Flora最新文献

{"title":"Slope mediates growth-climate response of Pinus wallichiana in central Nepal","authors":"Aashish Bidari ,&nbsp;Giri Prasad Joshi ,&nbsp;Chitra Bahadur Baniya ,&nbsp;Raju Bista ,&nbsp;Achyut Tiwari","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152911","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152911","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Himalayas are the most vulnerable regions to climate change, and they have been experiencing diverse impacts on mountain vegetation. Blue Pine (<em>Pinus wallichiana</em>) is an evergreen conifer which grows at altitudes of 1800–4300 m in dry valleys in Nepal Himalaya. We carried out a dendroecological study to examine growth-climate response of <em>P. wallichiana</em> on contrasting topography—relatively moist North facing and dry South facing slopes. Tree-ring width indices exhibited a significant positive correlation with the previous year’s September rainfall and negative correlation with the current year maximum temperature of June. The Basal Area Increment (BAI) generally showed a positive trend, however, both sites showed declining trends of BAI particularly after the 1980s, with a more pronounced decrease observed on the south-facing slope. This may be due to changes in topographic conditions due to slope exposure; higher evapotranspiration, strong wind and lower moisture supply due to low runoff from snow melting in the southern slope. However, we emphasize that responses from similar aged tree populations should be validated using more precise local climatic data to improve the interpretation of microclimate-driven growth-climate relationships and to strengthen climate adaptation strategies for Himalayan forests. Nonetheless, the results underscore the role of topographic variability in shaping forest sensitivity to climate, highlighting the importance of slope-specific considerations in forest management and adaptation strategies in Himalaya.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 152911"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145885751","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Floral anatomy of Pseudobombax longiflorum (Malvaceae) reveals scent-producing sites","authors":"Matheus Abdon do Nascimento ,&nbsp;Bárbara de Sá Haiad ,&nbsp;Silvia Rodrigues Machado ,&nbsp;Yve Canaveze","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Pseudobombax longiflorum</em> (Mart.) A. Robyns (Bombacoideae, Malvaceae), a tree species found in cerrado areas and pollinated by bats, blooms in the dry season, being important sources of pollen and floral nectar for floral visitors. Through structural and histochemical analyses, we characterized the floral anatomy of <em>P. longiflorum</em>, seeking to highlight aspects related to environment and pollination. In addition, we characterized anatomical and ultrastructurally the sites of scent production. Pollen grains were released in monads, in the bicellularized microgametophyte stage. Claviform trichomes occurred in the outer epidermis of the ovary. Ovarian septa were incomplete, configuring the compitum region. Ovules were anatropous, bitegmic, with zigzag micropyle. The megagametophyte was an 8-nucleate, 7-celled <em>Polygonum</em> type. The style had a stylar canal surrounded by transmitting tissue. The stigma was wet, covered by secretory papillae. The components of the various floral organs had multiple layers of cells, which may provide the necessary strength to withstand pollinator visits. Mucilage, a substance that may help regulate water, and phenolic idioblasts, which aid in protection against UV radiation, were frequently observed in all the floral organs. There was a secondary floral nectar presentation, and the nectar chamber was located between the petals and the staminal tube. Scent-producing sites were located on the adaxial face of the proximal portion of the petal and the petal fold. In these areas, cells showed anatomical and ultrastructural features consistent with scent production and release; this being the first report for a Malvaceae species.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 152913"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Laticifer typology and latex composition in Sapium glandulosum (L.) Morong (Euphorbioideae, Hippomaneae)","authors":"José Danizete Brás Miranda ,&nbsp;Analu Zanotti Ávila ,&nbsp;Valeria Ferreira Fernandes ,&nbsp;Letícia Schunk Endringer ,&nbsp;Renata Maria Strozi Alves Meira","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152912","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152912","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Laticifers are internal secretory structures formed by one or a group of cells that take on a tube shape and are responsible for the production and storage of latex. This exudate is composed of complex substances and plays a role in the healing of lesions and protection against herbivory in some species. Data such as the distribution, typology, and chemical composition of latex are useful for systematic studies and contribute to understanding the relationships between species. Light and transmission electron microscopy techniques were applied for ontogenetic, histochemical, and ultrastructural evaluation of the lactiferous vessels of <em>Sapium glandulosum</em> (L.) Morong, circumscribed in the subfamily Euphorbioideae. This species, traditionally used in healing treatments, is popularly known as leiteiro (milk tree) due to the exudation of whitish, voluminous latex when injured. Articulated lactiferous were described, previously considered absent in the genus and rare in the subfamily. The data obtained are promising and answered questions about the