Human Movement Science最新文献_第6页

Effects of prosthetic ankle stiffness on adaptation to uneven terrain in individuals with unilateral transtibial amputation 假体踝关节刚度对单侧胫骨截肢患者适应不平坦地形的影响

IF 1.6 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103371

A.S. Voloshina , S.H. Collins , A. Seyfarth

Background

Uneven terrain poses significant locomotor challenges for individuals with unilateral transtibial amputation, affecting both gait kinetics and kinematics. Moreover, prosthetic devices are often prescribed for level-ground, although optimal device characteristics, such as stiffness, may vary depending on the terrain.

Research question

This study evaluated the interactions between prosthesis stiffness and walking surface height variability on step characteristics and joint mechanics.

Methods

Nine individuals with unilateral transtibial amputation participated in the study. Participants walked over a modifiable uneven terrain walkway to create even, low variability, and high variability terrain. On all terrains, participants used ankle-foot prostheses of three different stiffness levels: soft, medium, or stiff. We recorded gait kinetics and kinematics using two in-ground force platforms beneath the walkway and a motion-capture camera system.

Results

Terrain variability and prosthesis stiffness affected multiple biomechanical measures, but did not demonstrate any interaction effects between each other. Terrain influenced step parameters such as width, length, and variability measures, while device stiffness affected mean step width and length. Terrain and device stiffness did not significantly affect joint moments or positive joint work. However, stiffness affected the difference in peak ankle and hip moments between the affected and unaffected limbs. Terrain and stiffness effects were present in negative ankle and hip work measures.

Significance

On average, individuals with amputation exhibited relatively small changes in joint dynamics when walking on uneven terrain compared to level ground. Additionally, device stiffness had only minor effects on gait outcomes in response to changes in surface. These results suggest that varying ankle stiffness may not be an effective strategy for reducing joint loading or improving gait symmetry during uneven terrain walking.

平坦的地形对单侧胫骨截肢患者的运动能力构成了重大挑战，影响了步态动力学和运动学。此外，假肢装置通常用于平地，尽管最佳装置特性（如刚度）可能因地形而异。研究问题：本研究评估假体刚度与行走面高度变化对步长特征和关节力学的相互作用。方法对9例单侧经胫骨截肢患者进行研究。参与者走在一个可修改的不平坦地形人行道上，以创造均匀的、低变异性和高变异性地形。在所有地形上，参与者使用三种不同刚度水平的踝关节-足假体：软、中、硬。我们使用人行道下方的两个地面力平台和运动捕捉相机系统记录步态动力学和运动学。结果骨骼变异性和假体刚度对多项生物力学指标均有影响，但两者之间不存在交互作用。地形影响台阶参数，如宽度、长度和可变性测量，而设备刚度影响平均台阶宽度和长度。地形和装置刚度对关节力矩和关节功没有显著影响。然而，僵硬影响了受影响和未受影响肢体之间踝关节和髋关节峰值力矩的差异。地形和刚度的影响存在于负踝关节和髋关节工作测量。平均而言，与平地相比，截肢者在不平坦地形上行走时关节动力学的变化相对较小。此外，设备刚度对步态结果的影响很小，以响应表面的变化。这些结果表明，在不平坦的地形上行走时，改变踝关节刚度可能不是减少关节负荷或改善步态对称性的有效策略。

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引用次数: 0

The influence of exercise-induced fatigue on neuromuscular control strategies during lifting tasks: A muscle synergy study based on wavelet packet transform 运动疲劳对举重运动中神经肌肉控制策略的影响：基于小波包变换的肌肉协同研究

IF 1.6 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103382

Zixin Wang , Chenxi Hu , Yanfeng Li , Xue Chen , Xianzhi Gao , Jiaqi Zhang , Bo Huo

Repetitive lifting-related low back pain is a significant health issue among workers, in which fatigue is generally identified as a critical risk factor. However, there is currently a lack of research on the effects of exercised induced fatigue on neuromuscular control patterns, which can be identified through muscle synergy based on the signals of surface electromyographic (sEMG). This study employs a wavelet packet transform (WPT) combined with non-negative matrix factorization (NNMF) to investigate the lifting task from the perspective of muscle synergy and to explore the characteristics of muscle synergy patterns under exercise-induced fatigue. Eleven participants were recruited to perform a repetitive lifting task until subjective fatigue. Utilizing the NNMF method, three modules associated with the lifting task were identified. Notably, the module primarily involving the TA and LES exhibited a higher activation level, indicating that this module requires greater neural resource regulation. However, the effect of fatigue on muscle synergy was not found in NNMF method. Additionally, the WPT-NNMF method revealed that the effects of fatigue on different frequency bands and synergy modules were inconsistent. Overall, as the frequency band increased, the impact of exercise-induced fatigue on muscle synergy intensified, with a more pronounced effect observed in the module characterized by TA and LES compared to the other two modules.

