Studies highlighted the limited confidence of general dentists to effectively manage dental trauma (DT) cases. DT education at the predoctoral level varies globally; however, little is known about it in North American dental schools. This gap in understanding could explain deficiencies in general dentists' treatment of DT cases. Therefore, this study aimed to gain insights into the existing predoctoral DT education across North American dental schools, identify gaps, and recommend improvements to refine and unify DT education.
Methods
Interviews were conducted with DT instructors and curriculum coordinators from North American dental schools. A validated questionnaire was used for the interviews. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: DT curriculum, student assessments, and clinical exposure during predoctoral training. Qualitative data were analyzed individually and grouped for common findings.
Results
The overall response rate was 62.6% (n = 52 universities). Sixty-three instructors from 48 dental schools participated in the analysis. Four schools opted out of the study. DT education was found to be fragmented in 47 schools, with a mean of 5.7 ± 1.57 h allocated to DT teaching. Only nine schools assessed students after completing DT coursework, and just one conducted a final examination solely on DT. All instructors reported insufficient clinical exposure to DT cases during rotations.
Conclusions
Dental educators reported significant deficiencies in DT education in North American dental schools. Limited clinical exposure and an inconsistent curriculum may leave students ill prepared for managing DT cases. Increased hands-on experience and curriculum standardization across schools could improve DT education and preparedness.
{"title":"Dental Trauma Education Among North American Dental Schools: Results From Multi-Center Interviews With Dental Educators","authors":"Yuli Berlin-Broner, Zanib Kiani, Liran Levin","doi":"10.1111/edt.13070","DOIUrl":"10.1111/edt.13070","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background/Aims</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Studies highlighted the limited confidence of general dentists to effectively manage dental trauma (DT) cases. DT education at the predoctoral level varies globally; however, little is known about it in North American dental schools. This gap in understanding could explain deficiencies in general dentists' treatment of DT cases. Therefore, this study aimed to gain insights into the existing predoctoral DT education across North American dental schools, identify gaps, and recommend improvements to refine and unify DT education.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Interviews were conducted with DT instructors and curriculum coordinators from North American dental schools. A validated questionnaire was used for the interviews. The questionnaire was divided into three sections: DT curriculum, student assessments, and clinical exposure during predoctoral training. Qualitative data were analyzed individually and grouped for common findings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The overall response rate was 62.6% (<i>n</i> = 52 universities). Sixty-three instructors from 48 dental schools participated in the analysis. Four schools opted out of the study. DT education was found to be fragmented in 47 schools, with a mean of 5.7 ± 1.57 h allocated to DT teaching. Only nine schools assessed students after completing DT coursework, and just one conducted a final examination solely on DT. All instructors reported insufficient clinical exposure to DT cases during rotations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Dental educators reported significant deficiencies in DT education in North American dental schools. Limited clinical exposure and an inconsistent curriculum may leave students ill prepared for managing DT cases. Increased hands-on experience and curriculum standardization across schools could improve DT education and preparedness.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55180,"journal":{"name":"Dental Traumatology","volume":"41 6","pages":"625-633"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/edt.13070","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144058311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
<p>Sport-related traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are prevalent, particularly in contact sports like football, hockey, and basketball, where athletes face a higher risk of injury [<span>1, 2</span>]. Custom-made sports mouthguards are widely recognized as one of the most effective preventive measures for preventing TDIs, offering superior protection compared to over-the-counter or boil-and-bite alternatives [<span>1</span>]. Despite their proven effectiveness, there is no globally standardized approach to the design, fabrication, or usage of mouthguards, leading to inconsistencies in their protection quality. In this issue, Avgerinos et al. emphasized the need for mouthguards made from FDA-approved materials and offered a position statement for the proper selection, construction, clinical use, and maintenance of mouthguards [<span>3</span>]. These guidelines highlight the importance of educating both dental professionals and athletes about the benefits of mouthguards in reducing the prevalence of TDIs in sports. The lack of a standardized approach to mouthguard fabrication underscores the need for global consistency to ensure that all athletes receive optimal protection against dental injuries.