chemical compounds present in the latex, the secretion process, and the organelles involved in synthesis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 152912"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145927361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Morphology and secretory activity of resin-secreting glands in the fruits of Myroxylon peruiferum (Leguminosae, Papilionoideae)","authors":"Élder Antônio Sousa e Paiva ,&nbsp;Denise Maria Trombert Oliveira ,&nbsp;Viviane Gonçalves Leite ,&nbsp;Simone Pádua Teixeira","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152910","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152910","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Resin biosynthesis occurs across plant groups in secretory structures such as ducts, cavities, and trichomes. In Leguminosae, it is mainly reported for Caesalpinioideae, while in Papilionoideae it is scarcely documented, with <em>Myroxylon peruiferum</em> as a notable case. This study investigates the morphology and secretory activity of the ovary and fruit glands of <em>M. peruiferum</em>, revealing new aspects of their cell biology and ecological role in plant-insect interactions. Samples of ovaries and fruits were processed for light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Secretory cavities and ducts are found in the ovary wall and pericarp of <em>M. peruiferum.</em> The glands originate in the ovary wall and young fruits, expanding during fruit growth into an anastomosing network throughout the pericarp. They consist of a lumen lined by a uniseriate secretory epithelium, with schizogeny as the main mechanism of lumen expansion. In the initial stages, however, cell lysis was also observed, indicating a schizolysigenous origin. Secretory epithelial cells display dense cytoplasm with conspicuous nuclei and nucleoli, and are rich in plastids, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and vacuoles. Unlike the highly vacuolated adjacent cells, they retain this dense cytoplasm during exudate synthesis. Organelle distribution is polarized, with plastids and endoplasmic reticulum concentrated basally, and vesicles and small vacuoles predominating apically. These findings provide new insights into the cell biology of secretory structures and highlight the multifunctional ecological role of the resin-secreting system, which enhances floral display during anthesis and later forms effective physical and chemical defenses against herbivores and pathogens during fruit development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 152910"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145801893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diverse floral arrangement morphs of Spiranthes sinensis (Orchidaceae) enhance pollinator visitation and reproductive success when competing with syntopic co-flowering plants","authors":"Yun Wu ,&nbsp;Lingzhi Liu ,&nbsp;Jiali Tang ,&nbsp;Xin Wu ,&nbsp;Sha Shuang ,&nbsp;Guangli Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152909","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152909","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Estimating the effects of diverse arrangements of flowers within inflorescence on intra- and inter-specific pollinator visitation and plant reproductive success is key to understanding the biodiversity and coexistence of sympatric co-flowering plants. In this study, we examined the effects of diverse floral arrangement morphs on pollinator visitation and plant reproductive success in two syntopic co-flowering plants through experimental arrays. For this purpose, we used an orchid species (<em>Spiranthes sinensis</em>) characterized by three floral arrangement morphs (clockwise, anticlockwise and vertical) and a syntopic co-flowering plant (<em>Prunella vulgaris</em>). We constructed 15 synthetic arrays that included single or three floral arrangement morphs of <em>S. sinensis</em> and transplanted with <em>P. vulgaris</em> at a common-garden site to estimate pollinator visitation and reproductive success. The results indicated that transplantation with <em>P. vulgaris</em> reduced the fruit set of <em>S. sinensis</em>. When <em>S. sinensis</em> was transplanted with <em>P. vulgaris</em>, the combination of the three floral arrangement morphs of <em>S. sinensis</em> improved the pollinator visitation of the anticlockwise and vertical morphs and improved the weight of the seeds per fruit of the clockwise morph compared with the single floral arrangement morph. For <em>P. vulgaris</em>, pollinator visitation was greater when it was transplanted with a combination of three floral arrangement morphs of <em>S. sinensis</em> than when it was transplanted with one floral arrangement morph of <em>S. sinensis</em>. The results highlight the effects of diverse floral arrangement morphs in interspecific competition for pollinators. More generally, the results imply the potential role of diverse floral arrangement morphs in maintaining the coexistence of syntopic co-flowering and pollinator-sharing plants.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"336 ","pages":"Article 152909"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145801935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"UV radiation decreases photosynthesis in Typha domingensis, but the species shows tolerance mechanisms related to anthocyanin production and clonal growth","authors":"Carlos Henrique Goulart dos Reis ,&nbsp;Marcelo Ramos de Anchieta ,&nbsp;Amanda Coletti Santolino ,&nbsp;Kauê Shindi Dias Nakamura ,&nbsp;Murillo Tinheira do Prado ,&nbsp;Vitor Hugo Silva Ribeiro ,&nbsp;Vinícius Politi Duarte ,&nbsp;Evaristo Mauro de Castro ,&nbsp;Fabricio José Pereira","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152908","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152908","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Typha domingensis</em> Pers. (cattail) is an aquatic plant presenting high growth capacity and tolerance to various environmental stressors. However, the effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on growth and development have not yet been explored for <em>T. domingensis</em>. Furthermore, increased UV radiation is expected due to climate change, which may favor <em>T. domingensis</em> in competition with other species. