Human Movement Science最新文献_第6页

Handedness and brain lateralization: A nonlinear motor approach combined with EEG 偏手性与脑侧化：结合脑电图的非线性运动方法。

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103425

Yago Emanoel Ramos , Mariana Teixeira Santos , Iago Nudelman Reis Yamamoto , Cecília Bastos da Costa Accioly , Jean-François Daneault , Daniel Gomes de Almeida Filho , José Garcia Vivas Miranda

This study explores handedness through a multidisciplinary approach, integrating biomechanical analysis and electroencephalography (EEG) to uncover differences in motor strategies and brain lateralization among right-handed, left-handed, and ambidextrous individuals. Seventy participants were assessed using motion capture and EEG during writing and drawing tasks performed with both dominant and non-dominant hands. Biomechanical data were analyzed through the lens of motion optimization, using the Movement Element Decomposition (MED) method, while EEG data focused on event-related synchronization/desynchronization (ERD/S) patterns. Results highlight that right-handers demonstrate stronger lateralization for fine motor tasks, with optimized neural and biomechanical adaptations favoring the right hand. In contrast, left-handers exhibit specialization for impedance control with their right hand, suggesting distinct motor planning strategies. EEG findings corroborate these behaviors, showing that right-handers require less cognitive effort when using their dominant hand for writing, whereas left-handers show heightened parietal activity associated with sensorimotor integration during similar tasks. The study reveals an asymmetry in motor skill acquisition, possibly related to left-handed adaptations to right-hand-dominated environments. These insights contribute to understanding handedness's role in motor control and brain organization, with implications for neurorehabilitation.

本研究通过多学科研究方法，结合生物力学分析和脑电图（EEG）来揭示右撇子、左撇子和双撇子个体在运动策略和脑侧化方面的差异。70名参与者在用惯用手和非惯用手完成写作和绘画任务时，使用动作捕捉和脑电图进行评估。生物力学数据通过运动优化透镜进行分析，使用运动元素分解（MED）方法，而脑电图数据侧重于事件相关的同步/去同步（ERD/S）模式。结果强调，右撇子在精细运动任务中表现出更强的侧化，优化的神经和生物力学适应有利于右手。相比之下，左撇子表现出对右手阻抗控制的专一性，这表明他们有不同的运动规划策略。脑电图结果证实了这些行为，表明右撇子在使用惯用手写作时需要较少的认知努力，而左撇子在类似的任务中表现出与感觉运动整合相关的更高的顶叶活动。这项研究揭示了运动技能习得的不对称性，可能与左撇子适应右手主导的环境有关。这些见解有助于理解利手性在运动控制和大脑组织中的作用，并对神经康复有影响。

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引用次数: 0

The effects of Alexander technique-based postural instructions on gait in healthy young adults 基于亚历山大技术的姿势指导对健康年轻人步态的影响。

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103421

Derek J. Otterstetter, Kate A. Hamel, David I. Anderson

Alexander technique (AT) is a method of behavior modification that seeks to improve coordination by modifying habitual reactions to the stimuli that incite action. Previous studies have shown that a single session of AT-based postural instructions (Lighten Up) can improve axial stiffness, postural control during quiet stance, and step initiation in older adults with Parkinson's disease, as well as balance and postural control in healthy older and younger adults relative to instructions that encourage muscular effort or relaxation. In the present study, we investigated the effects of AT-based postural instructions on steady state gait in young adult participants with no prior experience with Alexander Technique. Forty-four participants (29 female, 15 male; 23.4 ± 4.2 years old) utilized three sets of instructions while walking: Lighten Up, Pull Up, and Relax and also completed a Control condition in which they walked normally without any additional instructions. We found minimal differences between Lighten Up, Pull Up, and the Control conditions, with a significantly smaller Coefficient of Variation in the Lighten Up and Pull Up conditions compared to the Control condition for Stride Velocity. We found the most notable differences in the Relax condition, where participants walked significantly slower, took significantly shorter Stride Lengths, and spent significantly more time in Double Support compared to the other three conditions. Participants also had significantly higher gait variability in the Relax condition compared to the Lighten Up, Pull Up and Control conditions. Instructions to Relax clearly compromised steady state gait.