重复性举重引起的腰痛是工人的一个重要健康问题，疲劳通常被认为是一个关键的风险因素。然而，目前缺乏关于运动引起的疲劳对神经肌肉控制模式的影响的研究，这可以通过基于肌表电图（sEMG）信号的肌肉协同作用来识别。本研究采用小波包变换（WPT）结合非负矩阵分解（NNMF）从肌肉协同的角度研究举重任务，探讨运动性疲劳下肌肉协同模式的特征。11名参与者被招募来执行重复的举重任务，直到主观疲劳。利用NNMF方法，确定了与起重任务相关的三个模块。值得注意的是，主要涉及TA和LES的模块表现出更高的激活水平，表明该模块需要更多的神经资源调节。然而，在NNMF方法中没有发现疲劳对肌肉协同作用的影响。此外，WPT-NNMF方法显示疲劳对不同频段和协同模块的影响不一致。总的来说，随着频带的增加，运动疲劳对肌肉协同作用的影响增强，以TA和LES为特征的模块的影响比其他两个模块更为明显。

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引用次数: 0

Detecting optimal gaze behavior of successful basketball free throwing via machine learning system 基于机器学习系统的篮球罚球最佳凝视行为检测

IF 1.6 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103381

Ayoub Asadi , Afkham Daneshfar , Mohammad R. Saeedpour-Parizi , Christopher A. Aiken , Ann Smiley

Eye tracking in sport is an emerging field that explores the relationships between visual function and motor performance. However, research has shown that visual behaviors are distinct enough to detect superior performance; and serve as a suitable input for designing machine learning systems, few study has been tested yet the eye tracking machine learning in sport tasks. The current research investigated the eye movement behaviors for detecting successful performance using machine learning. The gaze behavior of 25 student basketball players during the hit and miss free- throwing's trials was collected and analyzed by statistical (JMP pro) and machine learning (Python) approaches. Results showed significant differences between saccade duration in hit and miss trials. In previous studies of free throwing, fixations were used as a measure of visual information processing, but our results showed that the metrics related to saccades were more important for successful performance than those related to fixations. These findings highlight the importance of eye tracking machine learning in sport domain and suggest that successful performance can be reliably predicted from performers' eye movement data. Our results provide primary insights as well as inspiration for future research focusing on developing eye-tracking machine learning systems to detect proficiency in motor skills.

运动中的眼动追踪是一个探索视觉功能和运动表现之间关系的新兴领域。然而，研究表明，视觉行为足够明显，足以检测出卓越的表现；作为设计机器学习系统的合适输入，目前很少有研究对运动任务中的眼动追踪机器学习进行测试。目前的研究利用机器学习研究了检测成功表演的眼动行为。采用统计学软件（JMP pro）和机器学习软件（Python）对25名学生篮球运动员罚球投中和失中练习过程中的注视行为进行了收集和分析。结果显示，在击中试验和未击中试验中，扫视持续时间存在显著差异。在之前的自由投掷研究中，注视被用作视觉信息处理的衡量标准，但我们的研究结果表明，与扫视相关的指标比与注视相关的指标对成功的投掷更重要。这些发现突出了眼动追踪机器学习在运动领域的重要性，并表明可以从表演者的眼动数据中可靠地预测成功的表演。我们的研究结果为未来专注于开发眼球追踪机器学习系统以检测运动技能熟练程度的研究提供了初步见解和灵感。

