Geotextiles and Geomembranes最新文献_第5页

Laboratory evaluation of water absorption and drainage performance of a new wicking geotextile in loess-sand mixtures 一种新型吸湿土工布在黄土-砂混合材料中的吸水和排水性能的实验室评价

IF 6.2 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2025-08-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.08.003

Zhilang You , Jian Xu , Hua Liu , Yang Peng , Zhichao Zhang

Climatic warming and humidification in Northwest China have led to frequent extreme rainfall events, triggering numerous geohazards along linear infrastructure such as highways in the Loess Plateau region. A self-developed wicking geotextile with fibers featuring an irregular cross-section (14 μm in major axis, 7 μm in minor axis) was first introduced to facilitate drainage in loess-sand mixtures, thereby enhancing the strength and stability of foundations. Capillary effect and drainage tests were conducted to evaluate its water absorption and drainage performance of loess-sand mixtures with various ratios of poorly graded sand with silt. Additionally, evaporation tests were performed to assess the evaporation rate of the wicking geotextiles under different environmental conditions, including variations in temperature and humidity. The results showed that: 1) the maximum liquid vertical wicking heights of the wicking geotextiles in loess-sand mixtures increased with both sand contents and initial water contents; 2) the evaporation rate decreased with increasing humidity, but increased with increasing temperature; 3) Under simulated extreme rainfall, the drainage efficiency of the wicking geotextile improved with greater sand content. The drainage mechanisms of the wicking geotextiles in loess-sand mixtures were analyzed based on fibers’ microstructure. This study contributes to geohazard mitigation in the Loess Plateau.

西北地区气候变暖加湿导致极端降雨事件频发，引发黄土高原地区公路等线性基础设施沿线地质灾害频发。首次引入自主研发的不规则截面纤维（长轴14 μm，短轴7 μm）抽芯土工布，促进黄土-砂混合物的排水，从而提高基础的强度和稳定性。通过毛细效应和排水试验，评价了不同分级差砂与粉砂配比的黄土-砂混合材料的吸水排水性能。此外，还进行了蒸发试验，以评估吸湿土工布在不同环境条件下的蒸发速率，包括温度和湿度的变化。结果表明：1)黄土-砂土混合中吸湿土工布的最大液体垂直吸湿高度随含砂量和初始含水量的增加而增加；2)蒸发速率随湿度的增加而减小，随温度的升高而增大；3)在模拟极端降雨条件下，随着含砂量的增加，吸芯土工布的排水效率提高。从纤维微观结构出发，分析了吸湿土工布在黄土-砂混合料中的排水机理。该研究对黄土高原的地质灾害减灾具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Dynamic properties of sand reinforced with non-woven geotextile sheets using resonant column and bender elements tests 用共振柱和弯曲单元试验研究非织造土工布板加筋砂的动力特性

IF 6.2 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2025-08-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.07.012

Sandyapogu Peddaiah, Jyant Kumar

This study examines an inclusion of non-woven polypropylene geotextiles sheets on dynamic properties of dry sand. Resonant column (RC), bender and extender elements (BE, EE) tests were conducted on sand reinforced with different numbers of geotextile sheets (

N_{g t s}

) under varying confining pressures. The inclusion of geotextile sheets significantly increases not only the shear modulus (

G

) but also the damping ratio (

D

) of the reinforced sand specimen. As compared to the data reported in literature, although geotextiles with lesser tensile strength were being employed in the current research, the percentage increases in the values of G were, however, found to be relatively greater. The inclusion of geotextile also leads to a reduction in the amplitude of the shear strain (

γ

). The values of shear and Young's moduli (

G_{0}, E_{0}

) determined respectively from BE and EE tests also confirm the improvement in moduli values for sand reinforced with geotextile sheets. The improvement in Young's modulus is found to be, however, relatively smaller. The effect of an inclusion of geotextile sheets on (i) percentage increase in

G_{0}

and percentage decrease in

γ_{\min}

increases continuously with an increase in

σ_{3}

, and (iii) percentage increase in

D_{\min}

, however, reduces with an increase in

σ_{3}

.

