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The phenology of flowering in Spiranthes sinensis s.s. 中华龙吐珠的开花物候学

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-11-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152628

Lu-Han Wang

The native Spiranthes sinensis s.s. of Taiwan is an emerging ornamental potted orchid. This study aims to understand the conditions for floral differentiation and life cycle to facilitate artificial cultivation and commercial production of S. sinensis. Every August, new leaves appeared from the dwarf stem, during which the old roots acted as a nutrient source, providing the energy needed for the initial foliation phase. In November, the apical bud enters the floral initiation. In January, the apical bud began to transform into the primary inflorescence of the plant, while the lateral bud apical meristem began to differentiate into floral meristem. The plant produced a main spike in February, followed by the lateral bud inflorescences; the plant bloomed from March to May. Changes in sugar and starch contents were associated with inflorescence development. A higher soluble sugar level was noted in the roots and stems from January to April at the time of anthesis. Starch began to accumulate in the roots from February to August. The growth cycle restarted in August every year with new shoot formation, with the roots providing the initial nutrients for shoot growth to restart a new growing cycle. The influence of temperature changes on inflorescence development and flowering is discussed.

台湾原生的中华凤梨（Spiranthes sinensis s.s.）是一种新兴的观赏性盆栽兰花。本研究旨在了解其花分化和生命周期的条件，以促进人工栽培和商业化生产。每年八月，矮茎长出新叶，在此期间，老根作为营养源，为最初的褶皱阶段提供所需的能量。11 月，顶芽进入花期。1 月，顶芽开始转化为植株的主花序，而侧芽顶端分生组织开始分化为花分生组织。2 月，植株长出主穗，侧芽花序紧随其后；3 月至 5 月，植株开花。糖和淀粉含量的变化与花序的发育有关。1 月至 4 月花期时，根和茎中的可溶性糖含量较高。从 2 月到 8 月，根部开始积累淀粉。每年 8 月，随着新芽的形成，生长周期重新开始，根部为新芽的生长提供初始养分，从而重新开始新的生长周期。讨论了温度变化对花序发育和开花的影响。

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引用次数: 0

Were Dry Forests widespread in the Pleistocene and what is their fate under climate change? A modelling approach using a specialist plant 旱林在更新世是否普遍存在，它们在气候变化下的命运如何？利用专业植物的建模方法

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-11-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152629

Mário Sérgio Duarte Branco , Paulo Weslem Portal Gomes , Laymara Xavier-Sampaio , José Luis Passos Cordeiro , Luciana dos Santos Dias de Oliveira , Eimear Nic Lughadha , Marcelo Freire Moro

Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTF) are deciduous and semideciduous seasonal forests that are geographically distant from each other in South America, but share multiple species in common. How did these disjunct species distributions arise and what changes in their distribution can be expected under climate change? Gymnanthes boticario, a SDTF specialist, is a perfect model to test these questions.Occurrence data were obtained from herbarium sheets and confirmed by the authors and/or taxonomic publications. We selected bioclimatic variables for past, current and future scenarios and modeled the potential distribution of Gymnanthes boticario for three paleoclimatic conditions and two future climate change scenarios. We found an unexpectedly large geographical extent of climate suitability for G. boticario during the Last Interglacial (LIG), forming a possible connection between the Brazilian dry Caatinga forests and the dry forests of Bolivia. In the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), our model shows a reduction in the extent of suitability compared to the LIG, making the suitable area more similar to that modelled for the current period. For all future climate change scenarios, we found a decrease in the total suitable area. The future scenario of SSP585 is most severe, with a loss of almost 60 % of G.boticario suitable areas. We show that during drier timeframes, dry forests likely became less geographically distant from each other, allowing migration between the two now isolated dry forests. This historic connectivity could explain the considerable number of species disjunctions between Caatinga and Bolivian dry forests. Our models indicate that the broadest distribution of SDTF may have occurred during the LIG, and not in the LGM as previously thought. Moreover, climate change models indicate that the future may be even more challenging than the current for SDTF habitats.

