Geotextiles and Geomembranes最新文献_第2页

Effect of temperature on the long-term interaction mechanism between geogrid and backfill 温度对土工格栅与回填体长期相互作用机制的影响

IF 6.2 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2026.01.001

Huaxin Han , Chengzhi Xiao , Nan Zhu , Jianguang Yin , Luqiang Ding , Xiangji Ye

Variations in backfill temperature affect the long-term interaction behavior between geosynthetic and surrounding soil in geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) walls, which in turn influences their service life. To investigate such behavior, a novel testing apparatus was developed to examine the long-term mechanical response of GRS unit specimens (composed of PP geogrid and either dry sand or clay) and its influence on the lateral earth pressure developing under sustained vertical loading at five controlled temperatures. Test results demonstrated that under constant vertical normal stress applied to the backfill, the horizontal tensile force in the geogrid decreased over time in both unfrozen backfill types, with higher temperatures accelerating the reduction. Rising temperatures also increased strain concentration near the tensile end of the reinforcement. Additionally, the results revealed that existing GRS wall design guidelines based on Rankine earth pressure theory underestimate the horizontal reinforcement tensile force under low temperatures due to inaccurate estimations of lateral earth pressure. Accordingly, a correction factor was proposed to properly predict the lateral earth pressure based on the Rankine earth pressure at different temperatures and times. This study offers valuable insights that could contribute to enhancing the design of GRS walls in regions with extreme climate conditions.

回填温度的变化会影响土工合成加筋土（GRS）墙体中土工合成材料与周围土体的长期相互作用，进而影响其使用寿命。为了研究这种行为，开发了一种新的测试装置，以检测GRS单元试件（由PP土工格栅和干砂或粘土组成）在5种控制温度下持续垂直加载下的长期力学响应及其对侧土压力的影响。试验结果表明，在充填体竖向法向应力恒定的情况下，两种未冻结充填体的土工格栅水平拉伸力均随时间减小，且温度升高会加速减小。升高的温度也增加了钢筋受拉端附近的应变浓度。此外，基于Rankine土压力理论的现有GRS墙设计指南由于对侧向土压力的估计不准确，低估了低温下水平钢筋的抗拉力。在此基础上，提出了一种基于不同温度和时间的朗肯土压力的修正系数，以正确预测侧向土压力。该研究为加强极端气候条件下GRS墙的设计提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Experimental and analytical evaluation of enhanced interface efficiency with geocell anchor cages 土工格室锚笼增强界面效率的实验与分析评价

IF 6.2 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.12.006

Aarya Krishna, Gali Madhavi Latha

A new reinforcement concept of Geocell Anchor Cage (GAC) system has been recently proposed by the authors and its benefits in increasing the load carrying capacity and reducing the settlements are established. This paper evaluates the interface shear response of geocell-GACs in comparison to geocells and geocell-grid combinations through large direct shear tests. Results showed that the sand-geocell-GAC interface has shown an increased interface efficiency of 1.5 compared to an interface efficiency of 1.25 computed for the sand-geocell interface at a normal stress of 25 kPa. This difference is slightly reduced at higher normal stresses, but the GACs constantly showed higher interface efficiency compared to geocell and geocell-grid interfaces with sand. Further, interface shear tests were carried out with different geocell pocket sizes to confirm the beneficial effects of GACs and to understand the influence of relative size of geocells and anchor pins. The individual contributions of geocell, geogrid and pins in increasing the interface shear resistance are analytically quantified. Through Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) analysis of videos captured during shear tests, particle movement and shear zone formations are compared to provide clues to the internal shear mechanisms and interactions involved.