</p><p>Dental trauma is a prevalent concern in the field of dentistry, affecting individuals across various age groups, with the anterior teeth being the most commonly injured [<span>4, 5</span>]. The most frequent types of dental trauma include crown fractures, avulsions, and luxations, with varying degrees of severity in pulp and surrounding periodontal tissues [<span>6, 7</span>]. Effective treatment of these injuries is essential to restore both function and aesthetics [<span>7, 8</span>]. Among the available treatment options, dental fragment reattachment has emerged as an ideal solution for rehabilitating fractured teeth. This technique involves reattaching the fractured dental fragment using adhesive materials, offering both aesthetic and functional benefits while maintaining the integrity of the original tooth structure [<span>9</span>]. In this issue, Mulinari et al. conducted a bibliometric and altimetric analysis to explore the evolution of publications on this topic [<span>10</span>]. This analysis provides insights into the scientific trends surrounding dental fragment reattachment, highlighting the growing body of research and its implications for clinical practice.</p><p>Traumatic dental injuries to the permanent dentition are a significant health problem with potential life-long consequences [<span>11</span>]. One common and serious complication following dental trauma in children and adolescents is pulp necrosis in immature permanent teeth [<span>12, 13</span>]. The treatment of these injuries can be particularly challenging due to the unique anatomical and physiological characteristics of immature teeth, such as open apex, unfavorable crown-to-root ratio, thin dentinal walls, and a higher risk of root fractures. These factors complicate tr
{"title":"What's Next in Dental Trauma? Innovations, Preventive Strategies, and Future Treatment Paths","authors":"Ana Beatriz Cantao, Liran Levin","doi":"10.1111/edt.13069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/edt.13069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Sport-related traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are prevalent, particularly in contact sports like football, hockey, and basketball, where athletes face a higher risk of injury [<span>1, 2</span>]. Custom-made sports mouthguards are widely recognized as one of the most effective preventive measures for preventing TDIs, offering superior protection compared to over-the-counter or boil-and-bite alternatives [<span>1</span>]. Despite their proven effectiveness, there is no globally standardized approach to the design, fabrication, or usage of mouthguards, leading to inconsistencies in their protection quality. In this issue, Avgerinos et al. emphasized the need for mouthguards made from FDA-approved materials and offered a position statement for the proper selection, construction, clinical use, and maintenance of mouthguards [<span>3</span>]. These guidelines highlight the importance of educating both dental professionals and athletes about the benefits of mouthguards in reducing the prevalence of TDIs in sports. The lack of a standardized approach to mouthguard fabrication underscores the need for global consistency to ensure that all athletes receive optimal protection against dental injuries.</p><p>Dental trauma is a prevalent concern in the field of dentistry, affecting individuals across various age groups, with the anterior teeth being the most commonly injured [<span>4, 5</span>]. The most frequent types of dental trauma include crown fractures, avulsions, and luxations, with varying degrees of severity in pulp and surrounding periodontal tissues [<span>6, 7</span>]. Effective treatment of these injuries is essential to restore both function and aesthetics [<span>7, 8</span>]. Among the available treatment options, dental fragment reattachment has emerged as an ideal solution for rehabilitating fractured teeth. This technique involves reattaching the fractured dental fragment using adhesive materials, offering both aesthetic and functional benefits while maintaining the integrity of the original tooth structure [<span>9</span>]. In this issue, Mulinari et al. conducted a bibliometric and altimetric analysis to explore the evolution of publications on this topic [<span>10</span>]. This analysis provides insights into the scientific trends surrounding dental fragment reattachment, highlighting the growing body of research and its implications for clinical practice.</p><p>Traumatic dental injuries to the permanent dentition are a significant health problem with potential life-long consequences [<span>11</span>]. One common and serious complication following dental trauma in children and adolescents is pulp necrosis in immature permanent teeth [<span>12, 13</span>]. The treatment of these injuries can be particularly challenging due to the unique anatomical and physiological characteristics of immature teeth, such as open apex, unfavorable crown-to-root ratio, thin dentinal walls, and a higher risk of root fractures. These factors complicate tr","PeriodicalId":55180,"journal":{"name":"Dental Traumatology","volume":"41 3","pages":"241-245"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/edt.13069","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143914236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Henrique Freitas Jalil, Letícia Regina Morello Sartori, Glória Maria Gomes Dravanz, Leticia Kirst Post, Cristina Braga Xavier
Aim
This study aimed to describe the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) with etiology attributed to interpersonal violence among cases treated at a referral center for the management of TDIs in Southern Brazil, to identify and characterize the latent classes of TDIs, and to assess whether there was an association between the types of interpersonal violence and both the types of TDIs and their latent classes.