季节性干旱热带森林（Sedasonally Dry Tropical Forests，SDTF）是南美洲地理上彼此相距甚远，但却有多个共同物种的落叶和半落叶季节性森林。这些互不相连的物种分布是如何形成的，在气候变化的影响下，它们的分布会发生怎样的变化？南美洲热带植物群落（SDTF）中的一个专门物种--裸冠菊（Gymnanthes boticario）是检验这些问题的一个完美模型。我们选择了过去、现在和未来的生物气候变量，并模拟了三种古气候条件和两种未来气候变化情景下裸冠菊的潜在分布。我们发现，在末次间冰期（LIG），Gymnanthes boticario 的气候适宜性的地理范围出乎意料地大，这可能形成了巴西卡廷加旱地森林与玻利维亚旱地森林之间的联系。在末次冰川极盛时期（LGM），我们的模型显示与末次冰川极盛时期相比，适宜范围有所缩小，使适宜区域与当前时期的模型更为相似。在所有未来气候变化情景下，我们都发现总适宜面积有所减少。SSP585 的未来情景最为严重，G.boticario 的适宜面积减少了近 60%。我们的研究表明，在较干旱的时期，干旱森林之间的地理距离可能会变小，从而使现在孤立的两片干旱森林之间发生迁移。这种历史上的连通性可以解释为什么卡廷加旱林和玻利维亚旱林之间存在大量物种分离现象。我们的模型表明，SDTF 最广泛的分布可能发生在 LIG 时期，而不是之前认为的 LGM 时期。此外，气候变化模型表明，对于 SDTF 的栖息地而言，未来可能比现在更具挑战性。

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引用次数: 0

Origin and ontogeny of the xylopodium in Cerrado legumes: Role of the hypocotyl and ecological significance Cerrado豆科植物木质部的起源和发育：下胚轴的作用和生态意义

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-11-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152630

Bruno B. Cozin , Alice S. Leal , L. Felipe Daibes , Alessandra Fidelis , Aline R. Martins

Bud-bearing underground organs play a role on plant persistence in different fire-prone ecosystems worldwide, but their origin, development and anatomical features are still a matter of inquiry. The xylopodium, for instance, seem to originate from the hypocotyl or primary root, or both, usually associated with tuberous roots. Because this structure is commonly found in legumes across the Brazilian savannas (Cerrado), understanding its formation is important for unveiling its relevance for post-fire resprouting. Here we aimed to investigate the role of the hypocotyl on the development of six Cerrado legume shrubs, as well as histochemical features and ecological implications from seedlings to adult plants in this frequently-burned ecosystem. Seeds of the six study species were collected in central Brazil, set to germinate and cultivated until the stages of four, six, nine, and twelve months. At each stage, the region correspondent to the hypocotyl was delimited and anatomical and histochemical analyses performed. Over time, the hypocotyl region underwent a tuberization process, during which the cortex was progressively replaced by the formation of secondary xylem through intense cambial activity. Before the twelve-month-old stage, all species presented buds, mainly cotyledonary, and reacted to starch, phenols and pectins. Early hypocotyl tuberization drives the formation of the xylopodium from seedlings to adulthood, and the presence of buds and the accumulation of reserves during its formation is a fundamental process driving species’ persistence after fire.

带芽的地下器官对植物在全球不同的火灾易发生态系统中的存活起着重要作用，但它们的起源、发育和解剖特征仍是一个值得研究的问题。例如，木质部似乎起源于下胚轴或主根，或两者兼而有之，通常与块根有关。由于这种结构在巴西热带稀树草原（Cerrado）的豆科植物中很常见，因此了解它的形成对于揭示其与火灾后重新萌发的相关性非常重要。在此，我们旨在研究下胚轴对六种塞拉多豆科灌木发育的作用，以及在这一经常被烧毁的生态系统中从幼苗到成株的组织化学特征和生态影响。六个研究物种的种子采集于巴西中部，经过发芽和培育，分别长到四个月、六个月、九个月和十二个月。在每个阶段，都会划分出与下胚轴相对应的区域，并进行解剖和组织化学分析。随着时间的推移，下胚轴区域经历了一个块茎化过程，在此期间，通过强烈的木质部活动形成的次生木质部逐渐取代了皮层。在 12 个月大的阶段之前，所有物种都出现了芽，主要是子叶芽，并对淀粉、酚和果胶产生反应。从幼苗到成年，早期的下胚轴块茎化推动了木质部的形成，而在木质部形成过程中芽的存在和储备的积累是火烧后物种存活的基本过程。