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of UV radiation on the growth, photosynthesis, anatomy, and biochemistry of <em>T. domingensis</em> depending on leaf position. The individuals were subjected to the following conditions: unshaded (US), shaded net (SN), greenhouse (GH), and greenhouse plus UV supplementation (GH+UV). We performed a completely randomized two-way ANOVA to analyze the interaction effects between UV radiation and leaf position (leaf apex and middle parts). Growth, leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, anatomy, anthocyanin, and chlorophyll concentration were evaluated. UV radiation reduced the effective photochemical yield and the carboxylation efficiency of <em>T. domingensis</em>. The highest UV intensity (US) reduced <em>T. domingensis</em> dry mass but increased its clone production, suggesting a UV-defense mechanism by enhancing population growth and self-shading. Moreover, the leaf apex of <em>T. domingensis</em> showed higher photosynthesis compared to its middle part. <em>Typha domingensis</em> leaves synthesize anthocyanins as a UV-defense mechanism due to the absence of relevant anatomical defense traits. Therefore, our results indicate that <em>T. domingensis</em> is a UV-tolerant species, although some degree of damage is found in its photosynthetic system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"335 ","pages":"Article 152908"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lighting up the underground: Enhancing growth-ring detection in grassland subshrubs using autofluorescence and histochemistry","authors":"Tiago M. Gomes-Pinto ,&nbsp;Jean-Luc Verdeil ,&nbsp;Christelle Baptiste ,&nbsp;Claudia Fontana ,&nbsp;Matthieu Dejean ,&nbsp;Gilles Chaix ,&nbsp;Davi N. Lemos ,&nbsp;Maycon S. Teixeira ,&nbsp;Mario Tomazello-Filho ,&nbsp;Giselda Durigan","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152907","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152907","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Growth rings in woody plants form in response to seasonal variation in the environment and are fundamental to dendrochronological studies, but estimating plant ages—especially in underexplored growth forms such as forbs, shrubs and subshrubs from grasslands—remains challenging. Here, we address a knowledge gap in the anatomy and histochemistry of subshrubs from natural Cerrado grasslands and evaluate their potential for dendrochronological applications. We studied underground woody organs of <em>Jacaranda decurrens, Lippia lupulina</em>, and <em>Mandevilla longiflora</em>, collected at the Santa Bárbara Ecological Station (Brazil). We used autofluorescence microscopy and a suite of histochemical tests targeting structural and non-structural compounds. Autofluorescence allowed spatial assessment of wood tissues without staining, and improved growth-ring visualization. FASGA staining increased contrast between fibers and parenchyma, facilitating tissue discrimination and growth-ring delimitation, while Mäule staining highlighted differences in cell-wall composition and guaiacyl/syringyl (G/S) ratios throughout growth-ring formation. Starch was consistently detected in parenchymatic cells of all species (lowest in <em>J. decurrens</em>, intermediate in L. <em>lupulina</em>, highest in <em>M. longiflora</em>), and its spatial association with parenchyma aided growth-ring identification. Combining fluorescence and histochemical approaches provides complementary insights into the anatomy and chemistry of underground organs and advances dendrochronological studies in grassland ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"335 ","pages":"Article 152907"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790726","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pollen cones of Afrocarpus and Podocarpus (Podocarpaceae, Coniferales) in the light of conifer evolution and Zimmermann´s telome theory","authors":"Veit Martin Dörken ,&nbsp;Thomas Stützel","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152906","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152906","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pollen cones from various species of Podocarpaceae were investigated and a new evolutionary model of coniferous male reproductive structures is proposed. The inflorescence-like groups of pollen cones are identified as dense pollen cone clusters. These clusters result from a significant reduction in the length of the internodes of the fertile shoot axis, coupled with a shift of the cones towards the distal end. There is strong evidence that the simple structure of each pollen cone originates from a markedly reduced pseudanthial structure. The lateral hyposporangiate microsporangiophores are dorsiventral synangia comprising numerous fused, stalked microsporangia. It is highly likely that the hyposporangiate structure evolved from an ancestral radial (= perisporangiate) condition. The distal, leaf-like scutellum is formed by one or more sterile microsporangia that are fused and compressed. Contrary to the widely held view, the scutellum is not the tip of a microsporophyll. Based on Zimmermann's telome theory it is demonstrated how microsporangia can be produced in the absence of a microsporophyll.