作者最近提出了一种新的土工格室锚固笼（GAC）系统加固概念，并确定了其在提高承载能力和减少沉降方面的优势。通过大型直剪试验，对比土工格室和土工格室-栅格组合，评价了土工格室-栅格的界面剪切响应。结果表明，在法向应力为25 kPa时，砂土-土工格室- gac界面的界面效率提高了1.5，而砂土-土工格室界面的界面效率为1.25。在较高的法向应力下，这种差异略有减小，但与土工格室和土工格室-网格与砂的界面相比，GACs的界面效率一直较高。此外，还进行了不同土工格室袋尺寸的界面剪切试验，以证实gac的有益效果，并了解土工格室和锚钉相对尺寸的影响。分析量化了土工格室、土工格栅和销钉对增加界面剪切阻力的贡献。通过对剪切试验过程中捕获的视频进行颗粒图像测速（PIV）分析，比较了颗粒运动和剪切带形成，为内部剪切机制和所涉及的相互作用提供了线索。

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引用次数: 0

Physical performance of flexible pavement system with and without a Portland-cement-concrete (PCC) slab for geofoam embankments 土工泡沫路堤有和没有波特兰水泥混凝土（PCC）板柔性路面系统的物理性能

IF 6.2 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.11.001

Emre Akınay , Hande Isik Ozturk , Abdullah Yasin Büyükaslan , Abdullah Tolga Özer

Pavement system design for geofoam block embankments requires special solution due to their low California Bearing Ratio (CBR) values. Hence, the use of a reinforced Portland-cement-concrete (PCC) slab atop the geofoam block assemblage is considered as a practical approach to increase the stiffness of the pavement. On the other hand, the PCC slab has some inherent disadvantages such as construction delay due to curing. A thicker pavement system without a PCC slab can be a potential alternative. Hence, the performance of flexible pavement systems with and without PCC slab were investigated using the accelerated pavement test (APT) program in detail. Two 3.75 m-wide and 10 m-long pavements were constructed in a test bed, and a controlled wheel load was applied using a 3-axle, 37.72-ton truck that traveled with an average speed of 16.5 km/h. The test was terminated, when rutting reached to steady deformation pattern at 1299 passes (3897 axle repetitions), which is equal to 20,264.4 equivalent single axle loads (ESAL). The test program also included plate load tests (PLT) and falling weight deflectometer (FWD) tests. The full-scale APT results showed that flexible pavement systems without a PCC slab for geofoam block embankments can be a viable option.

土工泡沫砌块路堤的路面系统设计由于其较低的加州承载比（CBR）值需要特殊的解决方案。因此，在土工泡沫砌块组合之上使用增强波特兰水泥混凝土（PCC）板被认为是增加路面刚度的实用方法。另一方面，PCC板也存在一些固有的缺点，如由于养护而导致施工延迟。没有PCC板的较厚路面系统可能是一个潜在的替代方案。为此，采用加速路面试验（APT）程序对含PCC板和不含PCC板的柔性路面系统的性能进行了详细的研究。在试验台上建造了两条3.75米宽和10米长的路面，并使用一辆3轴、37.72吨、平均速度为16.5公里/小时的卡车施加可控轮载。当车辙在1299次（3897轴重复）达到稳定变形模式时，试验终止，相当于20,264.4等效单轴载荷（ESAL）。测试程序还包括板载荷测试（PLT）和下落重量偏转计（FWD）测试。全面的APT结果表明，对于土工泡沫块路堤，没有PCC板的柔性路面系统是一种可行的选择。

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引用次数: 0

Sensing performance and mechanism of flexible sensing-enabled CB-CNT/PDMS geosynthetics for soil deformation monitoring 柔性传感CB-CNT/PDMS土工合成材料土壤变形监测的传感性能与机理