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引用次数: 0

Ovule abortion accompanied by programmed cell death in Castanea mollissima 伴有程序性细胞死亡的蓖麻胚珠流产

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-11-03 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152625

Bingshuai Du , Xinghua Nie , Qing Zhang , Yu Xing , Qingqin Cao , Ling Qin , Kefeng Fang

Chinese chestnut (Castanea mollissima Blume.) ovary contains 12–18 ovules, but only one can develop and grow normally, which indicates that the abortive rate of ovules can go as high as 94 %. In this study, we observed the developmental characteristics and cytological changes of abortive ovules and fertile ovules during development. Morphological analysis showed it would take about 15∼20 days from globular to cotyledon embryo in fertile ovules, which is accompanied with the formation and apoptosis of endosperm. But there were stark differences in the nutrient transport, microstructure and ultrastructure of fertile and abortive ovules. The fluorescence disodium fluorescein and FDA indicated that all ovules were viable at early stages, but some ovules became inactive at different times as the ovary developed. Fluorescence labelling and ultrastructure showed cell nuclei of abortive ovules were disintegrated at 25 days after anthesis (DAA). Compared with the fertile ovules, starch grains were synthesized at earlier periods, but disappeared immediately, and the cells were usually irregular in shape, and had folded cell membranes in the abortive ovules. Furthermore, the Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) was carried out to assess programmed cell death in fertile and abortive ovules, results showed that DNA fragmentation was occurred in the cells of abortive ovules. In short, these results provide new insights into ovule abortion in the angiosperm.

中国板栗（Castanea mollissima Blume.）的子房中有 12-18 个胚珠，但只有一个能正常发育和生长，这表明胚珠的败育率高达 94%。在这项研究中，我们观察了流产胚珠和可育胚珠在发育过程中的发育特征和细胞学变化。形态学分析表明，可育胚珠从球胚到子叶胚大约需要15∼20天，这期间伴随着胚乳的形成和凋亡。但可育胚珠和流产胚珠的营养运输、微观结构和超微结构存在明显差异。荧光荧光素钠和 FDA 表明，所有胚珠在早期阶段都是有活力的，但有些胚珠在卵巢发育的不同时期变得没有活力。荧光标记和超微结构显示，在花后 25 天（DAA）时，流产胚珠的细胞核已解体。与可育胚珠相比，流产胚珠的淀粉粒在较早时期合成，但随即消失，细胞形状通常不规则，细胞膜折叠。此外，还进行了末端脱氧核苷酸转移酶 dUTP 缺口标记（TUNEL）以评估可育胚珠和流产胚珠的程序性细胞死亡，结果表明流产胚珠的细胞中出现了 DNA 断裂。总之，这些结果为研究被子植物胚珠流产提供了新的视角。

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引用次数: 0

Seasonal chlorophyll fluorescence before and after rapid light curves in the endangered species Lophophora diffusa (Cactaceae) across two microenvironments 两种微环境下濒危物种 Lophophora diffusa（仙人掌科）在快速光照曲线前后的叶绿素荧光季节性变化

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152623

Claudia González-Salvatierra , Joel Flores , Omar Díaz-Segura , M. Loraine Matías-Palafox , Cecilia L. Jiménez-Sierra

In desert environments, intense light stress can significantly impede the growth and survival of plants, making microenvironments formed under nurse plants crucial. Chlorophyll a fluorescence serves as a widely employed tool for detecting plant stress conditions. Here, we investigated the seasonal ecophysiological performance of Lophophora diffusa (Cactaceae) under nurse plants and in direct sunlight. Our assessment involved monitoring chlorophyll fluorescence parameters as indicators of photosynthetic efficiency over the course of one year, including the effective quantum yield of photosystem II (Φ_PSII), maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (F_v/F_m), electron transport rate (ETR), and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ). Higher daily PPFD levels were observed in open spaces throughout all seasons except for winter. Additionally, temperatures were lower beneath nurse plants compared to exposed sites during spring and autumn. Lophophora diffusa exhibited dynamic photoinhibition, as evidenced by lower F_v/F_m values in plants exposed to sunlight compared to those sheltered under nurse plants in spring. During rapid light curves, L. diffusa exhibited decreased maximum Φ_PSII and maximum ETR values in winter across both microenvironments, while displaying higher maximum NPQ in cacti exposed to sunlight compared to those sheltered under nurse plants in spring. High saturating light levels for ETR were observed in both environments throughout most seasons, except for winter, indicating a high tolerance to high-light conditions. Light curves induced greater stress compared to natural conditions, as evidenced by the acclimation with increased NPQ observed only after rapid light curves. These findings suggest that adult individuals of L. diffusa may not strictly rely on nurse plants for survival and have developed various mechanisms to thrive in diverse microenvironments.