本研究考察了非织造聚丙烯土工布片对干砂动态性能的影响。在不同围压条件下，对不同数量的土工布（Ngts）加筋砂土进行了共振柱（RC）、弯管和扩展单元（BE、EE）试验。土工布片材的加入不仅显著提高了加筋砂试件的剪切模量G，而且显著提高了加筋砂试件的阻尼比D。与文献报道的数据相比，虽然在本研究中使用了抗拉强度较低的土工布，但G值的增加百分比相对较大。土工布的加入也导致剪切应变（γ）的幅度减小。从BE和EE试验中分别测定的剪切模量和杨氏模量（G0,E0）也证实了土工布加筋砂模量的改善。然而，杨氏模量的改善相对较小。随着σ3的增加，土工布片材对(1)G0的增加百分比和γmin的减少百分比的影响不断增大，而(3)Dmin的增加百分比的影响随着σ3的增加而减小。

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引用次数: 0

The role of boundary normal stiffness in the micromechanical behavior of geomembrane-sand interface: A numerical study 边界法向刚度在土工膜-砂界面细观力学行为中的作用：数值研究

IF 6.2 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2025-07-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.07.011

Haibo Wang , Ge Gao , Mohamed A. Meguid , Nasser Khalili , Lulu Zhang

Three-dimensional discrete element method (DEM) is employed to investigate how boundary normal stiffness influences the shearing behavior at the soil-geomembrane interface. A robust and efficient algorithm was developed and implemented into direct shear numerical models, effectively capturing the key aspects of the sand-geomembrane interface behavior across a wide range of boundary normal stiffness values. The numerical model was validated by comparing the bulk responses of interface shear stress and volume change versus shear displacement with experimental data. At the microscale, particle displacements, rotations, contact network evolution, coordination number, redundancy factor and elastic stiffness tensor were investigated to shed light on the impact of normal stiffness on the interface response. The micromechanical insights, such as the development of higher level of geometrical and mechanical anisotropy, stronger interface interlocking to resist sliding and rolling of sand particles, and increased local density and bulk stiffness, are connected to the macroscopic response, explaining how higher boundary normal stiffness enhances interface shear strength and normal stress during shearing.

采用三维离散元法研究了边界法向刚度对土工膜界面剪切性能的影响。开发了一种鲁棒且高效的算法，并将其应用于直接剪切数值模型中，有效地捕获了在大范围的边界法向刚度值范围内砂-土工膜界面行为的关键方面。将界面剪应力和体积变化随剪切位移的体响应与实验数据进行对比，验证了数值模型的正确性。在微观尺度上，研究了颗粒位移、旋转、接触网络演化、配位数、冗余因子和弹性刚度张量，揭示了法向刚度对界面响应的影响。微观力学的见解，如更高水平的几何和力学各向异性的发展，更强的界面联锁以抵抗砂粒的滑动和滚动，以及增加的局部密度和体刚度，与宏观响应有关，解释了更高的边界法向刚度如何提高界面抗剪强度和剪切过程中的法向应力。

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引用次数: 0

Degradation of polyethylene geomembranes exposed to different mine tailings pore waters 聚乙烯土工膜在不同尾矿孔隙水中的降解研究

IF 6.2 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2025-07-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.07.006

Rodrigo A. e Silva, R. Kerry Rowe, Fady B. Abdelaal

The chemical durability of three 1.5 mm geomembranes (GMBs) – two made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and one from a blended polyolefin resin – was examined over 3 years in synthetic tailings pore water solutions. The immersion solutions included a pH 4.0 solution simulating pore water from oxidized copper-zinc mine tailings (PW-4), pH 7.0 (PW-7) and 8.0 (PW-8) solutions simulating arsenic-bearing pore waters from saturated gold mine tailings, and a pH 9.5 solution (PW-9.5) simulating pore water affected by cyanide complexes and/or chemicals from a cyanidation plant. Both HDPE GMBs reached nominal failure in stress-crack resistance at 85 °C, followed by reductions in melt index and, in some cases, tensile strength. The blended GMB showed no degradation. PW-7 was the most aggressive solution in terms of degradation of mechanical properties of the HDPEs, while PW-9.5 was the most aggressive for antioxidant depletion for all three GMBs. The relative performance of the three GMBs in different tailings pore waters could not be predicted from the GMBs’ initial properties or the solutions' chemistry. Overall, results highlight the importance of conducting immersion tests for applications involving complex chemical environments.

