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Benefits of postural sway to succeed in goal-directed visual tasks 姿势摇摆对成功完成目标导向型视觉任务的益处
IF 1.6 3区 心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103277
Cédrick T. Bonnet , Yann-Romain Kechabia , Ivan Magnani , Paula F. Polastri , Sérgio T. Rodrigues

When individuals stand, they sway and so have to maintain their balance. It is generally expected that task performance is worse when standing and swaying than when sitting and therefore not swaying. In contrast, we hypothesized that greater sway is associated with better task performance in the absence of external perturbations of posture. Twenty-four healthy, young adults performed two goal-directed, modified Stroop tasks (incongruent and reversed incongruent) in four body position conditions (standing against a vertical surface, and standing freely with a wide, standard or narrow stance). Centre of pressure (COP) sway, head sway, eye movements, visual attention, and task performance were recorded. Partial correlation analyses showed significant positive associations between task performance and some COP and head sway variables, after controlling for the level of visual attention. Analyses of variance with three factors (body position, task difficulty, target distance) also showed significant interaction effects between body position (and therefore postural sway) and the number of accurate target findings. The presence of these interactions showed that narrow stance was both the best body position for performing the incongruent task and the worst body position for performing the reversed incongruent task. Overall, COP sway and head sway can increase task performance. Hence, healthy, young adults in quiet stance appear to use sway to explore their environment more effectively. However, it should be borne in mind that our hypothesis was formulated solely with regard to healthy, young adults standing in quiet stance.

人在站立时会摇晃,因此必须保持平衡。一般来说,站立和摇摆时的任务表现会比坐着不摇摆时差。与此相反,我们假设在没有外部姿势干扰的情况下,摇摆幅度越大,任务表现越好。24 名健康的年轻成年人在四种身体姿势条件下(靠垂直面站立、自由站立、宽站立、标准站立或窄站立)完成了两项目标导向的改良 Stroop 任务(不协调和反向不协调)。对压力中心(COP)摇摆、头部摇摆、眼球运动、视觉注意力和任务表现进行了记录。偏相关分析表明,在控制了视觉注意力水平之后,任务表现与某些 COP 和头部摇摆变量之间存在显著的正相关。三个因素(身体位置、任务难度、目标距离)的方差分析还显示,身体位置(因此也包括姿势摇摆)与准确发现目标的次数之间存在明显的交互作用。这些交互作用的存在表明,窄站姿既是执行不协调任务的最佳身体姿势,也是执行反向不协调任务的最差身体姿势。总的来说,COP 摇摆和头部摇摆可以提高任务表现。因此,保持安静姿势的健康青壮年似乎可以更有效地利用摇摆来探索周围环境。不过,需要注意的是,我们的假设仅针对以安静姿态站立的健康青壮年。
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引用次数: 0
Evaluating cervical spine mobility and Fitt's law compliance: The DidRen laser test adapted for virtual reality with age and sex effects 评估颈椎活动度和是否符合菲特定律:根据年龄和性别影响改编的虚拟现实 DidRen 激光测试
IF 1.6 3区 心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103270
Frédéric Dierick , Renaud Hage , Wesley Estievenart , Joey Bruno , Olivier Nocent , William Bertucci , Fabien Buisseret

Cervical spine mobility assessment is crucial in rehabilitation to monitor patient progress. This study introduces the DidRen VR test, a virtual reality (VR) adaptation of the conventional DidRen laser test, aimed at evaluating cervical spine mobility.

We conducted a cross-sectional study involving fifty healthy participants that underwent the DidRen VR test. The satisfaction of Fitts' law within this VR adaptation was examined and we analyzed the effects of age and sex on the sensorimotor performance metrics.

Our findings confirm that Fitts' law is satisfied, demonstrating a predictable relationship between movement time and the index of difficulty, which suggest that the DidRen VR test can simulate real-world conditions. A clear influence of age and sex on performance was observed, highlighting significant differences in movement efficiency and accuracy across demographics, which may necessitate personalized assessment strategies in clinical rehabilitation practices.