Methods
This observational retrospective study used data from dental records at a TDI's referral center. Records were included if TDI's etiology was related to interpersonal violence–community violence or family violence, and the first dental consultation occurred between 2011 and 2021. TDIs were classified using Andreasen's criteria. Latent Class Analysis was performed to identify latent classes of TDIs. Descriptive analysis was performed along with bivariate associations (Fisher's Exact and Wilcoxon-Mann–Whitney Tests). Stata 18.0 was used in all analyses (α = 5%).
Results
This study included 118 dental records with interpersonal violence as the TDI's etiology (22.9%). Of these, 87.2% were classified as community violence and 12.7% as family violence. Most victims were male, aged 26–40, with 75.4% injured through bodily assault, often in public places. Crown fractures were the most common TDI (42.2%), followed by concussion/subluxations and avulsions (26.5%, both). The latent class analysis identified three TDIs' classes: dentoalveolar injuries, dental fractures, and combined injuries, with a probability of individual inclusion of 17.7%, 33.3%, and 49.9%, respectively. No associations were found between the type of interpersonal violence and TDIs nor latent classes.
Conclusions
This study identified that 22.9% of TDIs were attributed to interpersonal violence, with crown fracture, concussion/subluxation, and avulsion being the most prevalent. TDI latent classes showed distinct and complex patterns. Although no associations with types of interpersonal violence were found, this study offers valuable evidence exploring TDI patterns in victims of interpersonal violence.
{"title":"Pattern of Traumatic Dental Injuries Among Victims of Interpersonal Violence: Evidence From a Reference Dental Service in Southern Brazil","authors":"Henrique Freitas Jalil, Letícia Regina Morello Sartori, Glória Maria Gomes Dravanz, Leticia Kirst Post, Cristina Braga Xavier","doi":"10.1111/edt.13068","DOIUrl":"10.1111/edt.13068","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aimed to describe the prevalence of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) with etiology attributed to interpersonal violence among cases treated at a referral center for the management of TDIs in Southern Brazil, to identify and characterize the latent classes of TDIs, and to assess whether there was an association between the types of interpersonal violence and both the types of TDIs and their latent classes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This observational retrospective study used data from dental records at a TDI's referral center. Records were included if TDI's etiology was related to interpersonal violence–community violence or family violence, and the first dental consultation occurred between 2011 and 2021. TDIs were classified using Andreasen's criteria. Latent Class Analysis was performed to identify latent classes of TDIs. Descriptive analysis was performed along with bivariate associations (Fisher's Exact and Wilcoxon-Mann–Whitney Tests). Stata 18.0 was used in all analyses (<i>α</i> = 5%).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study included 118 dental records with interpersonal violence as the TDI's etiology (22.9%). Of these, 87.2% were classified as community violence and 12.7% as family violence. Most victims were male, aged 26–40, with 75.4% injured through bodily assault, often in public places. Crown fractures were the most common TDI (42.2%), followed by concussion/subluxations and avulsions (26.5%, both). The latent class analysis identified three TDIs' classes: dentoalveolar injuries, dental fractures, and combined injuries, with a probability of individual inclusion of 17.7%, 33.3%, and 49.9%, respectively. No associations were found between the type of interpersonal violence and TDIs nor latent classes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study identified that 22.9% of TDIs were attributed to interpersonal violence, with crown fracture, concussion/subluxation, and avulsion being the most prevalent. TDI latent classes showed distinct and complex patterns. Although no associations with types of interpersonal violence were found, this study offers valuable evidence exploring TDI patterns in victims of interpersonal violence.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55180,"journal":{"name":"Dental Traumatology","volume":"41 6","pages":"649-659"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144053174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The orofacial injuries (temporomandibular joint (TMJ) injuries, mandible fractures, etc.) represent a high incidence in sports medicine. But the mechanism of injuries caused by sport impacts was poorly studied. This study aimed to fill this gap.