三种1.5毫米土工膜（gmb）——两种由高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）制成，另一种由混合聚烯烃树脂制成——在合成尾矿孔隙水溶液中进行了为期3年的化学耐久性测试。浸没溶液包括pH为4.0的模拟氧化铜锌矿尾矿（PW-4）孔隙水的溶液，pH为7.0 （PW-7）和8.0 （PW-8）的模拟饱和金矿尾矿含砷孔隙水的溶液，以及pH为9.5的模拟氰化厂氰化物配合物和/或化学品影响孔隙水的溶液（PW-9.5）。在85℃时，两种HDPE gmb的抗应力开裂性能均达到了标称失效，随后熔体指数下降，在某些情况下，抗拉强度也有所下降。混合后的GMB无降解现象。就hdpe的机械性能降解而言，PW-7是最严重的，而PW-9.5对所有三种GMBs的抗氧化剂消耗最为严重。三种GMBs在不同尾砂孔隙水中的相对性能不能从其初始性质或溶液化学性质来预测。总的来说，结果强调了在涉及复杂化学环境的应用中进行浸入式测试的重要性。

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引用次数: 0

Centrifuge modeling on the geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) abutments with different combinations of reinforcement spacing and tensile stiffness 土工合成加筋土（GRS）桥台不同配筋间距和抗拉刚度组合的离心模拟

IF 6.2 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2025-07-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.07.009

Qingming Wang , Chao Xu , Geye Li , Panpan Shen , Chongxi Zhao

Three centrifuge model tests were conducted to investigate the performance of geosynthetic reinforced soil (GRS) abutments with modular block facing under localized vertical loads. This study examined the effects of different combinations of reinforcement spacing S_v and tensile stiffness J on the behavior of GRS abutments. In this study, river sand and woven geotextiles were used as the backfill soil and reinforcement material, respectively. Test results show that under the same ratio of J/S_v = 3.7, using the combination of smaller S_v and lower J was more effective in minimizing the beam seat settlements and the lateral facing displacements induced by localized vertical loads than the combination of larger S_v and higher J. Meanwhile, smaller additional vertical stresses transferred from the applied loads within the GRS abutment and smaller reinforcement tensile forces were also observed for the combination of smaller S_v and lower J. Furthermore, the maximum tensile forces in each layer occurred under the beam seat for the upper reinforcement layers and near the facing for the lower layers for all three tests. A more uniform distribution of the reinforcement tensile force was found for the combination of smaller S_v and lower J.

采用离心模型试验方法，研究了组合式砌块土工合成加筋土桥台在局部竖向荷载作用下的性能。研究了不同配筋间距Sv和抗拉刚度J组合对GRS基台性能的影响。本研究采用河砂作为回填土，采用编织土工布作为加固材料。试验结果表明，在相同J/Sv = 3.7的情况下，较小Sv和较低J的组合比较大Sv和较高J的组合更能有效地减小梁座沉降和局部竖向荷载引起的侧向位移。在较小的Sv和较低的j值组合下，GRS桥台内附加荷载传递的附加垂直应力较小，钢筋拉力较小。此外，在所有三种试验中，每一层的最大拉力都出现在上层钢筋层的梁座下方，下层钢筋层的面板附近。较小的Sv和较低的J组合使钢筋受拉力分布更为均匀。

