2 for measuring motor impairment in children with ADHD: Examining measurement invariance in children with and without symptoms of ADHD MABC-2用于测量ADHD儿童运动障碍的效用：检查有和无ADHD症状儿童的测量不变性

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103389

M. Bourke , M.Y. Kwan , K. Fortnum , M. O'Flaherty , S. King-Dowling , J. Cairney

It is important to screen for motor impairments in ADHD due to high comorbidity, yet little is known about the validity of established and standardized motor assessment batteries in children with symptoms of ADHD. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the utility of using the Movement Assessment Battery for Children – 2nd Edition (MABC-2) in children aged 7–9 years with symptoms of ADHD. To achieve this, measurement invariance of the MABC-2 was examined between children with and without symptoms of ADHD. A total of 479 children (n = 277 boys, n = 387 white, n = 66 with ADHD), participated in this study. Children were classified as having ADHD through parental report on the Conner's Parent Rating Scales. Measurement invariance was assesses using a multi-group CFA. A three correlated factor model (Manual Dexterity, Throwing and Catching, Balance) fit the data extremely well (RMSEA = 0.030, SRMR = 0.030, CFI = 0.987, TLI = 0.981) and configural, metric, scalar, and partial strict invariance was demonstrated between children with and without ADHD. These results provide evidence to support the use of the MABC-2 to assess motor impairments in children with symptoms ADHD.

由于ADHD的高合并症，对其进行运动障碍筛查是很重要的，但对于ADHD症状儿童中已建立和标准化的运动评估电池的有效性知之甚少。因此，本研究旨在确定在7-9岁有ADHD症状的儿童中使用儿童运动评估系列-第二版（MABC-2）的效用。为了实现这一点，在有和没有ADHD症状的儿童之间检查了MABC-2的测量不变性。共479例儿童（男孩277例，白人387例，ADHD 66例）参与本研究。通过康纳父母评定量表的父母报告，儿童被分类为多动症。使用多组CFA评估测量不变性。三相关因子模型（手工灵巧度、投掷接球能力、平衡性）与数据拟合非常好（RMSEA = 0.030, SRMR = 0.030, CFI = 0.987, TLI = 0.981）， ADHD儿童与非ADHD儿童的构形、度量、标量和部分严格不变量均存在差异。这些结果为支持使用MABC-2来评估ADHD症状儿童的运动障碍提供了证据。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to "Multifractality in postural sway supports quiet eye training in aiming tasks: A study of golf putting" [Human Movement Science, (2025) 103341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2025.103341]. “姿势摇摆中的多重分形支持瞄准任务中的静眼训练：高尔夫推杆的研究”的勘误表[人类运动科学，（2025）103341]。https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2025.103341]。

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-08-01 Epub Date: 2025-06-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103383

Noah Jacobson, Quinn Berleman-Paul, Madhur Mangalam, Damian G Kelty-Stephen, Christopher Ralston

引用次数: 0

Can children at risk for developmental coordination disorder step-clap to the beat? Evidence from an online motion tracking study 有发育性协调障碍风险的儿童能跟着节拍拍手吗？来自一项在线运动追踪研究的证据

IF 1.6 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103387

Chantal Carrillo , Dobromir Dotov , Laurel J. Trainor

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder involving deficits in motor coordination. Recent evidence has shown children at risk for DCD have associated auditory timing perception and auditory-motor synchronization deficits, but it remains unclear how these deficits would appear in full-body coordination tasks, particularly as DCD is often associated with gross motor impairments such as balance and gait. Current interventions for DCD focus on motor training alone, although preliminary findings suggest that motor interventions with rhythmic auditory cueing may confer additional benefit. To investigate auditory-motor synchronization during full-body coordination, we tested whether children aged 9–12 at risk for DCD could synchronize a step-clap dance step to various auditory stimuli using online data collection. Frequency analysis of the tracked head, hands, and feet showed that children at risk for DCD perform the dance step overall slower compared to typically developing children. Cross-correlations of the movements to an interpolated harmonic wave representing the auditory beats showed the group at risk for DCD were less coordinated to the auditory beat compared to typically developing children at the fast tempi, but that both groups performed similarly at slower tempi. Additionally, both groups were more coordinated and less variable at slower compared to faster tempi. These results indicating better performance in children at risk for DCD at slower auditory tempi are important for informing decisions on auditory stimuli during the design of auditory-motor interventions for DCD.

发育协调障碍（DCD）是一种涉及运动协调缺陷的神经发育障碍。最近的证据表明，有DCD风险的儿童有听觉时间感知和听觉运动同步缺陷，但目前尚不清楚这些缺陷如何在全身协调任务中出现，特别是DCD通常与平衡和步态等大运动障碍有关。目前对DCD的干预只关注于运动训练，尽管初步研究结果表明，有节奏的听觉提示的运动干预可能会带来额外的好处。为了研究全身协调过程中的听觉-运动同步，我们使用在线数据收集测试了9-12岁有DCD风险的儿童是否可以同步各种听觉刺激的拍手舞步。对头部、手和脚的跟踪频率分析表明，与正常发育的儿童相比，有DCD风险的儿童跳舞的速度总体较慢。运动与代表听觉节拍的插入谐波的相互关联表明，与正常发育的儿童相比，有DCD风险的儿童在快节奏下对听觉节拍的协调程度较低，但两组在慢节奏下的表现相似。此外，与快节奏相比，两组人在慢节奏下更协调，变化更少。这些结果表明，在听觉节奏较慢的情况下，有DCD风险的儿童表现更好，这对于在设计DCD的听觉-运动干预措施时决定听觉刺激具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of verbal reinforcement on electromyographic activity and performance in the traditional front plank exercise 言语强化对传统平板支撑运动中肌电活动和表现的影响

IF 1.6 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103386

Tamiris Beppler Martins , Luis Mochizuki , Iramar Baptistella do Nascimento , Rodrigo Okubo , Gilmar Moraes Santos

Background

Verbal reinforcement may influence neuromuscular responses during exercises, but its specific effects on electromyographic activity and performance during the traditional front plank exercise remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of verbal reinforcement on muscle activation amplitude, median frequency, execution time, and perceived exertion during the front plank exercise.