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引用次数: 0

Quiet Eye Training in Virtual Reality and in the Real-World 虚拟现实和现实世界中的静眼训练

IF 1.6 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103370

Jayke B. Bennett, David L. Neumann, Matthew J. Stainer

Virtual Reality (VR) may facilitate skill-learning in ways that have advantages over real-world training. QET was selected due to the wide implementation scope of training in VR, such as adaptive feedback and gaze cueing. Undergraduates who were novice to golf (N = 46) were randomly assigned into one of four conditions based on whether Quiet Eye Training (QET) was received or not, and whether subsequent golf putting practice occurred in the real-world (RW) or in VR. Participants had their golf putting performance and eye-gaze measured at baseline, post-training, and at a 1-week retention. Participants who received QET improved in their real-world putting performance, including number of putts holed and in radial error (distance between ball to hole) baseline-to-post, and baseline-to-retention, while their visuomotor behaviour was more similar to the expert. The performance improvement for QET participants was irrespective of whether they completed practice in VR or in the real-world. When putting in VR, participants who practiced their putting in the real-world (independent of training), improved in their radial error baseline-to-post and baseline-to-retention, while there was no improvement for participants who practiced in VR. The results suggest that QET may facilitate real-world golf putting performance improvement, irrespective of whether practice following the gaze training is conducted in VR or in the real-world. Further, real-world skills may transfer to VR environments, but that skills practiced in VR may need additional training to facilitate real-world performance improvement.

虚拟现实（VR）可能以比现实世界的培训更有优势的方式促进技能学习。之所以选择QET，是因为在VR中训练的实施范围很广，如自适应反馈和凝视提示。根据是否接受静眼训练（QET），以及随后的高尔夫推杆练习是在现实世界（RW）还是在虚拟现实（VR）中进行，46名高尔夫新手本科生被随机分配到四种条件之一。研究人员在基线、训练后和1周内测量了参与者的高尔夫推杆表现和目光。接受QET治疗的参与者在现实世界中的推杆表现得到了改善，包括推杆入洞数、径向误差（球到洞之间的距离）、基线到柱和基线到保持力，而他们的视觉运动行为与专家更相似。QET参与者的表现改善与他们是在虚拟现实中还是在现实世界中完成练习无关。当使用VR时，在现实世界中练习推杆的参与者（独立于训练）在基线到杆和基线到保持的径向误差方面有所改善，而在VR中练习的参与者没有任何改善。结果表明，无论注视训练后的练习是在VR中进行还是在现实世界中进行，QET都可能促进现实世界高尔夫推杆成绩的提高。此外，现实世界的技能可能会转移到VR环境中，但在VR中练习的技能可能需要额外的培训，以促进现实世界的表现提高。

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引用次数: 0

Verbal arm swing instructions alter arm-leg interlimb coordination but not prefrontal cortex hemodynamics in people with Parkinson's disease 言语手臂摆动指示改变帕金森病患者的胳膊-腿间协调，但不改变前额叶皮层血流动力学

IF 1.6 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103367

Vinicius Cavassano Zampier , Luis Mochizuki , Victor Spiandor Beretta , Vinicius de Belli , Lilian Teresa Bucken Gobbi , Fabio Augusto Barbieri , Diego Orcioli-Silva

Verbal instructions related to the arm swing amplitude and velocity change step gait behavior in people with Parkinson's disease (PwPD) and neurotypical individuals. However, how verbal instructions related to upper limb act on interlimb coordination and prefrontal cortex activation are not yet known. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the instructions to increase arm swing amplitude and velocity during walking on prefrontal cortex (PFC) hemodynamics and arm-leg interlimb coordination in PwPD and neurotypical individuals. Fifteen PwPD and 13 neurotypical individuals walked over a 26.8 m pathway under three experimental conditions: usual walking, walking with increased arm swing amplitude, and walking with increased arm swing velocity. Gait step parameters, continuous relative phase and latency between arm and leg movements, and PFC hemodynamics were calculated. ANOVA two-way (groups x conditions) showed that the verbal instructions to increase arm swing amplitude and velocity during walking improved gait step parameters and arm-leg interlimb coordination, without changing PFC hemodynamics. Specifically, verbal instructions increased average continuous relative phase (F_2,52 = 45.5; p < 0.001; ηp² = 0.63) and decreased the average relative phase variability (F_2,52 = 86.9; p < 0.001; ηp² = 0.77) in both groups and decreased PwPD latency (F_2,52 = 3.5; p = 0.03; ηp² = 0.19). Verbal instructions also increased stride length (F_2,52 = 27.7; p < 0.001; ηp² = 0.51) and velocity (F_2,52 = 46.6; p < 0.001; ηp² = 0.64) and decreased double support phase in both groups. These results allow us to speculate that the engagement of the motor areas to follow the instructions and perform the ensuing action could be related to preservation of some automaticity and it is possible that the participants do not need to use their cognitive resources by increasing PFC activity to process and do the action.