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引用次数: 0

Mitigating frost damage in cold region canals: performance evaluation of a two-layer geomembrane lining structure 缓解寒区水渠冻害：双层土工膜衬砌结构的性能评价

IF 4.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2025-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.07.008

Jianrui Ge , Yuncheng Yuan , Haoyuan Jiang , Zhengzhong Wang , Yi Wang , Min Xiao

To address frost damage to canal lining structures in arid and cold regions, this study proposes the use of a two-layer composite geomembranes (TLCGs) as a frost-heaving composite lining structure. To assess the performance of the two-layer geomembrane lining structure (TLCGLS), field tests were conducted. Considering the interaction between TLCGs and lining structure and canal foundation soil, a calculation model of canal frost heave is established based on the water-heat-force coupling theory of foundation soil. The stress of canal lining with single-layer composite geomembrane (SLCG), frictionless two-layer composite geomembranes (FTLCGS), and TLCGs under frost-heaving conditions is analyzed. The results indicate that TLCGLS can enhance the temperature of canal foundation soil by 7 % and decrease the water content by 12 %, thereby effectively mitigating canal deformation by 38 %. The TLCGs cushion under the canal lining can effectively release the tangential freezing constraint, so that the lining structure has certain flexibility, so as to prevent frost damage. Therefore, the reasonable use of TLCGs with appropriate friction and the setting of flexible structural joints can prevent frost damage.

为了解决干旱寒冷地区运河衬砌结构的冻害问题，本研究提出采用双层复合土工膜（tlcg）作为冻胀复合衬砌结构。为了评估双层土工膜衬砌结构（TLCGLS）的性能，进行了现场试验。考虑衬砌结构与渠道基础土的相互作用，基于基础土水-热-力耦合理论，建立了渠道冻胀计算模型。分析了冻胀条件下单层复合土工膜（SLCG）、无摩擦双层复合土工膜（FTLCGS）和TLCGs管道衬砌的应力。结果表明：TLCGLS可使运河地基土温度升高7%，含水率降低12%，有效缓解运河变形38%；运河衬砌下的tlcg垫层可以有效地解除切向冻结约束，使衬砌结构具有一定的柔韧性，从而防止冻损。因此，合理使用具有适当摩擦力的tlcg，并设置柔性结构缝，可以防止冻损。

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引用次数: 0

Centrifuge modelling of EPS geofoam behind integral bridge abutments 整体式桥台后EPS土工泡沫的离心建模

IF 4.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2025-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.07.005

Douglas G. Morley , Gopal SP. Madabhushi , Dennis Sakufiwa

This research investigates the extent to which geosynthetic compressible inclusions can be used to improve the performance of integral bridges. Geotechnical centrifuge modelling was used to simulate thermal movements acting on a 9 m abutment on a spread foundation, with and without a 1.2 m thick EPS geofoam inclusion. The compressible inclusion was found to significantly reduce the earth pressures behind the abutment generated over a 120-year design life of thermal cycles without undergoing notable permanent deformation. This resulted in the bridge deck axial force and peak abutment bending moment reaching only a third and two-thirds, respectively, of the values without the geofoam. Backfill settlement increased slightly when the compressible inclusion was used, although the peak settlement immediately behind the abutment face remained similar at around 100 mm. Through the application of extreme displacement amplitudes, it was found that the performance of EPS geofoam was not overly sensitive to permanent deformation, which was concentrated behind the top half of the abutment. By providing partial isolation, rather than accommodating thermal movements in their entirety, these results suggest that EPS geofoam can improve integral bridge performance even when subjected to large thermal movements.

