Pub Date : 2023-11-17DOI: 10.1007/s00107-023-02015-5
Ming-yue Li, Hai-qing Ren
This study explores the application of oriented strand board (OSB) to hybrid cross-laminated timber (HCLT). OSB and larch were used to fabricate hybrid forms of HCLT for analysis. Firstly, the impact of surface treatment on OSB was investigated in terms of its influence on the bonding line between materials, encompassing both pre-treatment and post-treatment surface properties of OSB. The findings indicate that sanding has the ability to alter the surface properties of OSB, leading to an increase in surface roughness and surface free energy, and reduce the pre-cured layer. Notably, there is no significant disparity observed in both the shear failure mode and shear strength of the bonding line of CLT, and the failure is in the core layer of OSB. Secondly, two layups of HCLT were prepared by combining OSB with larch. The interlaminar shear strength was assessed in both the major and minor strength directions using a three-point bending test. The results showed that, due to the low density and mechanical properties of the core layer of OSB, its application in HCLT as perpendicular layer is not a favorable choice, because it cannot prevent the rolling shear failure in perpendicular layer, and it also diminishes the interlaminar shear strength of HCLT in the minor strength direction. However, the interlaminar shear strength increases in the minor strength direction when OSB was used as the parallel layer, and larch was used as the perpendicular layer, even stronger than that in major strength direction.
{"title":"Evaluation of the bonding process and interlaminar shear properties of hybrid cross-laminated timber prepared with larch and OSB","authors":"Ming-yue Li, Hai-qing Ren","doi":"10.1007/s00107-023-02015-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02015-5","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study explores the application of oriented strand board (OSB) to hybrid cross-laminated timber (HCLT). OSB and larch were used to fabricate hybrid forms of HCLT for analysis. Firstly, the impact of surface treatment on OSB was investigated in terms of its influence on the bonding line between materials, encompassing both pre-treatment and post-treatment surface properties of OSB. The findings indicate that sanding has the ability to alter the surface properties of OSB, leading to an increase in surface roughness and surface free energy, and reduce the pre-cured layer. Notably, there is no significant disparity observed in both the shear failure mode and shear strength of the bonding line of CLT, and the failure is in the core layer of OSB. Secondly, two layups of HCLT were prepared by combining OSB with larch. The interlaminar shear strength was assessed in both the major and minor strength directions using a three-point bending test. The results showed that, due to the low density and mechanical properties of the core layer of OSB, its application in HCLT as perpendicular layer is not a favorable choice, because it cannot prevent the rolling shear failure in perpendicular layer, and it also diminishes the interlaminar shear strength of HCLT in the minor strength direction. However, the interlaminar shear strength increases in the minor strength direction when OSB was used as the parallel layer, and larch was used as the perpendicular layer, even stronger than that in major strength direction.</p>","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138510040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.1007/s00107-023-02010-w
Seungmin Yang, Hyunjae Lee, Gyuwoong Choi, Seoggoo Kang
Abstract The mechanical properties of four ply-lam cross-laminated timbers (CLTs) containing a plywood layer were compared with those of glued laminated timber (GLT) and CLT. The bending, out-of-plane shear, and compression strengths were highest in the GLT, followed by the ply-lam CLTs and CLT. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) values for the three studied ply-lam CLT samples were 1–2.5 GPa higher than GLT; however, the modulus of rupture (MOR) of all ply-lam CLTs was 7.3–18.8 MPa lower than GLT. The length of the plywood product is 2,440 mm, and longitudinal bonding is required to manufacture ply-lam CLTs of length > 3 m. The prediction of bending capabilities by shear analogy was compared with the bending properties when joints were included. The performances of all the pilot-scale ply-lam CLT samples exceeded the predicted bending performance standards for MOE (10 GPa) and MOR (30 MPa) All samples exceeded 10 GPa and 30 MPa, based on projected and experimental data.