The DidRen VR test presents an effective tool for assessing cervical spine mobility, validated by Fitts' law. It offers a viable alternative to real-world method, providing precise control over test conditions and enhanced engagement for participants. Since age and sex significantly affect sensorimotor performance, personalized assessments are essential. Further research is recommended to explore the applicability of the DidRen VR test in clinical settings and among patients with neck pain.

颈椎活动度评估是康复治疗中监测患者进展的关键。本研究介绍了DidRen VR测试,它是对传统DidRen激光测试的虚拟现实(VR)改编,旨在评估颈椎活动度。我们进行了一项横断面研究,50名健康参与者接受了DidRen VR测试。我们的研究结果证实了菲茨定律的适用性,证明了运动时间和难度指数之间存在可预测的关系,这表明 DidRen VR 测试可以模拟真实世界的条件。我们观察到年龄和性别对测试成绩的明显影响,这凸显了不同人群在运动效率和准确性上的显著差异,这可能需要在临床康复实践中采取个性化的评估策略。 DidRen VR 测试是评估颈椎活动度的有效工具,并得到了菲茨定律的验证。DidRen VR 测试是评估颈椎活动度的有效工具,已通过菲茨定律验证。它为真实世界方法提供了一个可行的替代方案,可对测试条件进行精确控制,并提高参与者的参与度。由于年龄和性别对感觉运动表现有很大影响,因此个性化评估至关重要。建议进一步开展研究,探索 DidRen VR 测试在临床环境和颈部疼痛患者中的适用性。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to “Associations between brain structures, cognition and dual-task performance in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A study based on voxel-based morphology”. 轻度认知障碍患者的大脑结构、认知能力和双任务表现之间的关系:基于体素形态学的研究 "的更正。
IF 1.6 3区 心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103275
Xue Cheng, Xin Huang, Qiuhua Yu, Yiyi Zheng, Jiaxuan Zheng, Shuzhi Zhao, Wai Leung Ambrose Lo, Chuhuai Wang, Siyun Zhang
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引用次数: 0
Inter-individual variability in elliptical and diagonal error distributions potentially relevant to optimal motor planning in football instep kicking 椭圆和对角线误差分布的个体间差异可能与足球脚背踢球的最佳运动规划有关。
IF 1.6 3区 心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103272
Natsuki Sado , Morikazu Yazawa , Tempei Tominaga , Kohei Akutsu

The distribution of motor errors can influence optimal motor planning (where to aim). In football instep kicking, it was shown that ball landing locations exhibit the right-up-left-down elliptical distribution in right-footed kickers and vice versa. However, this was reported as a result of mixed multiple kickers; the individual-level error distribution has been unclear. Here we show substantial inter-individual variability in error shape and error direction in the 30 kicks aimed at a target (1.7 m high, 11.0 m in front) by 27 male football players. All players exhibit right-up-left-down distributions with ellipticity (minor/major radius ratio of the 95% confidence ellipse) ranging from 0.25 to 0.77 and major axis angle ranging from 13 to 67° from the horizontal axis. The mean absolute error and the area of the 95% confidence ellipse are not significantly correlated with major axis angle (ρ ≤ 0.312) and ellipticity (|r| ≤ 0.343). By simulating shots aimed at the top-right and top-left edges of a goal with these observed ranges and normalised ellipse area, we reveal a wide range of probability of shots on goal (top-right: 2.7-fold difference, top-left: 1.5-fold difference) due to inter-individual variability in error shape and direction independent of error size. Further simulation shows that, depending on the shape-direction combination, the aiming points with the same 80% probability of shots on goal change by up to 0.3 m vertically, even for the same minimal error size. We highlight the importance for football players to consider not only accuracy/precision, but also error shape and direction to optimise motor planning.