言语指示与帕金森病患者（PwPD）和神经正常个体的手臂摆动幅度和速度改变步步态行为有关。然而，与上肢相关的言语指令如何影响肢体间协调和前额叶皮层的激活尚不清楚。因此，本研究的目的是探讨行走中增加手臂摆动幅度和速度的指令对PwPD和神经典型个体前额叶皮质（PFC）血流动力学和四肢间协调的影响。15名PwPD个体和13名神经正常个体在正常行走、手臂摆动幅度增加行走和手臂摆动速度增加行走三种实验条件下行走26.8 m的路径。计算步态步长参数、连续相对相位和手臂和腿部运动之间的潜伏期以及PFC血流动力学。双因素方差分析（组x条件）显示，行走时增加手臂摆动幅度和速度的口头指示改善了步态步骤参数和胳膊-腿间协调，而不改变PFC血流动力学。具体而言，口头指示增加了平均连续相对相位(F2,52 = 45.5；p & lt;0.001;ηp2 = 0.63)，降低了平均相对相变异性(F2,52 = 86.9；p & lt;0.001;ηp2 = 0.77)， PwPD潜伏期降低(F2,52 = 3.5；p = 0.03；ηp2 = 0.19)。口头指示也增加步幅(F2,52 = 27.7；p & lt;0.001;ηp2 = 0.51)和流速(F2,52 = 46.6；p & lt;0.001;ηp2 = 0.64)，双支持期减少。这些结果使我们推测，运动区参与遵循指示并执行随后的动作可能与保留一些自动性有关，并且有可能参与者不需要通过增加PFC活动来使用他们的认知资源来处理和执行动作。

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引用次数: 0

Imitation of complex whole-body sequence in profoundly hearing-impaired adolescents 重度听障青少年复杂全身序列的模仿

IF 1.6 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103364

Yukako Fukase , Ziheng Wang , So Endo , Haruki Momma , Ryoichi Nagatomi

Many studies have identified specific visual advantages in deaf individuals. However, few studies have linked these advantages to motor learning. This study aimed to compare the differences in movement and learning processes between profoundly hearing-impaired (HI) and normal-hearing (NH) adolescents by capturing motions that imitate complex whole-body sequences. To analyze multiple parameters simultaneously in a time series and evaluate their similarity to the reference, we used a deep-learning strategy with an autoencoder for anomaly detection. In this study, anomaly detection indicated the difference between the reference and the participants. We set the threshold to 3σ. An analysis targeting the hands showed that HI had a significantly lower anomaly rate than NH in the first imitation; even when checking the trajectory, we found that all HI followed the same pattern as the reference dancer. Compared with NH, HI could capture and reproduce the motion characteristics of the reference in the first trial, especially in the hands, which broadens the perspective of motor instruction for HI adolescents.

许多研究已经确定了聋人在视觉上的特殊优势。然而，很少有研究将这些优势与运动学习联系起来。本研究旨在通过捕捉模仿复杂全身序列的动作，比较深度听力受损（HI）和正常听力（NH）青少年在运动和学习过程中的差异。为了同时分析时间序列中的多个参数并评估它们与参考的相似性，我们使用了带有自动编码器的深度学习策略进行异常检测。在本研究中，异常检测表明参考文献和参与者之间的差异。我们将阈值设为3σ。针对手部的分析表明，在第一次模仿中，HI的异常率明显低于NH；甚至在检查轨迹时，我们发现所有HI都遵循与参考舞者相同的模式。与NH相比，HI在第一次试验中能够捕捉和再现参照对象的运动特征，尤其是手部的运动特征，这拓宽了HI青少年运动指导的视角。

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引用次数: 0

Two sources of performance-stabilizing synergies: An experimental exploration using finger force production 性能稳定协同效应的两个来源：使用手指力生产的实验探索