{"title":"Mechanical properties of ply-lam cross-laminated timbers fabricated with lumber and plywood","authors":"Seungmin Yang, Hyunjae Lee, Gyuwoong Choi, Seoggoo Kang","doi":"10.1007/s00107-023-02010-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02010-w","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The mechanical properties of four ply-lam cross-laminated timbers (CLTs) containing a plywood layer were compared with those of glued laminated timber (GLT) and CLT. The bending, out-of-plane shear, and compression strengths were highest in the GLT, followed by the ply-lam CLTs and CLT. The modulus of elasticity (MOE) values for the three studied ply-lam CLT samples were 1–2.5 GPa higher than GLT; however, the modulus of rupture (MOR) of all ply-lam CLTs was 7.3–18.8 MPa lower than GLT. The length of the plywood product is 2,440 mm, and longitudinal bonding is required to manufacture ply-lam CLTs of length > 3 m. The prediction of bending capabilities by shear analogy was compared with the bending properties when joints were included. The performances of all the pilot-scale ply-lam CLT samples exceeded the predicted bending performance standards for MOE (10 GPa) and MOR (30 MPa) All samples exceeded 10 GPa and 30 MPa, based on projected and experimental data.","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136347298","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-10DOI: 10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8
Muting Wu, Lukas Emmerich, Katarzyna Kurkowiak, Holger Militz
Abstract Wood modification with thermosetting resins results in improved dimensional stability and durability. However, the treatment does not enhance fire resistance. To address this, Scots pine sapwood ( Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with thermosetting resins such as 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea, phenol-formaldehyde resin and melamine-formaldehyde resin, along with a phosphorus polyol as the flame retardant. Both weight percent gain and cell wall bulking were measured to investigate the deposition of resin and phosphorus polyol. Fire resistance was assessed through thermogravimetric analysis, Bunsen burner test and mass loss calorimeter. The inclusion of a phosphate polyol improved thermal stability, reduced flammability and heat release. Melamine-formaldehyde resin combined with phosphorus polyol demonstrated self-extinguishing capability with the heat release rate comparable to non-combustible materials inside 400 s. Moreover, the total heat release within 600 s shows an 84% reduction compared to untreated wood.
{"title":"Combined treatment of wood with thermosetting resins and phosphorous flame retardants","authors":"Muting Wu, Lukas Emmerich, Katarzyna Kurkowiak, Holger Militz","doi":"10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02012-8","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Wood modification with thermosetting resins results in improved dimensional stability and durability. However, the treatment does not enhance fire resistance. To address this, Scots pine sapwood ( Pinus sylvestris L.) was impregnated with thermosetting resins such as 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea, phenol-formaldehyde resin and melamine-formaldehyde resin, along with a phosphorus polyol as the flame retardant. Both weight percent gain and cell wall bulking were measured to investigate the deposition of resin and phosphorus polyol. Fire resistance was assessed through thermogravimetric analysis, Bunsen burner test and mass loss calorimeter. The inclusion of a phosphate polyol improved thermal stability, reduced flammability and heat release. Melamine-formaldehyde resin combined with phosphorus polyol demonstrated self-extinguishing capability with the heat release rate comparable to non-combustible materials inside 400 s. Moreover, the total heat release within 600 s shows an 84% reduction compared to untreated wood.","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135138270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-04DOI: 10.1007/s00107-023-01988-7
Luis Yermán, Juan Vargas, Lisa-Mareike Ottenhaus
Abstract The effects of exposure to two decay fungi on the withdrawal capacity of stainless-steel screws inserted in the face and end grain of radiata pine specimens were assessed. Wetting followed by steam sterilization significantly increased capacity by 55–65%. Exposure to a brown ( Fomitopsis ostreiformis ) or white rot fungus ( Pycnoporus coccineus ) over 25 weeks was associated with 81–83% and 24–42% losses in withdrawal capacity, respectively. Comparison of experimental results with those predicted from design codes (Australia, Europe, US) showed an overestimation of the screw withdrawal capacity for the control specimens and highlighted the risk of strength degradation, especially in those specimens affected by brown rots.
{"title":"Effect of wetting and fungal degradation on the withdrawal capacity of stainless-steel screws in radiata pine","authors":"Luis Yermán, Juan Vargas, Lisa-Mareike Ottenhaus","doi":"10.1007/s00107-023-01988-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-01988-7","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The effects of exposure to two decay fungi on the withdrawal capacity of stainless-steel screws inserted in the face and end grain of radiata pine specimens were assessed. Wetting followed by steam sterilization significantly increased capacity by 55–65%. Exposure to a brown ( Fomitopsis ostreiformis ) or white rot fungus ( Pycnoporus coccineus ) over 25 weeks was associated with 81–83% and 24–42% losses in withdrawal capacity, respectively. Comparison of experimental results with those predicted from design codes (Australia, Europe, US) showed an overestimation of the screw withdrawal capacity for the control specimens and highlighted the risk of strength degradation, especially in those specimens affected by brown rots.","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135774507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-04DOI: 10.1007/s00107-023-02007-5