IF 6.2 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.12.007

Xinzhuang Cui , Shibao Lu , Xu Zhang , Qing Jin , Shiyuan Sun , Hui Li

Conventional soil deformation monitoring technologies often struggle to achieve distributed and high-precision measurements under large-strain conditions (>20 %), which are typical in geotechnical failures. To address this limitation, this study developed a novel flexible sensing-enabled geosynthetics material by incorporating a hybrid conductive filler system composed of carbon black (CB) and carbon nanotubes (CNT) into a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix. Key fabrication parameters including the CB/CNT mass ratio, n-hexane dispersant content, and curing temperature were systematically optimized to enhance electrical conductivity and electromechanical response. The optimized composite exhibits excellent strain-sensing performance within the 0–20 % strain range, with a gauge factor (GF) of 2.453, a linear coefficient of determination (R²) of 0.972, and demonstrates outstanding signal stability and cyclic durability. Microstructural analyses revealed that the synergistic effect between CB and CNT facilitated the formation of a dense and stable conductive network, significantly improving sensing linearity and sensitivity. The feasibility of the material for practical application was validated through model tests on a sand foundation, where it accurately captured deformation patterns under various loading conditions. This work provides a reliable and sensitive flexible sensing solution for real-time monitoring of soil deformation, with broad potential in geotechnical health monitoring and early warning systems.

传统的土壤变形监测技术往往难以实现大应变条件下（> 20%）的分布和高精度测量，这在岩土工程破坏中是典型的。为了解决这一限制，本研究开发了一种新型的柔性传感土工合成材料，将由炭黑（CB）和碳纳米管（CNT）组成的混合导电填料系统整合到聚二甲基硅氧烷（PDMS）基体中。系统优化了炭黑/碳纳米管质量比、正己烷分散剂含量和固化温度等关键制备参数，以提高导电性能和机电响应。优化后的复合材料在0 ~ 20%应变范围内具有良好的应变传感性能，测量因子（GF）为2.453，线性决定系数（R2）为0.972，具有良好的信号稳定性和循环耐久性。微观结构分析表明，碳纳米管与碳纳米管之间的协同效应有助于形成致密稳定的导电网络，显著提高了传感线性度和灵敏度。通过砂基模型试验验证了该材料实际应用的可行性，该材料准确地捕捉了各种加载条件下的变形模式。该研究为实时监测土体变形提供了可靠、灵敏的柔性传感解决方案，在岩土健康监测和预警系统中具有广阔的应用前景。

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引用次数: 0

Stress transfer mechanism of ground reinforcement embankments subjected to lateral rockfall impact 侧向落石冲击下地基加固路堤的应力传递机制

IF 6.2 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.12.002

Liang Lu , Haibo Zhu , Zongjian Wang , Chengkun Wu , Lanxing Li , Katsuhiko Arai

The stress transfer mechanism of ground reinforced embankments subjected to lateral rockfall impact is systematically investigated through full-scale tests, finite element simulations, and theoretical analysis, with a particular focus on the stress diffusion angle. The results indicate that the impact-induced stress propagated rapidly and attenuated with increasing distance from the impact point, with transmission most efficient in the direction of impact. Parametric analyses demonstrate that impact energy, reinforcement spacing, and soil friction angle significantly influenced stress dispersion, whereas the height-to-thickness ratio mainly affected wall deformation. It is found that a reinforcement spacing of 0.2 m yielded optimal performance in resisting rockfall impact. Furthermore, it is recommended that the height-to-thickness ratio of the embankment be limited to less than 2 to mitigate wall deformation and prevent rear extrusion under impact. A theoretical model for the stress diffusion angle is derived based on the conical stress diffusion theory, providing an explicit analytical expression for GREs under lateral rockfall impact. The proposed model shows satisfactory agreement with numerical results, with discrepancies below 15 %, thereby validating the reliability of the theoretical solution.

通过全尺寸试验、有限元模拟和理论分析，系统地研究了侧向落石冲击下地面加筋土路堤的应力传递机制，特别关注了应力扩散角。结果表明：冲击诱发应力的传播速度快，随距离冲击点的增加而衰减，在冲击方向上传播效率最高；参数分析表明，冲击能、配筋间距和土摩擦角对应力分散有显著影响，而高厚比主要影响墙体变形。研究发现，当加固间距为0.2 m时，抗落石冲击效果最佳。此外，建议将路堤的高厚比限制在2以下，以减轻墙的变形，防止冲击下的后挤压。基于锥形应力扩散理论，推导了应力扩散角的理论模型，给出了侧向岩崩冲击下应力扩散角的明确解析表达式。该模型与数值结果吻合较好，误差小于15%，从而验证了理论解的可靠性。