IF 1.6 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103369

Valters Abolins , Edgars Bernans , Mark L. Latash

We explored the hypothesis on two sources of finger force variance in multi-finger accurate force production tasks, related to variability in the sharing of total force among finger forces and to sensory-based covariation of the finger forces. This hypothesis was explored within the space that did not affect task-specific performance variable (the uncontrolled manifold, UCM) and within the space that affected this variable (orthogonal to the UCM, ORT). Young, healthy subjects performed steady-state accurate total force production tasks with and without targets for the individual finger forces. These targets varied in size from 1.5% to 40% of the task total force level. The UCM hypothesis framework was used to quantify the two variance components, V_UCM and V_ORT, across trials and across 0.1-s samples selected from single 30-s trials at 1-s intervals. Across all conditions, V_ORT was similar for the inter-trial and single-trial analyses and across the finger force target sizes. In contrast, V_UCM (typically larger than V_ORT) was smaller during the single-trial analyses compared to the inter-trial analyses. V_UCM also decreased significantly with the drop in the target size for individual finger forces. We interpret these results as pointing at two sources of V_UCM. First, variability in the sharing of total force between the individual finger forces, based on practice, that can be seen from the very beginning of trials. Second, negative covariation of finger forces along individual trials based on visual feedback and, potentially, on loops within the central nervous system. Combining single-trial and inter-trial analyses of variance can provide information on these two sources and turn into a tool to quantify impaired control of movement stability in neurological patients.

我们探讨了多指准确力产生任务中手指力变化的两个来源的假设，这两个来源与手指力之间总力共享的变异性和手指力基于感官的协变有关。这个假设是在不影响特定任务绩效变量的空间（不受控制的流形，UCM）和影响该变量的空间（与UCM正交，ORT）中探索的。年轻、健康的受试者在有或没有单个手指力目标的情况下执行稳态准确的总力产生任务。这些目标的规模从占任务总兵力的1.5%到40%不等。使用UCM假设框架来量化两个方差成分，VUCM和VORT，跨试验和0.1 s样本，从单个30 s试验中选择1-s间隔。在所有情况下，试验间和单试验分析以及手指力目标大小的VORT相似。相比之下，与试验间分析相比，单试验分析中的VUCM（通常大于VORT）更小。VUCM也随着单个手指力量的目标尺寸的下降而显著下降。我们将这些结果解释为指向VUCM的两个来源。首先，基于练习，单个手指力量之间的总力量分担的可变性，从一开始就可以看出。第二，基于视觉反馈和中枢神经系统回路的单个试验中手指力的负共变。结合单试验和试验间方差分析可以提供这两个来源的信息，并成为量化神经系统患者运动稳定性控制受损的工具。

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引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to “Multifractality in postural sway supports quiet eye training in aiming tasks: A study of golf putting” Human Movement Science, 76 (2021) 102752 “姿势摇摆中的多重分形支持瞄准任务中的静眼训练：高尔夫推杆的研究”人类运动科学，76(2021)102752的勘误。

IF 1.6 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-06-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103341

Noah Jacobson , Quinn Berleman-Paul , Madhur Mangalam , Damian G. Kelty-Stephen , Christopher Ralston

引用次数: 0

Understanding whole-body inter-personal dynamics between two players using neural granger causality as the explainable artificial intelligence 使用神经格兰杰因果关系作为可解释的人工智能来理解两个玩家之间的全身人际动态

IF 1.6 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-05-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103366

Ryota Takamido , Chiharu Suzuki , Jun Ota , Hiroki Nakamoto

Understanding the dynamics of complex, whole-body interpersonal coordination behavior in humans is an important subject in behavioral science. However, due to the challenges of analyzing complex causal relationships among multiple body components with conventional techniques, this area remains underexplored. To address this issue, this study proposes a new analytical framework that attempts to understand the underlying causal structures behind each joint movement of individual players using neural Granger causality (NGC) as the explainable artificial intelligence (XAI). In the NGC analysis, causal relationships were defined as the size of the weight parameters of the first layer of a machine-learning model trained to predict the future state of a specific time-series variable. To verify this approach practically, we conducted an experiment with 16 pairs of expert baseball pitchers and batters, and input datasets with 27 joint resultant velocity (13 pitchers' and 14 batters' joints) were generated and used for model training. The results revealed that significant causal relations exist among intra- and inter-individual body components, such as “the batter's hands have a causal effect from pitcher's throwing arm.” Although the causality from the batters to the pitcher's body is significantly lower than that from the pitchers to the batter's body, it exhibits a significant correlation with the performance outcomes of batters (R² = 0.69). These results suggest the effectiveness of the NGC analysis for understanding whole-body inter-personal coordination dynamics and, more broadly, the XAI technique as a new approach for analyzing complex human behavior from a perspective different from conventional techniques.