亚历山大技术（AT）是一种行为矫正方法，旨在通过改变对刺激行为的习惯性反应来提高协调性。先前的研究表明，单次基于at的姿势指导（light Up）可以改善老年帕金森病患者的轴向刚度、安静站立时的姿势控制和迈步启动，以及与鼓励肌肉努力或放松的指导相比，健康老年人和年轻人的平衡和姿势控制。在本研究中，我们研究了基于at的姿势指导对没有Alexander技术经验的年轻成年参与者稳态步态的影响。44名参与者（29名女性，15名男性；23.4±4.2岁）在步行时使用了三组指导：放松，拉起和放松，并完成了一个控制条件，在没有任何额外指导的情况下正常行走。我们发现light Up， Pull Up和Control条件之间的差异很小，与Control条件相比，light Up和Pull Up条件的变异系数要小得多。我们发现最显著的差异是在放松条件下，与其他三个条件相比，参与者走得明显更慢，步幅明显更短，花在双支撑上的时间明显更多。与放松、拉起和控制条件相比，参与者在放松条件下的步态变异性也明显更高。放松说明明确损害了稳定状态的步态。

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引用次数: 0

Developmental relationships between motor skills and executive functioning in children with intellectual disabilities 智障儿童运动技能与执行功能的发展关系。

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103424

Yaping Wang , Yanchun Liu , Jingjing Xiang , Jia Liu

Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests a link between motor skills and executive functioning, yet the nature of this relation remains relatively unexplored in children with intellectual disabilities. This study focuses on exploring the developmental relationships between motor skills and executive functioning in this population. We utilized a longitudinal approach to follow 101 children with intellectual disabilities, ranging in age from 7 to 17, across three measurement points with one-year intervals. At each measurement point, participants completed tasks evaluating gross motor skills, fine motor skills, and executive functioning. Random intercept cross-lagged panel modeling revealed distinctive motor–executive function relationship patterns. Specifically, fine motor skills and executive functioning reciprocally predicted each other between Time 1 and Time 2. Additionally, fine motor skills at Time 2 significantly predicted executive functioning at Time 3, whereas the reverse pattern was not observed. In contrast, no significant longitudinal relationship was found between gross motor skills and executive functioning. These findings suggest that interventions integrating fine motor skills and executive functioning could be essential for children with intellectual disabilities, providing an important avenue to support their skills development.

理论和经验证据表明，运动技能和执行功能之间存在联系，但这种关系的本质在智力残疾儿童中仍相对未被探索。本研究的重点是探索运动技能和执行功能之间的发展关系。我们采用纵向方法跟踪101名智力残疾儿童，年龄从7岁到17岁，跨越三个测量点，间隔一年。在每个测量点，参与者完成评估大运动技能、精细运动技能和执行功能的任务。随机截距交叉滞后面板模型揭示了独特的运动-执行功能关系模式。具体来说，精细运动技能和执行功能在时间1和时间2之间相互预测。此外，时间2的精细运动技能显著地预测了时间3的执行功能，而相反的模式没有被观察到。相反，在大肌肉运动技能和执行功能之间没有发现显著的纵向关系。这些发现表明，将精细运动技能和执行功能结合起来的干预措施对智力残疾儿童至关重要，为支持他们的技能发展提供了重要途径。

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引用次数: 0

Propulsive and braking mechanisms during acceleration and deceleration in human gait 人类步态加速和减速过程中的推进和制动机制。

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103420

Naoto Hida, Tomoya Kokue, Kenichi Sugawara

Background

Understanding propulsive and braking mechanisms during gait acceleration and deceleration is essential for ensuring gait stability in daily life.

Research question

We aimed to clarify propulsive and braking mechanisms during accelerating and decelerating human gait by analyzing the ground reaction force (GRF) and center of mass external moment (COM M_ext).

Methods

We requested 30 healthy young adults to walk under four conditions (normal, maximum, accelerated, decelerated) while kinematic and kinetic data were recorded using a 3D motion capture system and force plates. GRF, COM M_ext, and spatiotemporal gait parameters were analyzed.

Results

Accelerated walking (AW) increased walking velocity and step length, while decelerated walking (DW) reduced them. AW had significantly reduced GRF posterior components in early stance phase, and higher GRF anterior and vertical components in the late stance, resulting in a reduced COM M_ext (larger anterior rotation momentum) in the late stance. DW showed significantly elevated GRF vertical and posterior components in the early stance, resulting in a higher COM M_ext (smaller anterior rotation momentum) in the early stance.

Significance

Acceleration was characterized by elevated propulsive and vertical GRF during the late stance to facilitate COM forward rotation. Deceleration was characterized by elevated braking and vertical GRF in the early stance to reduce the abrupt COM forward rotation. Our findings may help the development of effective programs aimed at improving acceleration and deceleration abilities during gait.