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"335 ","pages":"Article 152906"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-12-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145790724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Leaf anatomical diversity in subfamily Dryadoideae (Rosaceae): taxonomic significance at the generic level","authors":"Diana I. Trujillo-Juárez ,&nbsp;Alicia Rojas-Leal ,&nbsp;Teresa Terrazas","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152903","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152903","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Dryadoideae (Rosaceae) comprises the genera <em>Cercocarpus, Chamaebatia, Dryas</em>, and <em>Purshia</em>. Despite its taxonomic value, the foliar anatomy of this subfamily has not been studied or compared between genera. The objective was to characterize and identify qualitative leaf anatomical traits that allow diagnosis of genera and compare them with other Rosaceae. Transverse and paradermal sections were prepared from 32 species and analyzed using light microscopy. Each genus exhibited a unique combination of traits. <em>Cercocarpus</em> showed stomatal crypts and an abaxial hypodermis. <em>Chamaebatia</em> displayed S-undulated anticlinal epidermal walls and fibers above the phloem. It also showed glandular trichomes with a multiseriate stalk and vascular tissue at the base. Additionally, the mesophyll was reduced and continuous, supporting simple leaves in <em>Chamaebatia</em>, a trait not previously recognized in this genus. <em>Purshia</em> showed glandular trichomes with a multiseriate stalk on the adaxial surface, less developed spongy parenchyma and palisade parenchyma in the midvein. In <em>Dryas</em> eglandular multicellular trichomes were found on the abaxial surface, and a sunken adaxial midvein. Other informative characters included mesophyll type, idioblasts, and secondary growth in the midvein. Although some intrageneric variation was observed, anatomical traits were generally consistent within genera. These findings provide the first comprehensive anatomical framework for Dryadoideae and highlight the taxonomic value of leaf anatomy. The results contribute with novel characters for genera, and offer their integration into future phylogenetic and evolutionary studies within Rosaceae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"335 ","pages":"Article 152903"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145737558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A conservation concern to a critically endangered Zingiber engganoense Ardiyani (Zingiberaceae)","authors":"Angga Yudaputra ,&nbsp;Inggit Puji Astuti ,&nbsp;Elga Renjana ,&nbsp;Elok Rifqi Firdiana ,&nbsp;Melisnawati H Angio ,&nbsp;Vandra Kurniawan ,&nbsp;Danang Wahyu Purnomo ,&nbsp;Iyan Robiansyah ,&nbsp;Marlina Ardiyani ,&nbsp;Fitriany Amalia Wardhani ,&nbsp;Puguh Dwi Raharjo ,&nbsp;Gut Windarsih ,&nbsp;Suhartono ,&nbsp;Dwi Murti Puspitaningtyas ,&nbsp;Prima Wahyu Kusuma Hutabarat ,&nbsp;Unggul Handoko ,&nbsp;Wendell P. Cropper Jr","doi":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.flora.2025.152893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Zingiber engganoense</em> Ardiyani is a critically endangered species that occupies a restricted habitat on Enggano Island. A single location was reported in a previous study. Due to the lack of information about the current population status, surveys were used to find new populations and improve our understanding of its conservation status. Surveys were conducted centered on the known location reported from the previous study, then expanding into surrounding areas and also surveying locations informed by local people. The study area covered two villages: Malakoni and Banjarsari. These locations are surveyed based on historical records and local information. A purposive sampling method was applied to assess the population and habitat characteristic of <em>Z. engganoense</em> Ardiyani. The population was quantified and physical variables were measured inside the plots. The coordinate points and spatial environmental layers were used as input of a model for predicting habitat suitability of the species. An ensemble model was constructed by aggregating the results of three algorithms: Random Forest (RF), Multivariate Adaptive Regression Spline (MARS), and Generalized Linear Model (GLM) to generate a habitat suitability map. Six new occurrence locations in Malakoni village were identified with the surveys. The ensemble model predicted 18 km² of moderately suitable habitat and 3 km² of highly suitable habitat on the island. Our model predicted only 4 km² of moderately suitable habitat was located inside a protected area of Taman Buru Gunung Nanu’ua. Three input variables were identified as important for habitat suitability: soil organic carbon, elevation and annual precipitation. The predictive model resulted from this study was categorised as an effective model with an AUC value of 0.90 and a TSS value of 0.88. We propose CR B1ab(iii)+B2ab(iii), D as the new conservation status of <em>Z. engganoense</em> Ardiyani. Cuttings from four individuals and two tubers that were secured from the wild, all successfully grew under controlled conditions in the greenhouse of the botanic gardens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55156,"journal":{"name":"Flora","volume":"335 ","pages":"Article 152893"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145685312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}