Design
Different frontal impacts were applied to the finite element model. The motions and biomechanical responses of the joint and mandible were analyzed and compared with active open-closing mouth movement in order to evaluate injury causes.
Methods
Firstly, the maxillofacial morphology and open-closing motion were captured. Then an improved FE maxillofacial model for dynamic analysis was established for impact and mouth open–closing simulations.
Results
The rotation degrees of the mandible and the stress level of the TMJ increased as the impacts got greater. The disc sustained squeeze and the capsule sustained stretch. The mandibular body and ramus sustained greater stretch under impacts over 2000 N.
Conclusion
It indicated that the injuries of the TMJ were primarily from excessive squeezing on the disc and stretching on the capsule, caused by excessive displacement of the condyle. The mandibular body and ramus were at great risk of fracture.
{"title":"The Influence of Sport Impacts on Injuries of the Temporomandibular System: Frontal Impacts","authors":"Annan Li, Bingmei Shao, Zhan Liu","doi":"10.1111/edt.13055","DOIUrl":"10.1111/edt.13055","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The orofacial injuries (temporomandibular joint (TMJ) injuries, mandible fractures, etc.) represent a high incidence in sports medicine. But the mechanism of injuries caused by sport impacts was poorly studied. This study aimed to fill this gap.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Different frontal impacts were applied to the finite element model. The motions and biomechanical responses of the joint and mandible were analyzed and compared with active open-closing mouth movement in order to evaluate injury causes.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Firstly, the maxillofacial morphology and open-closing motion were captured. Then an improved FE maxillofacial model for dynamic analysis was established for impact and mouth open–closing simulations.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The rotation degrees of the mandible and the stress level of the TMJ increased as the impacts got greater. The disc sustained squeeze and the capsule sustained stretch. The mandibular body and ramus sustained greater stretch under impacts over 2000 N.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>It indicated that the injuries of the TMJ were primarily from excessive squeezing on the disc and stretching on the capsule, caused by excessive displacement of the condyle. The mandibular body and ramus were at great risk of fracture.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55180,"journal":{"name":"Dental Traumatology","volume":"41 5","pages":"520-526"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144052804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mariana Pires da Costa, Letícia Lopes de Almeida da Silva, Renan Rocha da Silva, Matheus César da Silva Parada, Maria Clara Frias Lobo Marinho, Tiago Braga Rabello, Marcela Baraúna Magno, Lucianne Cople Maia
This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of isotonic sports drinks (Gatorade) on color variation and thickness of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). White thermoformed EVA blocks (n = 60) were prepared and randomly allocated into five groups (n = 12): reverse osmosis water (G1—control, transparent/colorless), isotonic passion fruit flavor (G2—yellow drink), isotonic citrus flavor (G3—orange drink), isotonic strawberry with passion fruit flavor (G4—red drink), and isotonic grape flavor (G5—purple drink). The specimens were submerged in their respective liquids/drinks for each group and incubated at 37°C for 28 consecutive days. The liquids/drinks were replaced every 24 h. Color variation (ΔEab) and thickness (mm) were evaluated using a digital spectrophotometer and a digital micrometer, respectively, at baseline and after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. ΔEab was calculated using the CIEL*a*b* system. Statistical analysis for both independent and dependent data was performed (α = 5%). Regarding color variation, G2 and G5 showed significant changes in ΔEab values after 21 and 28 days (p < 0.05), respectively. After 21 days, G2 became less clear and more pigmented towards the blue and red coordinates, with a reduction in L* (p < 0.001) and b* (p < 0.001), and an increase in a* (p < 0.001). After 28 days, G5 became pigmented towards the red and blue coordinates, with no significant change in L* (p > 0.05), but a reduction in b* (p = 0.021) and an increase in a* (p < 0.001). The thickness did not vary in relation to time or isotonic flavor/drink (p > 0.05). Isotonic drinks may cause changes in the color of EVA depending on the exposure time and the color of the isotonic drink consumed.