Mingyang Yu, Bin Wang, Pengliang Ji, Bo Li, Luo Zhang, Qingdong Zhang
{"title":"Simulation analysis of the circular sawing process of medium density fiberboard (MDF) based on the Johnson–Cook model","authors":"Mingyang Yu, Bin Wang, Pengliang Ji, Bo Li, Luo Zhang, Qingdong Zhang","doi":"10.1007/s00107-023-02007-5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02007-5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135774676","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-04DOI: 10.1007/s00107-023-02011-9
F. Diğdem Tuncer, S. Nami Kartal, Ekim Elçin Soytürk, Rachel A. Arango, Katie M. Ohno, M. Serdar Önses, Nusret Çelik, Claudia Marcela Ibanez
{"title":"Changes in chemical properties and microstructure of Pinus taeda and Eucalyptus bosistoana woods modified by contact charring","authors":"F. Diğdem Tuncer, S. Nami Kartal, Ekim Elçin Soytürk, Rachel A. Arango, Katie M. Ohno, M. Serdar Önses, Nusret Çelik, Claudia Marcela Ibanez","doi":"10.1007/s00107-023-02011-9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02011-9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135774048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-01DOI: 10.1007/s00107-023-02002-w
Martian Asseko Ella, Giacomo Goli, Claude Feldman Pambou Nziengui, Joseph Gril, Eric Fournely, Rostand Moutou Pitti
Two series of 3-point bending tests under constant mechanical load and temperature of 20 °C have been performed on two tropical hardwoods, Aucoumea klaineana Pierre (Okoume) and Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub (Padauk), and one temperate softwood, Abies alba (Silver fir). A first series of 14-day tests was performed at 10% stress level and 65% relative humidity (RH), with moderate step variations at 45 and 75% RH. A second series of 5-day tests was performed at 35% stress level and 75% RH with a stronger step variation at 45% RH. Deflection and transverse expansion were measured using linear variable displacement transducers. The results show that the first variation of RH always increases the deflection and that subsequent changes decrease (humidification) or increase (drying) it. It was also observed that Padauk has a higher viscoelastic response and a lower mechanosorptive response than Silver fir and Okoume. As an indication of interaction between viscoelastic and mechanosorptive behaviour, in 14-day test the latter influenced the former, with small increments of relative compliance at each cycle. The analysis of the mechanosorptive trajectories suggested the existence of a creep limit and confirmed that of pseudo-creep/recovery.
对两种热带硬木Aucoumea klaineana Pierre (Okoume)和Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub (Padauk)和一种温带软木Abies alba (Silver fir)进行了恒定机械载荷和20°C温度下的两个系列三点弯曲试验。第一批14天的试验在10%的应力水平和65%的相对湿度(RH)下进行，在45和75%的RH下进行适度的步骤变化。第二组为期5天的试验在35%的压力水平和75%的相对湿度下进行，在45%的相对湿度下进行更强的步骤变化。挠度和横向膨胀用线性可变位移传感器测量。结果表明，第一次相对湿度变化总是增加挠度，随后的变化减小(加湿)或增加(干燥)挠度。与银杉和奥库姆相比，Padauk具有更高的粘弹性响应和更低的机械吸附响应。作为粘弹性和机械吸附行为之间相互作用的指示，在14天的测试中，后者影响前者，每个周期的相对顺应性都有小的增量。力学吸附轨迹分析表明蠕变极限的存在，并证实了伪蠕变/恢复的存在。
{"title":"Comparative investigation on viscoelastic and mechanosorptive creep behavior of two tropical hardwoods and one temperate softwood","authors":"Martian Asseko Ella, Giacomo Goli, Claude Feldman Pambou Nziengui, Joseph Gril, Eric Fournely, Rostand Moutou Pitti","doi":"10.1007/s00107-023-02002-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02002-w","url":null,"abstract":"Two series of 3-point bending tests under constant mechanical load and temperature of 20 °C have been performed on two tropical hardwoods, Aucoumea klaineana Pierre (Okoume) and Pterocarpus soyauxii Taub (Padauk), and one temperate softwood, Abies alba (Silver fir). A first series of 14-day tests was performed at 10% stress level and 65% relative humidity (RH), with moderate step variations at 45 and 75% RH. A second series of 5-day tests was performed at 35% stress level and 75% RH with a stronger step variation at 45% RH. Deflection and transverse expansion were measured using linear variable displacement transducers. The results show that the first variation of RH always increases the deflection and that subsequent changes decrease (humidification) or increase (drying) it. It was also observed that Padauk has a higher viscoelastic response and a lower mechanosorptive response than Silver fir and Okoume. As an indication of interaction between viscoelastic and mechanosorptive behaviour, in 14-day test the latter influenced the former, with small increments of relative compliance at each cycle. The analysis of the mechanosorptive trajectories suggested the existence of a creep limit and confirmed that of pseudo-creep/recovery.","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135321253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.1007/s00107-023-02008-4
Jiaqi Li, Guoqi Xu, Shaoshan Qin
{"title":"Application of nano SiO2-IPBC microcapsules in the anti-mildew and UV-resistance of rubberwood","authors":"Jiaqi Li, Guoqi Xu, Shaoshan Qin","doi":"10.1007/s00107-023-02008-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s00107-023-02008-4","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":550,"journal":{"name":"European Journal of Wood and Wood Products","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135113420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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