在沙漠环境中，强烈的光胁迫会严重阻碍植物的生长和存活，因此在哺育植物下形成的微环境至关重要。叶绿素 a 荧光是一种广泛使用的检测植物胁迫状况的工具。在这里，我们研究了仙人掌科植物Lophophora diffusa在护养植物下和阳光直射下的季节性生态生理表现。我们的评估包括监测一年中作为光合效率指标的叶绿素荧光参数，包括光系统 II 的有效量子产率（ΦPSII）、光系统 II 的最大量子效率（Fv/Fm）、电子传输速率（ETR）和非光化学淬灭（NPQ）。除冬季外，在所有季节都能观察到开放空间的日 PPFD 水平较高。此外，在春季和秋季，与裸露地点相比，哺育植物下的温度较低。裸冠菊表现出动态光抑制作用，这体现在春季暴露在阳光下的植株的 Fv/Fm 值低于遮蔽在防护植物下的植株。在快速光照曲线期间，在两种微环境中，衍生物仙人掌在冬季的最大ΦPSII值和最大ETR值均有所下降，而与春季被遮蔽在防护植物下的仙人掌相比，暴露在阳光下的仙人掌显示出更高的最大NPQ值。除冬季外，在这两种环境中的大多数季节都能观察到高饱和光照水平的 ETR，这表明仙人掌对高光照条件具有很强的耐受性。与自然条件相比，光照曲线会引起更大的压力，这一点可以从只有在快速光照曲线后才会出现 NPQ 增加的适应过程中得到证明。这些研究结果表明，扩散草的成年个体可能并不完全依赖护养植物生存，而是发展出了在不同微环境中茁壮成长的各种机制。

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引用次数: 0

Growth and acclimation dynamics in reintroduced Erioderma pedicellatum (Hue) P.M.Jørg., a critically endangered cyanolichen in boreal rainforest 北方热带雨林中极度濒危的蓝藻--重新引入的 Erioderma pedicellatum (Hue) P.M.Jørg. 的生长和适应动态

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152624

Vivian Ytterdahl Bolkan, Knut Asbjørn Solhaug, Yngvar Gauslaa

This study focuses on the critically endangered Erioderma pedicellatum, a sexually reproducing cyanolichen. The species’ decline is primarily attributed to habitat loss and extinction debts. The aim is to understand the possibilities of reintroduction via transplantation on Picea abies (L.) H.Karst. and gain insights into the species' growth response to environmental gradients in its boreal rainforest habitat. The source population of E. pedicellatum found on open, sun-exposed spruce branches within a waterfall spray zone, underwent a significant environmental shift when transplanted to the rainforest. The shift induced shade acclimation, which was marked by an increased maximal photosystem II efficiency (F_V/F_M), reduced thallus thickness and reduced apparent electron transport rate (ETR_app). However, stochastic fragmentation impacted 57 % of thalli, causing significant losses, particularly in sections with numerous apothecia, suggesting a trade-off between growth and reproduction. Unfragmented thalli with positive relative growth rate (RGR) exhibited increased growth correlated with base cation availability (high soil and bark pH) and light availability. Thalli that were already shade-adapted at the start (low ETR_app at high light) displayed the fastest growth in the rainforest. The best subset regression model of unfragmented thalli accounted for 72.8 % of the variation in RGR. The reintroduction of E. pedicellatum into the boreal rainforest is possible, but challenging, given that well-lit spruce branches with high base cation availability in humid canopy layers are rare.