了解人类复杂的全身人际协调行为的动力学是行为科学的一个重要课题。然而，由于使用传统技术分析多种身体成分之间复杂因果关系的挑战，这一领域仍未得到充分探索。为了解决这个问题，本研究提出了一个新的分析框架，试图利用神经格兰杰因果关系（NGC）作为可解释的人工智能（XAI）来理解个体球员每个关节运动背后的潜在因果结构。在NGC分析中，因果关系被定义为机器学习模型的第一层权重参数的大小，该模型被训练用于预测特定时间序列变量的未来状态。为了验证该方法的实用性，我们对16对专业棒球投手和击球手进行了实验，生成了27个关节合力速度（13个投手和14个击球手关节）的输入数据集，并将其用于模型训练。结果表明，个体身体成分之间存在显著的因果关系，如“击球手的手与投手的投掷臂有因果关系”。虽然击球手对投手身体的因果关系显著低于投手对击球手身体的因果关系，但与击球手的表现结果呈显著相关（R2 = 0.69）。这些结果表明，NGC分析在理解全身人际协调动力学方面是有效的，更广泛地说，XAI技术是一种从不同于传统技术的角度分析复杂人类行为的新方法。

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引用次数: 0

Interpersonal coordination in a ball-and-beam paradigm: Transfer of skill from solo action to joint action 球梁模式下的人际协调：从单独行动到联合行动的技能转移

IF 1.6 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-05-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103365

Marijn S.J. Hafkamp, Remy Casanova, Reinoud J. Bootsma

Interpersonal coordination is paramount to the success of a joint action. While the pattern formation process of interpersonal coordination is relatively well understood, models like HKB lack an ecological dimension that relates the motor pattern to the environment. We investigated this dimension in a two-step study using the ball-and-beam paradigm. Participants rolled a ball back-and-forth between two targets on a beam, by manipulating the beam inclination either individually or dyadically. In an (earlier reported) first step, 16 participants performed two solo action sessions of the task, allowing us to identify pertinent performance characteristics. Here, those participants were paired into 8 dyads to perform a joint action session, allowing us to assess the solo-to-joint transfer of those characteristics. Over blocks, dyads improved their performance by increasing the ball speed and accuracy. While the relative variability of the beam's inclination angle decreased, the range and the timing of the beam motion remained unchanged. Variables (indirectly) related to ball speed, such as the range and timing of the beam motion, were strongly propagated from solo to joint action, while the variables related to ball accuracy, like the beam variability, were only moderately transferred. Most dyads established an anti-phase mode of coordination, with a significant decrease in phase variability over blocks. We also observed significant asymmetries in the coordination. Dyad members with a better solo-action performance were more likely to lead the interaction. We concluded that interpersonal coordination in the ball-and-beam paradigm emerged from the interaction, while being constrained by the goal of the task.

人际间的协调对联合行动的成功至关重要。虽然人际协调的模式形成过程相对较好理解，但像HKB这样的模型缺乏将运动模式与环境联系起来的生态维度。我们在使用球-梁范式的两步研究中调查了这个维度。参与者在光束上的两个目标之间来回滚动一个球，通过单独或双方向操纵光束的倾斜度。在（先前报道的）第一步中，16名参与者执行了任务的两个单独动作会话，使我们能够确定相关的性能特征。在这里，这些参与者被分成8对，进行联合动作练习，让我们评估这些特征从个体到关节的转移。在封盖过程中，二人组通过提高球的速度和准确性来提高他们的表现。虽然光束倾角的相对变异性减小，但光束运动的范围和时间不变。与球速度相关的变量（间接），如光束运动的范围和时间，被强烈地从单人动作传播到联合动作，而与球精度相关的变量，如光束可变性，只被适度地传递。大多数二偶体建立了一种反相位协调模式，在块上显著降低了相位变异性。我们还观察到明显的不对称的协调。单人行动表现较好的双人组成员更有可能领导互动。我们的结论是，在球梁范式中，人际协调产生于互动，同时受到任务目标的约束。

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