运动误差的分布会影响最佳运动规划(瞄准哪里)。在足球脚背踢球中,有研究表明,右脚踢球者的球着地位置呈现右上左下的椭圆形分布,反之亦然。然而,这是多人混合踢球的结果,个体水平的误差分布尚不清楚。在这里,我们展示了 27 名男子足球运动员在 30 次踢向目标(高 1.7 米,前方 11.0 米)时,在误差形状和误差方向上的巨大个体差异。所有球员都表现出右上左下的分布,椭圆度(95% 置信椭圆的小半径/大半径比)从 0.25 到 0.77 不等,主轴与水平轴的夹角从 13 到 67°不等。平均绝对误差和 95% 置信椭圆的面积与主轴角 (ρ ≤ 0.312) 和椭圆度 (|r | ≤ 0.343) 的相关性不大。通过用这些观测范围和归一化椭圆面积模拟射向球门右上角和左上角边缘的射门,我们发现射中球门的概率范围很大(右上角:相差 2.7 倍,左上角:相差 1.5 倍),这是由于误差形状和方向的个体间差异与误差大小无关。进一步的模拟显示,根据形状和方向组合的不同,即使是相同的最小误差大小,射门概率为 80% 的瞄准点在垂直方向上也会有最多 0.3 米的变化。我们强调了足球运动员在优化运动规划时不仅要考虑准确度/精确度,还要考虑误差形状和方向的重要性。
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引用次数: 0
Effects of attentional focus on quiet standing balance control in individuals with non-specific chronic low back pain 注意力集中对非特异性慢性腰痛患者安静站立时平衡控制的影响
IF 1.6 3区 心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103271
Pardis Pourgravand , Razieh Mofateh , Neda Orakifar , Mohammad-Jafar Shaterzadeh-Yazdi , Maryam Seyedtabib , Ramin Saki

Despite the widespread research about the effects of attentional focus on balance control in different populations, to the best of our knowledge, no study has yet investigated the effects of attentional focus instructions on balance control in individuals with chronic low back pain (CLBP). Therefore, this study was aimed to compare the effects of internal focus (IF) and external focus (EF) of attention on quiet standing balance control between individuals with CLBP and healthy controls. Twenty individuals with CLBP and 20 healthy controls were enrolled in this quasi-experimental study. The participants were asked to stand still with eyes open and eyes closed while performing three tasks: baseline standing with no focus instructions, internally focusing on their feet, and externally focusing on two markers were placed on the force platform. Statistical analyses showed a significant main effect of group for mean total velocity (p = 0.02), area (p = 0.01), and displacement in mediolateral (ML) direction (p = 0.003). Moreover, a significant main effect of vision was observed for mean total velocity (p < 0.001), area (p < 0.001), and displacement in anteroposterior (AP) (p < 0.001) and ML directions (p < 0.001). Also, the results revealed a significant main effect of attentional focus for mean total velocity (p < 0.001), area (p < 0.001), and displacement in AP (p < 0.001) and ML directions (p = 0.01). Our results showed that in both healthy controls and individuals with CLBP, EF led to improve quiet standing balance control compared to IF and control conditions. From a clinical perspective, it may be useful for physical therapists to consider the use of instruction cues that direct performer's attention away from the body for improving quiet standing balance control in individuals with CLBP.

尽管有关注意力集中对不同人群平衡控制影响的研究非常广泛,但就我们所知,还没有研究调查过注意力集中指令对慢性腰背痛(CLBP)患者平衡控制的影响。因此,本研究旨在比较内聚焦(IF)和外聚焦(EF)的注意力对慢性腰背痛患者和健康对照组的安静站立平衡控制的影响。这项准实验研究招募了 20 名 CLBP 患者和 20 名健康对照者。研究人员要求受试者睁眼和闭眼静立,同时执行三项任务:无注意力指示的基线站立、内部注意力集中于双脚以及外部注意力集中于放置在受力平台上的两个标记。统计分析显示,组别对平均总速度(p = 0.02)、面积(p = 0.01)和内外侧(ML)方向位移(p = 0.003)有显著主效应。此外,视力对平均总速度(p = 0.001)、面积(p = 0.001)、前后(AP)方向位移(p = 0.001)和内外侧(ML)方向位移(p = 0.003)也有明显的主效应。此外,结果还显示,注意焦点对平均总速度(p <0.001)、面积(p <0.001)、前后方向位移(p <0.001)和上下方向位移(p = 0.01)具有显著的主效应。我们的研究结果表明,与中频和对照组相比,在健康对照组和慢性阻塞性脑病患者中,中频可改善安静站立时的平衡控制。从临床角度来看,物理治疗师可以考虑使用引导表演者将注意力从身体上移开的指令线索来改善CLBP患者的安静站立平衡控制能力。
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引用次数: 0
Sustained submaximal isometric wrist flexion and wrist extension contractions uniquely impair maximal voluntary contraction force in the antagonist wrist action 持续的亚极限等长腕关节屈伸收缩会独特地损害拮抗腕关节动作的最大自主收缩力。
IF 1.6 3区 心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103269
Jeff S. Schrattner, David H. Imeson, Davis A. Forman