这项研究的重点是极度濒危的有性繁殖蓝藻 Erioderma pedicellatum。该物种的减少主要归因于栖息地的丧失和灭绝债务。研究的目的是了解通过移植重新引入杉木（Picea abies (L.) H.Karst.）的可能性，并深入了解该物种对其北方雨林栖息地环境梯度的生长反应。Pedicellatum 的源种群生长在瀑布喷水区内开阔、暴露在阳光下的云杉枝条上，在移植到雨林后发生了显著的环境变化。这种转变引起了荫蔽适应，其特点是最大光系统 II 效率（FV/FM）增加、叶片厚度减少和表观电子传输速率（ETRapp）降低。然而，随机破碎影响了 57% 的植株，造成了重大损失，尤其是在具有大量皮孔的部分，这表明生长和繁殖之间存在权衡。相对生长率（RGR）为正值的未破碎铊表现出与基础阳离子可用性（土壤和树皮 pH 值高）和光照可用性相关的生长增加。在雨林中，一开始就已适应遮荫（高光照下的低 ETRapp）的毛鳞茎生长速度最快。未分化毛丛的最佳子集回归模型占 RGR 变异的 72.8%。将E. pedicellatum重新引入北方雨林是可能的，但具有挑战性，因为在潮湿的树冠层中，光照充足、基阳离子含量高的云杉枝条很少见。

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引用次数: 0

Functional traits of Epifagus virginiana (Orobanchaceae) tubers as adaptations to the Mexican beech microenvironment Epifagus virginiana（大戟科）块茎适应墨西哥山毛榉微环境的功能特征

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-10-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152622

Agustina Rosa Andrés-Hernández , Fressia N. Ames-Martínez , Agustín Maceda , Luiza Teixeira-Costa , Ernesto C. Rodríguez-Ramírez

Epifagus virginiana (Orobanchaceae), known as beechdrops, is a holoparasitic plant that acquires all its resources from a narrow range of host plants, restricted to North American Fagus species. To do so, beechdrops develop a vascular connection with the host via a terminal haustoria that develops as a tuber attached to the host root. We hypothesized that microenvironmental conditions can influence functional traits of the E. virginiana tuber despite this parasite's complete reliance on the host plant for its nutrition. Therefore, the aims of this study were i) to analyze the structure of the tubers of E. virginiana; ii) to assess the variation in tuber functional traits between two E. virginiana populations; and iii) to analyze how microenvironmental factors influence functional traits in the tuber. We detected that functional trait of beechdrops tuber along Mexican beech microenvironmental covaried with traits important for below-ground processes. Boosted regression trees provided a powerful analysis tool, giving substantially superior predictive performance to generalized additive models, despite the fitting of interaction terms in the latter.

Epifagus virginiana（大戟科），又名榉树绒毛虫，是一种全寄生植物，只能从少数寄主植物中获取所有资源，仅限于北美的法桐物种。为此，榉树滴叶草通过末端的菌丝体与寄主建立维管联系，该菌丝体发育成块茎，附着在寄主根部。我们假设，尽管这种寄生虫的营养完全依赖于寄主植物，但微环境条件会影响 E. virginiana 块茎的功能特征。因此，本研究的目的是 i) 分析 E. virginiana 块茎的结构；ii) 评估两个 E. virginiana 种群之间块茎功能特征的差异；iii) 分析微环境因素如何影响块茎的功能特征。我们发现，墨西哥山毛榉块茎的功能性状与墨西哥山毛榉微环境中对地下过程很重要的性状有关。增强回归树提供了一个强大的分析工具，其预测性能大大优于广义加性模型，尽管后者拟合了交互项。

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引用次数: 0

Distinct morphophysiological responses of the native C4 grasses Axonopus siccus and Eragrostis polytricha to shading 本地 C4 草 Axonopus siccus 和 Eragrostis polytricha 对遮阳的不同形态生理反应

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152621

Eduarda S. Andrade , Beatriz C.O.Q. Souza , Eduardo Pereira Costa , Hugo Bonezio , Mewael Kiros Assefa , Marinês Ferreira Pires-Lira , Leandro E. Morais , Paulo Eduardo Ribeiro Marchiori , Vitor L. Nascimento

Light, an important abiotic factor that shapes plant growth, is explored here in its impact on two native C4 grasses of campo rupestre, an important and unique montane ecoregion in Brazil that occurs across the biomes Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Caatinga. Axonopus siccus and Eragrostis polytricha seedlings were subjected to two light conditions: (i) artificial shading and (ii) full sun. The evaluations included growth, nutrition, photosynthesis, leaf anatomy, and metabolism. Shading influenced most of the growth parameters of E. polytricha but left A. siccus morphology almost unchanged. The parameters of leaf anatomy, nutrient content, and chlorophyll a fluorescence exhibited consistent patterns between species. In particular, A. siccus showed higher A_max and light compensation point in shaded conditions, while E. polytricha revealed distinctive changes in carbon metabolism (soluble sugars, sucrose, and starch content), explaining its increased shade growth. These findings underscore various light stress responses in these native C4 grasses.