本研究探讨了土工合成可压缩包体用于改善整体桥梁性能的程度。采用土工离心机模型，模拟了在有和没有1.2 m厚EPS土工泡沫包体的基础上，作用于9 m基台的热运动。在120年的热循环设计寿命中，可压缩包体显著降低了桥台背后产生的土压力，而不会发生明显的永久变形。这导致桥面轴力和峰值桥台弯矩分别仅达到未加土工泡沫时的三分之一和三分之二。当采用可压缩包裹体时，充填体沉降略有增加，但紧靠桥台后的峰值沉降保持在100 mm左右。通过极值位移幅值的应用，发现EPS土工泡沫塑料的性能对永久变形不太敏感，永久变形集中在桥台上半部分后。通过提供部分隔离，而不是完全容纳热运动，这些结果表明，即使在遭受大的热运动时，EPS土工泡沫也可以改善整体桥梁性能。

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引用次数: 0

Mitigating washboard effect: A study on geocells as soil reinforcement for unpaved roads 减轻搓板效应：土工格室作为非铺砌道路土加固的研究

IF 4.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.07.007

Laura Ibagón , Bernardo Caicedo , Juan P. Villacreses , Fernando López‐Caballero

Washboard or corrugation is characterised by undulating patterns that emerge on unpaved roads as vehicles pass over. Soil properties, vehicle velocity, and mass influence these undulations. This study investigates the use of a cellular confinement system (geocells) placed at the road surface as a method to increase soil shear resistance. This approach aims to mitigate the formation of washboard undulations. A multi-pass experimental setup was employed to evaluate the reinforcement effect on the washboard phenomenon. The setup consists of a rotating wheel that traverses a sandy path, both with and without geocell reinforcement. Reinforced and non-reinforced results were compared under various scenarios, including wheel velocities and masses. Additionally, the effect of geocell confinement was compared with the effect of apparent cohesion using the theoretical model proposed by Ibagón et al. (2025). Findings showed that ripple formations are significantly reduced due to the geocell reinforcement. This suggests that geocells placed at the road surface may improve the durability and stability of unpaved roads under repeated vehicular loads.

搓板或波纹的特点是起伏的图案，出现在未铺设的道路上，车辆通过。土壤性质、车辆速度和质量影响这些波动。本研究调查了放置在路面上的细胞约束系统（土工细胞）作为增加土壤抗剪性的方法的使用。这种方法旨在减轻搓板波动的形成。采用多道次实验装置，评价了强化对搓板现象的影响。这个装置由一个旋转的轮子组成，它穿过一条沙路，有或没有土工格室加固。在包括车轮速度和质量在内的各种情况下，对加筋和未加筋的结果进行了比较。此外，利用Ibagón等人（2025）提出的理论模型，将土工格室约束效应与表观黏聚效应进行了比较。结果表明，由于土工格室的加固，波纹的形成明显减少。这表明，放置在路面的土工细胞可以提高未铺设道路在反复车辆荷载下的耐久性和稳定性。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental study on reinforcement and remediation of nickel-contaminated sludge using grouting vacuum preloading combined with electroosmosis 注浆真空预压结合电渗透加固修复镍污染污泥的试验研究

IF 4.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2025-07-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.07.003

Peng Wang , Ming Li , Zhuoxuan Wu , Jun Wang , Guohui Yuan , Xianfeng Huang , Jianfeng Wu

Traditional vacuum preloading, electroosmotic techniques face challenges such as poor removal efficiency, reinforcement and high energy consumption when treating contaminated sludge with high water content. This study investigates the reinforcement and remediation of nickel (Ni)-contaminated sludge with high water content using an approach combining grouting, vacuum preloading, and electroosmosis (GVE). Through laboratory model tests, the effects of grouting agents, vacuum preloading, and voltage loading modes on Ni removal efficiency, soil reinforcement, and energy consumption were evaluated. The results demonstrate that the grouting of sodium alginate can chelate Ni²⁺ in the soil, facilitating the removal of heavy metal ions during the electroosmosis process. The GVE combined with vacuum preloading significantly enhances Ni removal rates, achieving up to 94.52 % compared to 65.11 % with electroosmosis alone. Additionally, GVE reduced soil water content to 30.34 % and increased shear strength to 98 kPa, indicating improved soil reinforcement. The step loading further reduced energy consumption by over 35 % compared to constant voltage loading while enhancing both soil remediation and reinforcement. This study concludes that GVE, particularly with step loading and intermittent loading, is an effective and energy-efficient method for remediating and reinforcing heavy metal contaminated sludge.