背景：了解步态加速和减速过程中的推进和制动机制对于确保日常生活中的步态稳定性至关重要。研究问题：通过对地面反作用力（GRF）和质心外力矩（COM next）的分析，阐明人体步态加速和减速过程中的推进和制动机理。方法：我们要求30名健康的年轻人在四种条件下（正常、最大、加速、减速）行走，并使用三维运动捕捉系统和力板记录运动学和动力学数据。分析了GRF、COM next和时空步态参数。结果：加速步行（AW）增加了步行速度和步长，而减速步行（DW）减少了步行速度和步长。在站立早期，AW显著降低了GRF后部分量，而在站立后期，AW显著提高了GRF前部和垂直分量，导致站立后期COM next（前旋动量较大）减少。DW显示早期站立时GRF垂直和后侧成分显著升高，导致早期站立时COM next较高（前旋动量较小）。意义：加速的特征是后期姿态时推进力和垂直GRF的升高，以促进COM向前旋转。减速的特点是提高制动和垂直GRF在早期的立场，以减少突然的COM向前旋转。我们的发现可能有助于制定有效的计划，旨在提高步态中的加速和减速能力。

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引用次数: 0

Bimanual force coordination using the vector coding approach: Quantifying coordination quantity and quality 矢量编码方法下的双手力协调：协调量和协调质量的量化。

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103422

Do-Kyung Ko , Beom Jin Choi , Nyeonju Kang

This study aimed to investigate bimanual force coordination in 36 healthy young adults employing a vector coding method. The participants performed bimanual force control at two targeted force levels (i.e., 10 % and 40 % of maximum voluntary contraction [MVC]) and the Purdue Pegboard Test. Force accuracy was used to assess bimanual force control performance. Vector coding analysis was conducted to estimate the quantity and quality of bimanual force coordination. Further, the correlation between bimanual force coordination and bimanual dexterity was investigated. Lower force accuracy was observed at 40 % of MVC. The coordination quantity analysis revealed that left- and right-hand phases were more frequently observed at 10 % of MVC, whereas the greatest quantity of in-phase coordination was observed at 40 % of MVC. Notably, anti-phase coordination demonstrated higher quality in error correction despite its lower quantity. Moreover, a greater quantity of anti-phase coordination at 40 % of MVC was associated with superior bimanual dexterity. These results indicated that quantifying the quantity and quality of coordination using the vector coding method provides a novel framework for identifying specific motor control strategies during bimanual tasks.

本研究采用向量编码方法对36例健康青年的双手力量协调进行了研究。参与者在两个目标力水平（即最大自愿收缩的10%和40% [MVC]）和普渡钉板测试下进行双手力控制。力精度用于评估双手力控制性能。通过矢量编码分析来估计人工力协调的数量和质量。进一步研究了双手力协调与双手灵巧度的关系。在40%的MVC中观察到较低的力精度。协调量分析显示，在10%的MVC中，更频繁地观察到左相和右相，而在40%的MVC中，观察到最多的同相协调。值得注意的是，尽管反相位配位的纠错量较少，但其纠错质量较高。此外，在40%的MVC中，更多的反相位协调与优越的双手灵巧性相关。这些结果表明，使用矢量编码方法量化协调的数量和质量为识别手动任务中的特定运动控制策略提供了一种新的框架。

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引用次数: 0

Time course of motor learning during human-in-the-loop optimization of a prosthetic foot 人在环优化假肢足运动学习的时间过程

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103418

Thijs Tankink , Juha M. Hijmans , Raffaella Carloni , Han Houdijk

Introduction

People with a lower-limb amputation must undergo a process of co-adaptation with a prosthesis to achieve optimal walking performance. Human-in-the-loop optimization could identify optimal prosthetic settings, while also providing insight into the process of motor learning during prosthetic tuning. The aim of the study was to investigate the time course of motor learning of people with transtibial amputation during the human-in-the-loop optimization process of a prosthetic foot, in which the stiffness and alignment were optimized to minimize metabolic cost.

Methods

Ten people with a transtibial amputation underwent an optimization protocol while walking on an instrumented treadmill with an experimental prosthetic foot with tuneable stiffness and alignment. We aimed to minimize the metabolic cost of walking by optimizing the stiffness and alignment, using an evolutionary optimization algorithm consisting of 6 generations of 6 trials. To monitor motor learning throughout the optimization process, motor learning trials with initial standard settings were repeated after each generation. Occurrence of motor learning over time was assessed by comparing metabolic cost and walking biomechanics during motor learning trials.