Methods

Thirty physically active adults performed the front plank under two randomized conditions: with and without verbal reinforcement. Electromyography signals were processed to extract amplitude and median frequency using a 1-s window and analyzed with quadratic polynomial models.

Findings

While no significant differences were found between conditions with and without verbal reinforcement in electromyographic amplitude or median frequency (p > 0.05), significant differences were observed among muscles in amplitude and frequency coefficients. Verbal reinforcement led to significantly longer execution time (median: 125.9 s vs. 97.0 s, p < 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.49, moderate effect) and increased perceived exertion (odds ratio: 5.09; p = 0.03; Cohen's d = 0.29, small effect).

Interpretation

These findings suggest that verbal reinforcement does not alter electromyographic behavior; however, it enhances performance duration and perceived exertion, supporting its use in isometric core training.

语言强化可能会影响运动中的神经肌肉反应，但其对传统前平板支撑运动中肌电活动和表现的具体影响尚不清楚。本研究旨在探讨言语强化对前平板支撑运动中肌肉激活幅度、中位频率、执行时间和感知力道的影响。方法30名身体活跃的成年人在有和没有言语强化的随机两种情况下进行前平板支撑。采用1-s窗对肌电信号进行处理，提取振幅和中位数频率，并用二次多项式模型进行分析。结果发现，在有和没有言语强化的情况下，肌电图振幅或中位数频率没有显著差异(p >；0.05)，不同肌肉间振幅系数和频率系数差异显著。言语强化导致执行时间显著延长(中位数：125.9 s vs. 97.0 s, p <；0.001;Cohen’s d = 0.49，中等效果)和感觉劳累增加(优势比：5.09；p = 0.03；Cohen’s d = 0.29，影响较小)。这些发现表明言语强化不会改变肌电图行为；然而，它提高了性能持续时间和感知运动，支持其在等距核心训练中的使用。

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引用次数: 0

Higher entropy in movements may promote enhanced upper limb motor precision 运动中较高的熵可能促进上肢运动精度的提高

IF 1.6 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103368

Kolby J. Brink , Tyler M. Wiles , Nick Stergiou , Aaron D. Likens

The Optimal Movement Variability Hypothesis posits that healthy movements exhibit an optimal structure of variability, characterized by fractal patterns, which confer both stability and flexibility in motor control. This optimal, fractally-structured, variability has been associated with reduced metabolic cost during walking and enhanced resilience to perturbations. However, the full extent of the potential benefits of this variability remains largely unexplored. Our study aims to investigate whether training sessions involving movement synchronization to a variable fractally structured auditory cueing device can also enhance dexterity and reduce miss percentage in a Fitts' law task. Twenty-four participants were randomly assigned to three groups: two groups received training involving wrist oscillations synchronized to an auditory cue with a fractal structure or self-paced wrist oscillations without a cue, while the third group received no training. Following four training sessions, the training groups completed a post-Fitts' Law task to assess any improvements in dexterity, while the untrained group completed the post-Fitts' Law task two weeks after their initial assessment. The results indicated that all groups improved accuracy, although there was no enhancement in the speed of striking the targets. Contrary to our hypothesis, the fractally structured auditory cued training group did not demonstrate superior performance compared to the self-paced and no-training groups. However, subjects who showed improvement on the post-Fitts' Law task exhibited higher movement sample entropy during the training task, irrespective of the training group they were in. These results suggest that while a generalized fractal variability training program may not enhance dexterity for young adults, individuals with high movement unpredictability may possess a greater capability for motor learning.

最优运动变异性假说认为，健康的运动表现出最优的变异性结构，以分形模式为特征，这赋予了运动控制的稳定性和灵活性。这种最佳的、分形结构的可变性与行走时的代谢成本降低和对扰动的恢复能力增强有关。然而，这种可变性的潜在益处的全部程度在很大程度上仍未得到探索。我们的研究目的是探讨运动同步与可变分形结构听觉提示装置的训练是否也可以提高灵巧性和减少菲茨定律任务的遗漏率。24名参与者被随机分为三组：两组接受训练，包括与分形结构的听觉提示同步的手腕摆动，或者在没有提示的情况下进行自节奏手腕摆动，而第三组没有接受训练。经过四次训练后，训练组完成了菲茨法后的任务，以评估灵巧性的任何改善，而未经训练的组在初始评估后两周完成了菲茨法后的任务。结果表明，所有组都提高了准确性，尽管击中目标的速度没有提高。与我们的假设相反，分形结构听觉提示训练组与自定节奏组和非训练组相比并没有表现出优越的表现。然而，在菲茨定律后任务中表现出改善的受试者在训练任务中表现出更高的运动样本熵，无论他们在哪个训练组。这些结果表明，虽然广义的分形可变性训练计划可能不会提高年轻人的灵活性，但运动不可预测性高的个体可能具有更强的运动学习能力。

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