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引用次数: 0

Cold temperature behaviour of polyethylene geomembranes 聚乙烯土工膜的低温性能

IF 6.2 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.11.002

M. Somuah, F.B. Abdelaal, R. Kerry Rowe

Impact and tensile tests were conducted on two high-density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes made from unimodal and bimodal resins, as well as a linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) geomembrane. This study investigates the ductile-to-brittle transition temperatures (DBTTs), energy-to-break (EtB, defined as the amount of energy required to cause a geomembrane specimen to either partially or fully fracture under impact test conditions). Of the three geomembranes, BMzA15 maintained the highest overall EtB values, followed closely by LxD15, and significantly above MxC15, over a range of temperatures (−60 °C–25 °C). Results showed that DBTT occurred between −16 °C and −27 °C, significantly above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polyethylene. While higher molecular weight and lower density correlated with lower DBTT, no single resin property consistently predicted impact energy absorption below the DBTT. Additionally, surface flaws as shallow as 5 % of the geomembrane's nominal thickness shifted DBTT upward by nearly 18 °C, and reduced energy-to-break by about 33 %. These findings highlight the need for careful material selection, defect management, and load-rate consideration when selecting geomembranes for applications in cold environments.

对两种由单峰和双峰树脂制成的高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）土工膜以及一种线性低密度聚乙烯（LLDPE）土工膜进行了冲击和拉伸试验。本研究研究了土工膜在冲击试验条件下部分或完全断裂所需的能量，即韧性到脆性转变温度（dbtt）和断裂能量（EtB）。在三种土工膜中，BMzA15保持最高的总EtB值，其次是LxD15，并且在温度范围（- 60°C - 25°C）显著高于MxC15。结果表明，DBTT发生在- 16 ~ - 27℃之间，明显高于聚乙烯的玻璃化转变温度（Tg）。虽然较高的分子量和较低的密度与较低的DBTT相关，但没有单一树脂性能一致地预测低于DBTT的冲击能量吸收。此外，仅占土工膜标称厚度5%的表面缺陷使DBTT上升了近18°C，并减少了约33%的断裂能量。这些发现强调了在选择用于寒冷环境的土工膜时，需要仔细选择材料，缺陷管理和负载率考虑。

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引用次数: 0

Static pullout behavior of a geogrid under cyclic normal loading 循环法向荷载作用下土工格栅的静力拉拔特性

IF 6.2 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2026.01.002

Wooseok Shin, Jonghyun Kim, Chungsik Yoo

This study investigates the effect of cyclic normal loading on the static pullout behavior of geogrids installed in compacted sandy soils. A series of laboratory pullout tests was performed where geogrid specimens were subjected to cyclic normal loads (CNL) with varying amplitudes. The results show that the geogrid pullout behavior under cyclic normal loading generally falls between those under the static normal stresses corresponding to the cyclic upper and lower normal stresses. For all baseline normal stress levels tested, there is a general trend of increasing peak pullout resistance with increasing CNL amplitude but with a strong dependency of the magnitude of increase on the baseline normal stress level. This observation highlights the importance of considering the cyclic amplitude in relation to baseline normal stress when estimating the pullout resistance of a geogrid under cyclic normal loading. Based on the test results, an equivalent normal stress approach incorporating cyclic amplitude mobilization factor was presented for evaluating the interaction coefficient under cyclic normal loading. The practical implications of the findings were also discussed.