Results

Metabolic cost during the motor learning trials decreased significantly (≥ 6.8 %) over time (p = 0.01). This reduction in metabolic cost was limited to the first four generations of the optimization process (i.e., 56 min).

Conclusion

Motor learning of people with a transtibial amputation plays a significant role during prosthetic tuning. Motor learning extended over at least 56 min in our human-in-the-loop optimization experiment. Co-adaptation of the user should therefore be taken into account during tuning of prosthetic devices.

下肢截肢者必须经历一个与假肢共同适应的过程，以达到最佳的行走性能。人在环优化可以识别最佳假肢设置，同时也为假肢调整过程中的运动学习过程提供洞察。本研究的目的是研究在人在环优化假肢足的过程中，经胫骨截肢者的运动学习的时间过程，该过程优化了假肢的刚度和对齐，以最小化代谢成本。方法10例经胫骨截肢患者使用可调节刚度和对齐度的实验性假足在仪器化跑步机上行走时进行优化方案。我们采用6代6次试验的进化优化算法，通过优化步行的刚度和对齐来最小化步行的代谢成本。为了监测整个优化过程中的运动学习，在每代之后重复初始标准设置的运动学习试验。通过比较运动学习试验中的代谢成本和步行生物力学来评估运动学习随时间的发生。结果运动学习试验期间代谢成本随时间显著降低（≥6.8%）（p = 0.01）。这种代谢成本的降低仅限于优化过程的前四代（即56分钟）。结论经胫骨截肢患者的运动学习在假肢调音过程中起着重要作用。在我们的人在循环优化实验中，运动学习至少延长了56分钟。因此，在调整假肢装置时应考虑到用户的共同适应。

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引用次数: 0

Modeling motor learning in juggling: A Bayesian approach 杂耍中的动作学习建模：贝叶斯方法。

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103414

Mu Qiao

Purpose

We studied the catching accuracy during the skill acquisition of juggling using a probabilistic model, which was justified by the Bayesian brain hypothesis that the internal model constantly updates its parameters based on prior experiences and new practice. We wondered how practice can increase the probability of catching a ball (θ) in juggling by changing the shape of the posterior distribution of θ.

Methods

We recorded the juggling performance of 192 students over 17 days. Using the Bayesian approach, under a prior distribution of beta(θ|1,3), we calculated the posterior distribution of θ and its expectation (E[θ]) and variance (Var(θ)) on each day of practice.

Results

In a decelerated pattern, participants improved E[θ] from 0.43 to 0.86 and reduced Var(θ) from 0.029 to 0.001 over 17 days. Using the posterior distribution, we estimated the probability of different performance outcomes on each day of practice.

Conclusions

The probabilistic model suggests that during motor learning, participants shifted the weight from prior experience to current practice and updated θ in the posterior distribution. Instead of choosing θ close to its theoretically optimal value (i.e., maximum likelihood estimation) across days of practice, participants selected sub-optimal θ at the beginning and gradually improved θ to its optimal value during learning. Our model not only contributes to the theoretical understanding of skill acquisition from a probabilistic perspective but also could be applied to some other discrete motor skills requiring hand-eye coordination.

目的：利用概率模型研究杂耍技能习得过程中的接球准确性，并通过贝叶斯脑假设证明内部模型会根据先前的经验和新的练习不断更新其参数。我们想知道练习如何通过改变θ后验分布的形状来增加杂耍中接住球（θ）的概率。方法：对192名学生在17天内的杂耍表演进行记录。利用贝叶斯方法，在β (θ|1,3)的先验分布下，我们计算了每天训练时θ及其期望（E[θ]）和方差（Var(θ)）的后验分布。结果：在减速模式下，参与者在17天内将E[θ]从0.43提高到0.86，并将Var（θ）从0.029降低到0.001。使用后验分布，我们估计了每天练习中不同表现结果的概率。结论：概率模型表明，在运动学习过程中，参与者将权重从先前经验转移到当前实践，并更新了后验分布的θ。而不是选择θ接近其理论最优值（即最大似然估计）在练习的日子里，参与者在开始时选择次优θ，并在学习过程中逐步改进θ到其最优值。我们的模型不仅有助于从概率角度对技能习得的理论理解，而且可以应用于其他一些需要手眼协调的离散运动技能。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of wearing a head-mounted display on the movement execution of basic elements on the balance beam in women's artistic gymnastics 头戴式显示器对女子艺术体操平衡木基本动作执行的影响。