{"title":"The In Vitro Effect of Isotonic Sports Drinks on Color Variation and Thickness of A Material Used for Sport Mouthguards","authors":"Mariana Pires da Costa, Letícia Lopes de Almeida da Silva, Renan Rocha da Silva, Matheus César da Silva Parada, Maria Clara Frias Lobo Marinho, Tiago Braga Rabello, Marcela Baraúna Magno, Lucianne Cople Maia","doi":"10.1111/edt.13067","DOIUrl":"10.1111/edt.13067","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the effect of isotonic sports drinks (Gatorade) on color variation and thickness of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA). White thermoformed EVA blocks (<i>n</i> = 60) were prepared and randomly allocated into five groups (<i>n</i> = 12): reverse osmosis water (G1—control, transparent/colorless), isotonic passion fruit flavor (G2—yellow drink), isotonic citrus flavor (G3—orange drink), isotonic strawberry with passion fruit flavor (G4—red drink), and isotonic grape flavor (G5—purple drink). The specimens were submerged in their respective liquids/drinks for each group and incubated at 37°C for 28 consecutive days. The liquids/drinks were replaced every 24 h. Color variation (Δ<i>E</i><sub>ab</sub>) and thickness (mm) were evaluated using a digital spectrophotometer and a digital micrometer, respectively, at baseline and after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. Δ<i>E</i><sub>ab</sub> was calculated using the CIEL*<i>a</i>*<i>b</i>* system. Statistical analysis for both independent and dependent data was performed (<i>α</i> = 5%). Regarding color variation, G2 and G5 showed significant changes in Δ<i>E</i><sub>ab</sub> values after 21 and 28 days (<i>p</i> < 0.05), respectively. After 21 days, G2 became less clear and more pigmented towards the blue and red coordinates, with a reduction in <i>L</i>* (<i>p</i> < 0.001) and <i>b</i>* (<i>p</i> < 0.001), and an increase in <i>a</i>* (<i>p</i> < 0.001). After 28 days, G5 became pigmented towards the red and blue coordinates, with no significant change in <i>L</i>* (<i>p</i> > 0.05), but a reduction in <i>b</i>* (<i>p</i> = 0.021) and an increase in <i>a</i>* (<i>p</i> < 0.001). The thickness did not vary in relation to time or isotonic flavor/drink (<i>p</i> > 0.05). Isotonic drinks may cause changes in the color of EVA depending on the exposure time and the color of the isotonic drink consumed.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55180,"journal":{"name":"Dental Traumatology","volume":"41 6","pages":"706-713"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144043156","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rodrigo Mariño, Nabihah Dziaruddin, Kathreena Kadir, Christina P. C. Sim, Bernadette Quah, Papimon Chompu-inwai, Varisara Sirimaharaj
Background/Aim
This study aims to review contents related to dental maxillofacial trauma (DMT) in the dental curricula of Southeast Asian (SEA) countries and assess their effectiveness in equipping future dental professionals with the necessary skills for the efficient management of DMT. Additionally, the study aims to describe how the academics involved in the planning and organization of these curricula envision the incorporation of DMT within dental education.
Methods
The study employed a mixed methods approach composed of two phases. Phase 1 involved a review of all printed documentation to explore the DMT curricula, including details such as the country, subject, year of study, coverage, time spent on the subject, assessment types and various training themes (e.g., management, surgical, prevention). In Phase 2, semi-structured interviews were conducted with academics responsible for curriculum development in each school to identify how they envisaged the incorporation of DMT into the curricula.
Results
Regarding curricular contents, the dataset comprised a total of 31 subjects concerning DMT contents. Findings revealed variability in the coverage of trauma education across institutions, a lack of practical training and the need for better integration and collaboration among different dental specialties. The narrative highlighted concerns about the insufficient hands-on practice available for training in managing DMT, suggesting that students may not have enough opportunities for practical experience in this area. This deficit could potentially impact their ability to effectively manage trauma cases in a clinical setting.