研究了循环正常荷载对砂质土中土工格栅静力拉拔性能的影响。进行了一系列实验室拉拔试验，其中土工格栅试件受到不同振幅的循环法向荷载（CNL）。结果表明：循环法向荷载作用下土工格栅的拉拔性能一般介于循环上下法向应力对应的静力法向应力作用下的拉拔性能之间；对于所有测试的基线正常应力水平，随着CNL幅值的增加，峰值拉出阻力有增加的总体趋势，但增加幅度与基线正常应力水平有很强的依赖性。这一观察结果强调了在估计循环正常荷载作用下土工格栅的拉拔阻力时，考虑与基线法向应力相关的循环幅值的重要性。在试验结果的基础上，提出了考虑循环幅值动员因子的等效法向应力法来评估循环法向荷载作用下的相互作用系数。还讨论了研究结果的实际意义。

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引用次数: 0

Drainage performance for clay slopes with wicking tubes in seasonally frozen regions: Experiment and field monitoring 季节性冻土区粘土边坡吸湿管排水性能：试验与现场监测

IF 6.2 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2026-04-01 Epub Date: 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.12.003

Zhimin Ma, Chuang Lin, Guanfu Wang, Decheng Feng, Feng Zhang

In seasonally frozen regions, spring thaw often destabilizes embankment slopes because excess moisture accumulates in the surface layers. Existing drainage systems are constrained by slow response times, particularly under unsaturated conditions. To address these challenges, this study proposes a seasonally frozen slope treatment method based on wicking geotextiles with active drainage capabilities. Comprehensive slope model tests were conducted under natural freeze-thaw and rainfall conditions to comparatively evaluate the drainage performance of wicking geotextiles against conventional alternatives. The results indicated that wicking geotextiles significantly enhanced lateral water migration, rapidly reduced soil moisture content under unsaturated conditions, and effectively prevented moisture accumulation during thawing and rainfall events. Subsequently, field case studies were conducted to assess the practical engineering performance by monitoring slope sections with and without wicking geotextile treatment. It further confirmed the superior drainage efficiency of wicking geotextiles, notably improving slope stability by mitigating moisture-induced shallow landslides during the spring thaw period. This study demonstrates the potential of wicking geotextiles as a practical engineering solution, providing valuable insights into slope stabilization technology in seasonally frozen regions.

在季节性冻土区，春季解冻常常使路基斜坡不稳定，因为表层积聚了过量的水分。现有的排水系统受到响应时间慢的限制，特别是在非饱和条件下。为了应对这些挑战，本研究提出了一种基于具有主动排水能力的吸湿土工布的季节性冻结边坡处理方法。在自然冻融和降雨条件下进行了综合边坡模型试验，对比评价了吸芯土工布与常规土工布的排水性能。结果表明，吸湿土工布显著增强了水分的横向迁移，在非饱和条件下迅速降低了土壤含水量，并有效地防止了融化和降雨过程中的水分积累。随后，进行了现场案例研究，通过监测有和没有吸芯土工布处理的边坡断面来评估实际工程性能。进一步证实了吸湿土工布优越的排水效率，通过减轻春季融雪期水分诱发的浅层滑坡，显著提高了边坡稳定性。这项研究证明了吸湿土工布作为一种实用的工程解决方案的潜力，为季节性冻结地区的边坡稳定技术提供了有价值的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Leakage through waste covers with small geomembrane wrinkles 渗漏通过带有小土工膜皱纹的废物覆盖物

IF 5.2 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2026-03-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2026.03.002

Felix Y.H. Fan, R. Kerry Rowe, Richard W.I. Brachman, J. Van Gulck

Large-scale field experiments are conducted to quantify the effect of geomembrane wrinkles on leakage through a waste cover system exposed to natural rainfall and temperature. The waste cover consists of a geomembrane layer with an 11-mm diameter hole overlain by 0.3-m thick sand on a 4H:1V slope. From March 1 to August 21, 2022, 486 mm of precipitation yielded <0.1 L of leakage in Section A without wrinkles, and 4 L in Section W with crossed wrinkles (2 m long, 0.05 m high). A subsequent single rainstorm on August 22-23, with the annual peak precipitation of 115 mm, generated leakage that accounted for nearly 100% of the total leakage in Section A and 60% in Section W. This demonstrates that leakage through waste covers is dominated by extreme rainfall events rather than by cumulative precipitation. Three-dimensional transient numerical seepage models are validated using the field data and then used to extend the leakage prediction beyond the period of measurement. The mechanism of wrinkle-induced leakage is that the small 50 mm high wrinkles act as hydraulic “dams”, increasing water retention upslope and both the magnitude and duration of the positive hydraulic head above the hole.