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103417

Sebastian Merker , Stefan Pastel , Dan Bürger , Kerstin Witte

Virtual reality in artistic gymnastics has hardly been researched yet, but could have positive effects on learning movements, particularly on the balance beam, whose width and height demand significant effort. This study aimed to identify suitable gymnastics elements for the execution with a head-mounted display (HMD), considering potential performance impacts related to its size, weight, and limited field of view. Twelve basic elements covering the characteristics of the balance beam were performed by 36 competitive gymnasts (16.5 ± 6.6 years) on a low beam (10 cm) with and without the HTC VIVE Pro Eye HMD, which displayed the real environment through its cameras instead of a virtual one. A helmet with similar dimensions and weight to the HMD was used as a third condition to isolate vision effects. Licensed judges evaluated all trials for recognition and execution based on international scoring rules. Both analyses show that the performance was more impacted by restricted vision than by additional weight. Execution quality varied significantly between the condition with and without HMD for all movement characteristics, although the differences were smaller for jumps, holds/acrobatic non-flight elements and leaps than for elements with turns. Consistent with this, no significant differences in jumps and holds/acrobatic non-flight were found between the original and helmet conditions. In summary, elements without longitudinal axis rotations are well-suited for HMD execution, and results can be improved with better hardware and longer familiarization. Future studies should prioritize good optical resolution, a large field of view, and compact design over low weight when selecting HMDs.

虚拟现实技术在艺术体操中的应用研究还很少，但它可能对学习动作有积极的影响，特别是在平衡木上，它的宽度和高度都需要很大的努力。本研究旨在确定适合头戴式显示器（HMD）执行的体操元素，考虑其尺寸，重量和有限视野对性能的潜在影响。36名年龄（16.5±6.6岁）的竞技体操运动员在低梁（10厘米）上完成平衡木的12个基本动作，佩戴或不佩戴HTC VIVE Pro Eye HMD，该设备通过摄像头显示真实环境，而不是虚拟环境。与HMD尺寸和重量相似的头盔被用作隔离视觉效果的第三个条件。持牌裁判根据国际评分规则对所有试验的认可和执行情况进行评估。两项分析都表明，视力受限对视力的影响比体重增加对视力的影响更大。在有和没有HMD的条件下，执行质量在所有动作特征上都有显着差异，尽管跳跃、保持/杂技非飞行元素和跳跃的差异比有转身的元素要小。与此一致的是，在原始条件和头盔条件之间没有发现跳跃和保持/杂技非飞行的显著差异。总之，没有纵轴旋转的元素非常适合HMD执行，并且可以通过更好的硬件和更长的熟悉时间来改进结果。未来的研究在选择头显时应优先考虑良好的光学分辨率、大视场和紧凑的设计，而不是低重量。

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引用次数: 0

Effect of perturbation-based balance training distribution on stability and fall risk in faller older adults: A randomized single-blind clinical trial 基于微扰的平衡训练分布对老年人稳定性和跌倒风险的影响：一项随机单盲临床试验

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103415

Júlia O. Faria , Maria E.C. Favretto , Isadora S. Bezerra , Thiago F. Santos , Tenysson W. Lemos , Marina M. Villalba , Eduardo B. Junqueira , Paulo R.P. Santiago , Renato Moraes

Falls are the leading cause of injury among older adults, often occurring during walking. Effective training programs are essential for reducing falls, and the distribution of practice may influence motor skill learning. This randomized clinical trial investigated the effects of different perturbation-based balance training (PBT) session distributions on postural stability and fall risk in older adults with a history of falls. Thirty participants were randomly allocated to either a massed practice group (2 sessions/day; n = 15) or a distributed practice group (1 session/day; n = 15). Both groups underwent four PBT sessions involving acceleration and deceleration perturbations, followed by a retention test one week later. We assessed the margin of stability (MoS), the number of falls during sessions, and dynamic balance using the Mini-BESTest before and after training. Assessments were performed by evaluators blinded to group allocation. Groups did not differ in any of the variables investigated. Significant improvements were observed in MoS during the deceleration perturbation sessions (p < 0.05), with an increase between sessions 1 and 4, and between session 1 and the retention test (p < 0.05). The number of falls was reduced over the sessions (p < 0.001), and there was an improvement in dynamic balance in the Mini-BESTest after PBT, particularly in reactive control and gait dynamics (p < 0.001). The distribution of PBT sessions, whether massed or distributed, did not affect fall-related outcomes in fall-prone older adults. These findings support the use of flexible PBT schedules for fall prevention. This trial was registered in the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (RBR-9dhx6kj; UTN: U1111–1276-4396).