When fatigued, the wrist extensors, which are the primary wrist stabilizers, impair distal upper limb motor performance in a surprisingly similar way as when fatiguing the wrist flexors. It is possible that the wrist extensors are so active as antagonists that they develop an equal degree of fatigue during wrist flexion contractions, making it difficult to truly isolate their impact on performance. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine how wrist flexion/extension forces are impaired following either agonist or antagonist sustained submaximal wrist contractions. 13 male participants attended four laboratory sessions. In these sessions, fatigue was induced via a sustained submaximal isometric contraction of either wrist flexion or extension. These contractions were held for up to 10 min at 20% of the participant's baseline maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force. Throughout the sustained contraction, intermittent agonist (matching the sustained contraction) or antagonist (opposing the sustained contraction) MVCs were performed. Unsurprisingly, agonist MVC forces decreased significantly more than antagonist (Agonist: 58.5%, Antagonist: 86.5% of MVC, P < 0.001). However, while there were no differences in antagonist wrist extension and flexion MVC decreases (Wrist Flexion: 87.5%, Wrist Extension: 85.5%, P = 0.41), wrist extension MVCs did decrease significantly more than wrist flexion MVCs when forces were expressed relative to the agonist (P = 0.036). These findings partially support the hypothesis that the wrist extensors may be more susceptible to developing fatigue when functioning as antagonists than the wrist flexors. This work will help equip future research into the motor control of the upper limb and the prevention of forearm-related musculoskeletal disorders.

腕伸肌是腕部的主要稳定器,当其疲劳时,腕伸肌对上肢远端运动能力的影响与腕屈肌疲劳时的影响惊人地相似。可能是腕伸肌作为拮抗剂非常活跃,以至于在腕关节屈曲收缩时也会产生同等程度的疲劳,因此很难真正分离出它们对运动表现的影响。因此,本研究的目的是考察激动剂或拮抗剂持续亚最大腕部收缩后,腕部屈伸力如何受到影响。13 名男性参与者参加了四节实验课。在这些训练中,通过腕关节屈伸的持续亚极限等长收缩来诱发疲劳。这些收缩持续时间长达 10 分钟,收缩力为参与者基线最大自主收缩力(MVC)的 20%。在整个持续收缩过程中,进行间歇性激动(与持续收缩相匹配)或拮抗(与持续收缩相反)MVC。不出所料,激动剂 MVC 力的下降幅度明显大于拮抗剂(激动剂:MVC 的 58.5%,拮抗剂:MVC 的 86.5%,P<0.05)。
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引用次数: 0
Walking against the odds: The intricate connection between spatiotemporal characteristics, kinetic and kinematic variables, cognitive stress, and passive assistive exoskeletons in senior and young adults 逆境行走:老年人和年轻人的时空特征、运动和运动变量、认知压力以及被动辅助外骨骼之间的复杂联系。
IF 1.6 3区 心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103268
Cristina-Ioana Pîrșcoveanu , Ernst Albin Hansen , Jesper Franch , Pascal Madeleine