传统的真空预压、电渗透技术在处理高含水率的污染污泥时，面临去除率差、补强、能耗高等挑战。本研究采用灌浆、真空预压和电渗（GVE）相结合的方法对高含水率镍污染污泥进行加固和修复。通过室内模型试验，评价了注浆剂、真空预压和电压加载方式对Ni去除效率、土体加固和能耗的影响。结果表明，海藻酸钠灌浆能螯合土壤中的Ni2+，有利于电渗过程中重金属离子的去除。GVE联合真空预压显著提高了Ni的去除率，达到94.52%，而单独电渗透的去除率为65.11%。此外，GVE使土壤含水量降低到30.34%，抗剪强度提高到98 kPa，表明土壤加固效果有所改善。与恒压加载相比，阶梯加载进一步降低了35%以上的能耗，同时加强了土壤的修复和加固。本研究认为，GVE特别是分级加载和间歇加载是一种有效且节能的重金属污染污泥修复和加固方法。

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引用次数: 0

Investigation on dewatering and reinforcement of dredged clay treated with SAP and PVD under vacuum preloading 真空预压下SAP和PVD处理的挖泥脱水加固研究

IF 4.7 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2025-07-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.07.004

Yupeng Cao , Xinzhuang Cui , Zhehao Qiu , Jie Yin , Pengfei Qi , Shuo Sun

This study investigates the dewatering and reinforcement performance of high-water-content dredged slurry using vacuum preloading combined with superabsorbent polymer (SAP) as a flocculant. Preliminary sedimentation experiments were conducted to compare the dewatering performance of different flocculants, and SAP was identified as the most effective additive for enhancing sedimentation. Laboratory vacuum preloading model tests were conducted on dredged clay treated with SAP and prefabricated vertical drain (PVD), to evaluate the effectiveness of SAP in enhancing the dewatering process. Results show that SAP enhances vacuum efficiency, leading to higher and faster vacuum pressure stabilization near the PVD. SAP-treated samples exhibited more rapid pore water pressure dissipation and accelerated water content reduction, particularly in the early stages. Post-treatment water content increased with distance from the PVD, but SAP improved overall drainage uniformity. Vane shear strength decreased with distance from the PVD but remained higher in SAP-treated samples, showing a linear correlation with normalized water content. SAP also influenced soil column formation, expanding its effective radius and reducing stabilization time. Two quantitative models were developed to predict shear strength and soil column radius variations under vacuum preloading with and without SAP. The radius of the soil column formed during vacuum preloading varied with depth, decreasing towards the bottom and increasing towards the surface. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing vacuum preloading in dredged material treatment and soft soil improvement.

研究了真空预压结合高吸水性聚合物（SAP）作为絮凝剂对高含水率疏浚浆的脱水增强性能。通过初步沉降试验，比较了不同絮凝剂的脱水性能，确定SAP是最有效的絮凝剂。通过实验室真空预压模型试验，对SAP和预制垂直排水管（PVD）处理的疏浚粘土进行了试验，以评价SAP对疏浚粘土脱水过程的改善效果。结果表明，SAP提高了真空效率，使得PVD附近的真空压力稳定速度更快。sap处理的样品表现出更快的孔隙水压力消散和加速的含水量降低，特别是在早期阶段。处理后的含水率随着与PVD距离的增加而增加，但SAP改善了整体排水均匀性。叶片抗剪强度随着与PVD的距离而降低，但在经过sap处理的样品中保持较高，与归一化含水量呈线性相关。SAP还影响了土柱的形成，扩大了有效半径，缩短了稳定时间。建立了两个定量模型来预测真空预压和不加SAP下土柱抗剪强度和半径的变化。真空预压形成的土柱半径随深度变化，向底部减小，向表面增大。这些研究结果为疏浚材料处理和软土改良中真空预压的优化提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0