跌倒是老年人受伤的主要原因，经常发生在走路时。有效的训练计划对于减少跌倒是必不可少的，练习的分布可能会影响运动技能的学习。这项随机临床试验调查了不同基于扰动的平衡训练（PBT）时段分布对有跌倒史的老年人姿势稳定性和跌倒风险的影响。30名参与者被随机分配到集中练习组（2次/天，n = 15）和分散练习组（1次/天，n = 15）。两组都进行了四次PBT测试，包括加速和减速扰动，一周后进行记忆力测试。我们在训练前后使用mini - best评估了稳定度（MoS）、训练期间跌倒次数和动态平衡。评估由对分组分配不知情的评估者进行。各组在调查的任何变量上都没有差异。在减速扰动过程中观察到显著的改善（p < 0.05），在第1和第4阶段之间以及在第1阶段和保持测试之间观察到显著的改善（p < 0.05）。在治疗过程中跌倒次数减少（p < 0.001）， PBT后mini - best患者的动态平衡有所改善，特别是在反应性控制和步态动力学方面（p < 0.001）。在容易跌倒的老年人中，PBT的分布，无论是集中的还是分散的，对跌倒相关的结果没有影响。这些发现支持使用灵活的PBT时间表来预防跌倒。该试验已在巴西临床试验登记处注册（RBR-9dhx6kj; UTN: U1111-1276-4396）。

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引用次数: 0

Focus on the process or outcome? It depends on the task goal 关注过程还是结果？这取决于任务目标。

IF 1.9 3区心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES

Human Movement Science

Pub Date : 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2025.103416

Kevin A. Becker , Nicholas A. Levine , Christopher A. Aiken

An abundance of research supports an external focus enhancing motor performance relative to an internal focus. However, this blanket recommendation loses some nuance of what types of external cues might be most effective. Some studies have compared a proximal and distal external focus, but this comparison is often confounded by differences in both spatial and temporal distance. In the present study, we aimed to determine how internal and external focus cues that direct attention to either the process or outcome of the movement (i.e., differing in temporal distance, but not spatial distance) impacted hex bar deadlift performance. Twenty-four participants (16 females) experienced in strength training performed hex bar deadlifts with 60 % of their self-reported 1RM. Familiarization trials were followed by conditions using an internal-process (IP), internal-outcome (IO), external-process (EP), and external-outcome (EO) focus presented in a counterbalanced order. Peak velocity, average velocity, and vertical bar displacement were subjected to repeated measures ANOVAs to test for differences due to focus. Peak velocity was impacted by focus with an EP leading to higher values than IO and IP. For average velocity EP had higher values than IO, and approached higher values than IP. For vertical bar displacement, EO led to greater displacement than IO and IP, but did not differ from EP. The present findings suggest EP was most effective for enhancing velocity (primary goal), but EO maximized displacement. These differing findings suggest that the best external focus cues are those which most closely align with important task goals.

大量的研究支持外部焦点相对于内部焦点增强运动表现。然而，这种笼统的建议忽略了哪些类型的外部线索可能是最有效的。一些研究比较了近端和远端外焦，但这种比较经常被空间和时间距离的差异所混淆。在本研究中，我们的目的是确定内部和外部焦点线索如何将注意力引导到运动的过程或结果（即，不同的时间距离，但不是空间距离）影响内六角杆硬举的表现。24名有力量训练经验的参与者（16名女性）进行了六杠硬举，其中60%的人自我报告的1RM。在熟悉性试验之后，以平衡顺序呈现内部过程（IP）、内部结果（IO）、外部过程（EP）和外部结果（EO）焦点。峰值速度、平均速度和竖杆位移采用重复测量方差分析（anova）来检验因聚焦而产生的差异。峰值速度受到焦点的影响，EP导致的值高于IO和IP。平均流速EP值高于IO值，且接近于IP值。对于竖杆位移，EO导致的位移大于IO和IP，但与EP没有差异。目前的研究结果表明，EP在提高速度（主要目标）方面最有效，而EO在最大位移方面最有效。这些不同的发现表明，最好的外部注意力线索是那些与重要任务目标最密切相关的线索。

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引用次数: 0