光照是影响植物生长的一个重要非生物因素，本文探讨了光照对鲁佩斯特雷营地（campo rupestre）两种本地 C4 禾本科植物的影响，鲁佩斯特雷营地是巴西一个重要而独特的山地生态区，横跨塞拉多、大西洋森林和卡廷加生物群落。Axonopus siccus 和 Eragrostis polytricha 幼苗在两种光照条件下生长：(i) 人工遮阳和 (ii) 全日照。评估内容包括生长、营养、光合作用、叶片解剖和新陈代谢。遮光影响了 E. polytricha 的大部分生长参数，但 A. siccus 的形态几乎没有变化。叶片解剖、营养成分和叶绿素 a 荧光等参数在不同物种之间表现出一致的模式。特别是，A. siccus 在遮荫条件下显示出更高的 Amax 值和光补偿点，而 E. polytricha 则显示出碳代谢（可溶性糖、蔗糖和淀粉含量）的独特变化，这也是其遮荫生长增强的原因。这些发现强调了这些本地 C4 禾本科植物的各种光胁迫反应。

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引用次数: 0

Ontogeny has a greater effect on defense and leaf nutritional status than fertilization in Stryphnodendron adstringens (Fabaceae) 与施肥相比，本体对 Stryphnodendron adstringens（豆科）的防御和叶片营养状况的影响更大

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152620

Marina N. Delgado , Jhonathan O. Silva , Kirk Barnett , Robert J. Marquis , Helena C. Morais

Investment of plants in defensive and leaf nutritional quality traits may vary with plant ontogeny and the availability of soil nutrients. In this study, we evaluated the effect of ontogeny and soil fertilization on leaf traits of the Brazilian cerrado tree Stryphnodendron adstringens (Fabaceae). Leaf defense traits (total phenolics, condensed and hydrolysable tannins, the number of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) and the concentration of glucose, sucrose, fructose and total sugar in the extrafloral nectar) and leaf nutritional quality traits (water content, macronutrients, micronutrients and N:P and C:N ratios) were measured in 60 seedlings and 13 reproductive adults that grew in areas with previous P and Ca fertilization over eight years and in neighboring control plots in a Cerrado area in Distrito Federal, Brazil. Sampling was carried out three years after the last application of fertilizer. We found a strong effect of ontogeny on leaf traits: leaves of adult plants were more chemically defended and lower in nutritional quality than those of seedlings. Fertilization modified leaf nutritional quality traits in adults and seedlings, and defense traits in seedlings, increasing the number of EFNs on leaves, total phenolics and condensed tannins. In summary, adult plants of S. adstringens were poor in nutrients and invested more in phenolics and tannins than seedlings, all consistent with plant apparency theory. In contrast, seedlings were much more flexible in their defensive phenotype, with fertilization increasing allocation to total phenolics, condensed tannins and EFN production. This latter result suggests an ability of seedlings to take advantage of very local variation in resources that might increase the likelihood of surviving this vulnerable stage in the life cycle.

植物对防御性和叶片营养质量性状的投资可能会随着植物的生长期和土壤养分的供应情况而变化。在这项研究中，我们评估了生长发育和土壤施肥对巴西热带雨林树木 Stryphnodendron adstringens（豆科）叶片性状的影响。叶片防御性状（总酚、缩合单宁酸和可水解单宁酸、花外蜜腺（EFN）的数量以及花外蜜腺中葡萄糖、蔗糖、果糖和总糖的浓度）和叶片营养质量性状（含水量、宏量营养元素、微量营养元素以及氮、磷、钾和 C:N 比率）：在巴西联邦区的塞拉多地区，对生长在曾施过 P 肥和 Ca 肥地区的 60 株幼苗和 13 株生殖成株进行了长达八年的测量，并对邻近的对照地块进行了测量。取样是在最后一次施肥三年后进行的。我们发现，叶片性状受生长期的影响很大：成年植株的叶片比幼苗的叶片化学防御能力更强，营养质量更低。施肥改变了成株和幼苗的叶片营养质量性状，也改变了幼苗的防御性状，增加了叶片上 EFNs 的数量、总酚类和缩合单宁。相比之下，幼苗的防御表型要灵活得多，施肥会增加总酚类物质、缩合单宁和 EFN 生产的分配。后一种结果表明，幼苗有能力利用资源的局部变化，从而增加在生命周期中这一脆弱阶段存活下来的可能性。