In this study, we investigated the combined effects of age, dual-tasking (DT) and a passive hip exoskeleton on gait patterns among senior (SA) and young adults (YA). It was hypothesized that SA will be more affected by DT and that wearing the exoskeleton will improve gait patterns for both groups during DT. Twenty-two SA and twenty-six YA performed a single task (normal walking) and DT walking at their preferred speed with an exoskeleton (EXO), without (noEXO), and a sham version (SHAM) in a randomized and balanced order. Speed, cadence, double support time (DST), step length, hip joint power, range of motion (ROM), and moments (mom), as well as DT performance, were extracted using mocap, force plates (1000 Hz), and a voice recorder. Three-way MANOVA with group × device × condition was conducted (p < .05, inferred significance). Results showed a predominantly significant main effect of group for step length, speed, DST, ROM, and mom (p ≤ .01), main effect of condition for cadence, DST, speed, and mom (p < .01) and a main effect of the device for ROMz and mom (p < .05). Age-related changes were seen by decreased walking speed and step length, independent of DT and use of exoskeleton. Wearing the EXO aided the SA group to maintain similar levels of cadence from single to DT and decreased the hip internal rotation mom by 65%. There was no difference in DT performance between groups. In conclusion, SA showed a decline in gait patterns during DT that was somewhat mitigated by wearing an EXO.

在这项研究中,我们调查了年龄、双重任务(DT)和被动髋关节外骨骼对老年人(SA)和年轻人(YA)步态的综合影响。根据假设,SA 受 DT 的影响更大,而穿戴外骨骼将改善两组人在 DT 期间的步态模式。22 名 SA 和 26 名 YA 按照随机和平衡的顺序,分别以自己喜欢的速度进行了单项任务(正常行走)和穿戴外骨骼(EXO)、不穿戴外骨骼(noEXO)和假外骨骼(SHAM)的 DT 步行。使用 mocap、力板(1000 Hz)和录音机提取了速度、步幅、双支撑时间(DST)、步长、髋关节力量、运动范围(ROM)和力矩(Mom)以及 DT 表现。进行了组别 × 设备 × 条件的三方 MANOVA(P
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引用次数: 0
Associations between brain structures, cognition and dual-task performance in patients with mild cognitive impairment: A study based on voxel-based morphology 轻度认知障碍患者的大脑结构、认知能力和双任务表现之间的关联:基于体素形态学的研究。
IF 1.6 3区 心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103257
Xue Cheng , Xin Huang , Qiuhua Yu , Yiyi Zheng , Jiaxuan Zheng , Shuzhi Zhao , Wai Leung Ambrose Lo , Chuhuai Wang , Siyun Zhang

Background

This study aimed to explore the associations between brain structures, cognition, and motor control in participants with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), with a focus on dual-task performance.

Methods

Thirty MCI patients and thirty healthy controls were enrolled. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Structural magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to calculate brain parenchyma volume and gray matter volume (GMV). Participants performed single- and dual-task Timed Up and Go (TUG) tests, and the correlations between significant GMV differences and task execution time was analyzed.

Results

MCI patients showed significantly lower MoCA scores, particularly in visuospatial/executive, attention, and delayed recall domains (p < 0.05). Dual-task TUG execution time was significantly increased in MCI patients (p < 0.05). The GMV in the right anterior lobe of the cerebellum and both insulae was positively correlated with visuospatial/executive scores (FDR-corrected, p < 0.05). The GMV of the right cerebellar anterior lobe and insula were significantly reduced in MCI patients (p < 0.05). The GMV of the right cerebellar anterior lobe was negatively correlated with dual-task execution time (r = −0.32, p = 0.012).

Conclusion

Smaller GMV in the right anterior lobe of the cerebellum was associated with impaired dual-task performance, which may provide more evidence for the neural mechanisms of cognitive and motor function impairments in MCI.