通过大规模的现场试验，量化了土工膜褶皱对暴露于自然降雨和温度下的废物覆盖系统泄漏的影响。垃圾覆盖物由土工膜层组成，在4H:1V的斜坡上有一个直径为11mm的孔，上面覆盖0.3 m厚的沙子。2022年3月1日至8月21日，降水486mm， A断面无褶皱渗漏量为0.1 L， W断面有交叉褶皱渗漏量为4 L（长2 m，高0.05 m）。随后8月22日至23日的一次单次暴雨，年峰值降水量为115 mm，产生的渗漏量占A区总渗漏量的近100%，占w区总渗漏量的60%。这说明通过废盖渗漏的主要是极端降雨事件，而不是累积降水。利用现场数据验证了三维瞬态渗流数值模型，并将其应用于泄漏预测。褶皱引发渗漏的机制是，50毫米高的小褶皱起到了水力“水坝”的作用，增加了上坡的保水能力，增加了孔上方正水头的大小和持续时间。

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引用次数: 0

Influence of column spacing on geosynthetic-encased columns behavior in very soft clay 极软黏土中柱间距对土工合成包壳柱性能的影响

IF 6.2 1区工程技术 Q1 ENGINEERING, GEOLOGICAL

Geotextiles and Geomembranes

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2025-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.geotexmem.2025.09.005

Jaime Alberto Suárez Moreno , Gregório Luís Silva Araújo , Ennio Marques Palmeira , Nima Rostami Alkhorshid

This study evaluates the influence of column spacing on the mechanical behavior of geosynthetic-encased columns (GECs) installed in very soft clay under vertical surcharge loading. A large-scale physical model (1.6 m × 1.6 m × 1.2 m) was instrumented with settlement gauges, piezometers, and pressure cells to monitor performance. Column spacing varied between 2.0D and 3.5D (D = column diameter) to assess effects on settlement, excess pore pressure, stress distribution, and the lateral earth pressure coefficient (K). Smaller spacings led to reduced settlements, faster pore pressure dissipation, and more efficient stress transfer to the columns. In contrast, larger spacings resulted in higher excess pore pressures and reduced system effectiveness. The coefficient K varied with spacing and depth: higher K values were associated with smaller spacings and shallower depths due to increased lateral confinement and interaction among columns. Conversely, deeper measurements showed lower K values due to limited lateral deformation. Comparison between measured and predicted settlements and encasement forces demonstrated good agreement, validating existing analytical models. The findings highlight the critical role of column spacing in optimizing the performance of GEC-reinforced soft soils under surcharge loading.

本文研究了竖向附加荷载作用下，柱间距对极软黏土中土工合成包覆柱力学性能的影响。在大尺度物理模型（1.6 m × 1.6 m × 1.2 m）上安装沉降计、压力计和压力传感器来监测性能。柱间距在2.0D ~ 3.5D （D =柱径）范围内变化，评价其对沉降、超孔隙压力、应力分布和侧土压力系数(K)的影响。较小的间距减少了沉降，更快的孔隙压力消散，更有效地将应力传递到柱上。相反，更大的间距会导致更高的超孔隙压力，降低系统效率。系数K随间距和深度的变化而变化：由于柱间的侧向约束和相互作用增加，较高的K值与较小的间距和较浅的深度相关。相反，由于有限的侧向变形，较深的测量显示较低的K值。实测和预测的沉降和包围力之间的比较显示出良好的一致性，验证了现有的分析模型。研究结果强调了柱间距对优化加筋软土在附加荷载作用下的性能的关键作用。

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引用次数: 0