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Vegetative traits, floral biology, and mutualistic interactions in the tropical mountain shrub Ribes ciliatum (Grossulariaceae) 热带山地灌木 Ribes ciliatum（Grossulariaceae）的植被性状、花生物学和互生相互作用

IF 1.7 4区生物学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Flora

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.flora.2024.152618

Silvana Martén-Rodríguez , Valeria Rodríguez-Martén , E. Jacob Cristóbal-Pérez , Sergio Díaz-Infante , Mauricio Quesada

Plant species in tropical mountain ecosystems experience significant environmental variation across short spatial distances. These systems offer an opportunity to assess geographic variation in plant traits in relation to biotic and abiotic environments. We examined plant vegetative and reproductive traits in the shrub R. ciliatum across two native conifer forests in central Mexico. We measured plant height, number of branches, leaf size, flower production, floral morphology, floral longevity, and plant reproductive success in R. ciliatum populations found in fir forests (3100 m) and Hartweg's pine forests (subalpine habitat, 3700 m). We also quantified the level of pollinator dependence, pollinator visitation rates, and fruit consumption rates by frugivorous birds in both populations. Plants were shorter and had smaller leaves in the subalpine forest than in the fir forest. Floral longevity decreased in the subalpine forest, but flower production, flower size, and fruit weight remained similar across populations. Fruit set and pollinator visitation rates were higher in the subalpine forest; however, seed weight and fruit consumption rates did not differ between sites. Hummingbirds and bumblebees were the primary pollinators of R. ciliatum, and the bird Ptiliogonys cinereus was the most important fruit consumer at both sites. Fruit set was entirely dependent on pollinators. Reduced plant size in the subalpine forest coincides with a general pattern associated with high mountain environments. In contrast, reproductive characters had a closer relationship to the pollination environment. The absence of variation in flower size and shape was consistent with the similarity in the composition of the pollinator community. Meanwhile, compared to lower-elevation forests, the subalpine forest exhibited shorter-lived flowers and increased fruit set, associated with higher pollinator visitation rates. Ribes ciliatum is a key resource for pollinators and frugivores at a time of year when few other floral resources are available in these high-elevation mountain forests.

热带山地生态系统中的植物物种在短距离内经历着显著的环境变化。这些系统为评估植物性状与生物和非生物环境之间的地理差异提供了机会。我们研究了墨西哥中部两片原生针叶林中灌木 R. ciliatum 的植物性状和生殖性状。我们测量了冷杉林（海拔 3100 米）和哈特韦格松林（亚高山栖息地，海拔 3700 米）中的 R. ciliatum 种群的植株高度、分枝数量、叶片大小、花的产量、花的形态、花的寿命以及植物的繁殖成功率。我们还量化了这两个种群对授粉者的依赖程度、授粉者的访问率以及食草鸟类的果实消耗率。亚高山森林中的植物比冷杉林中的植物更矮小，叶片也更小。亚高山森林的花寿命缩短，但不同种群的花产量、花朵大小和果实重量保持相似。亚高山森林的坐果率和传粉昆虫的访问率更高；然而，不同地点的种子重量和果实消耗率并无差异。蜂鸟和熊蜂是 R. ciliatum 的主要传粉者，鸟类 Ptiliogonys cinereus 是两个地点最重要的果实消费者。坐果完全依赖于授粉者。亚高山森林中植株的减小与高山环境的一般模式相吻合。相比之下，生殖特征与授粉环境的关系更为密切。花的大小和形状没有变化，这与传粉昆虫群落组成的相似性是一致的。同时，与低海拔森林相比，亚高山森林的花期更短，坐果率更高，这与传粉昆虫的访问率较高有关。在这些高海拔山地森林中几乎没有其他花卉资源的季节，纤毛核果是传粉昆虫和食草动物的重要资源。

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