研究背景本研究旨在探讨轻度认知障碍(MCI)患者的大脑结构、认知能力和运动控制能力之间的关联,重点是双任务表现:方法:研究人员招募了 30 名 MCI 患者和 30 名健康对照者。认知功能通过蒙特利尔认知评估(MoCA)进行评估。结构磁共振成像数据采用体素形态计量法(VBM)进行分析,以计算脑实质体积和灰质体积(GMV)。受试者进行了单任务和双任务的定时爬行(TUG)测试,并分析了显著的 GMV 差异与任务执行时间之间的相关性:结果发现:MCI 患者的 MoCA 得分明显较低,尤其是在视觉空间/执行、注意力和延迟回忆领域(p 结论:MCI 患者的右前臂 GMV 较小,而左前臂 GMV 较大(p 结论:MCI 患者的右前臂 GMV 较小):小脑右前叶较小的GMV与双任务表现受损有关,这可能为MCI患者认知和运动功能受损的神经机制提供了更多证据。
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引用次数: 0
Corrigendum to “Differential performance on a motor task according to the preference for task-irrelevant elements that are chosen or assigned: A randomized controlled study” [Human Movement Science 96 (2024) 1–10/103253] 对 "根据对选择或分配的与任务无关元素的偏好,在一项运动任务中的表现存在差异:一项随机对照研究"[人类运动科学 96 (2024) 1-10/103253] 的更正:随机对照研究" [Human Movement Science 96 (2024) 1-10/103253]。
IF 1.6 3区 心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103267
Félix Arbinaga , Eduardo José Fernández-Ozcorta , Irene Checa , Ana García-Robles , Débora Godoy-Izquierdo
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引用次数: 0
Motor adaptation to continuous lateral trunk support force during walking improves trunk postural control and walking in children with cerebral palsy: A pilot study 行走时对躯干持续侧向支撑力的运动适应可改善脑瘫儿童的躯干姿势控制和行走能力:一项试点研究。
IF 1.6 3区 心理学 Q4 NEUROSCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2024.103258
Shijun Yan , Seoung Hoon Park , Weena Dee , Renee Keefer , Ana-Marie Rojas , William Zev Rymer , Ming Wu

Purpose

To determine whether the application of continuous lateral trunk support forces during walking would improve trunk postural control and improve gait performance in children with CP.

Materials and methods

Nineteen children with spastic CP participated in this study (8 boys; mean age 10.6 ± 3.4 years old). Fourteen of them were tested in the following sessions: 1) walking on a treadmill without force for 1-min (baseline), 2) with lateral trunk support force for 7-min (adaptation), and 3) without force for 1-min (post-adaptation). Overground walking pre/post treadmill walking. Five of them were tested using a similar protocol but without trunk support force (i.e., control).

Results

Participants from the experimental group showed enhancement in gait phase dependent muscle activation of rectus abdominis in late adaptation period compared to baseline (P = 0.005), which was retained during the post-adaptation period (P = 0.036), reduced variability of the peak trunk oblique angle during the late post-adaptation period (P = 0.023), and increased overground walking speed after treadmill walking (P = 0.032). Participants from the control group showed modest changes in kinematics and EMG during treadmill and overground walking performance. These results suggest that applying continuous lateral trunk support during walking is likely to induce learning of improved trunk postural control in children with CP, which may partially transfer to overground walking, although we do not have a firm conclusion due to the small sample size in the control group.

目的:确定在行走过程中施加持续的躯干侧向支撑力是否能改善躯干姿势控制并提高脊髓灰质炎患儿的步态表现:19名患有痉挛性脊柱炎的儿童(8名男孩,平均年龄(10.6 ± 3.4)岁)参加了本研究。其中 14 名儿童接受了以下测试:1)在跑步机上无外力行走 1 分钟(基线);2)躯干侧向支撑外力行走 7 分钟(适应);3)无外力行走 1 分钟(适应后)。地面行走前/后跑步机行走。其中五人进行了类似的测试,但没有躯干支撑力(即对照组):结果:与基线相比,实验组的参与者在适应后期腹直肌的步态相位依赖性肌肉激活增强(P = 0.005),在适应后期仍保持这种激活(P = 0.036);在适应后期,躯干斜角峰值的变异性降低(P = 0.023);在跑步机行走后,地面行走速度增加(P = 0.032)。对照组的参与者在跑步机和地面行走过程中的运动学和肌电图变化不大。这些结果表明,在行走过程中施加持续的躯干侧向支撑很可能会诱导CP患儿学习改善躯干姿势控制,这可能会部分转移到地面行走,尽管由于对照组样本量较小,我们还没有得出确切的结论。
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引用次数: 0
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Human Movement Science
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