Conclusion
This study provides valuable insights into the current state of dental trauma education in SEA countries, identifying critical areas for improvement and potential strategies for enhancing curriculum effectiveness. It emphasizes the importance of integrating practical training and collaborative learning to better equip future dental professionals for trauma management, thereby addressing significant challenges faced by dental educators and practitioners in SEA.
{"title":"Dental and Maxillofacial Trauma Skills Content in the Southeast Asian Dental Curricula: A Mixed Methods Study","authors":"Rodrigo Mariño, Nabihah Dziaruddin, Kathreena Kadir, Christina P. C. Sim, Bernadette Quah, Papimon Chompu-inwai, Varisara Sirimaharaj","doi":"10.1111/edt.13048","DOIUrl":"10.1111/edt.13048","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background/Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study aims to review contents related to dental maxillofacial trauma (DMT) in the dental curricula of Southeast Asian (SEA) countries and assess their effectiveness in equipping future dental professionals with the necessary skills for the efficient management of DMT. Additionally, the study aims to describe how the academics involved in the planning and organization of these curricula envision the incorporation of DMT within dental education.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study employed a mixed methods approach composed of two phases. Phase 1 involved a review of all printed documentation to explore the DMT curricula, including details such as the country, subject, year of study, coverage, time spent on the subject, assessment types and various training themes (e.g., management, surgical, prevention). In Phase 2, semi-structured interviews were conducted with academics responsible for curriculum development in each school to identify how they envisaged the incorporation of DMT into the curricula.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Regarding curricular contents, the dataset comprised a total of 31 subjects concerning DMT contents. Findings revealed variability in the coverage of trauma education across institutions, a lack of practical training and the need for better integration and collaboration among different dental specialties. The narrative highlighted concerns about the insufficient hands-on practice available for training in managing DMT, suggesting that students may not have enough opportunities for practical experience in this area. This deficit could potentially impact their ability to effectively manage trauma cases in a clinical setting.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study provides valuable insights into the current state of dental trauma education in SEA countries, identifying critical areas for improvement and potential strategies for enhancing curriculum effectiveness. It emphasizes the importance of integrating practical training and collaborative learning to better equip future dental professionals for trauma management, thereby addressing significant challenges faced by dental educators and practitioners in SEA.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55180,"journal":{"name":"Dental Traumatology","volume":"41 S2","pages":"S84-S102"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/edt.13048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144029879","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eman Behbehani, Mariam Alkheder, Lama Khraisha, Muawia A. Qudeimat
Background
Traumatic dental injuries represent a substantial concern in dental public health, often leading to functional, aesthetic, and psychological complications. Timely and appropriate management is essential to ensure favorable outcomes. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of youth soccer team coaches regarding the management and prevention of traumatic dental injuries, as well as their awareness and promotion of protective mouthguard use.
Materials and Methods
A standardized three-part survey was distributed to youth soccer team coaches from all 14 professional football clubs in Kuwait. The survey instrument, adapted from validated tools in previous studies, gathered demographic data and assessed coaches' knowledge through hypothetical case scenarios and multiple-choice questions. Statistical analysis included descriptive methods and linear regression to assess factors influencing coaches' knowledge. Multicollinearity (VIF) and model fit (ANOVA) were evaluated.
Results
A total of 56 coaches completed the survey. Although 64% reported first aid training, only 9% had specific training in dental injury management. Case scenario analysis revealed significant knowledge gaps: only 29% correctly identified an injured tooth, and 9% recommended dental referral. In the avulsion scenario, 72% were unwilling to replant the tooth, and 90% were unaware of appropriate transport media. Although 59% acknowledged mouthguard importance, only 23% advised their use. Linear regression showed no significant predictors of knowledge score (mean = 1, SD = 0.88). The model explained only 9% of variance (R2 = 0.09), with no significant predictors (p > 0.05) or model fit (F = 0.446, p = 0.84).
Conclusion
There is a substantial gap in the recognition and management of traumatic dental injuries among Kuwaiti youth soccer coaches. The study highlights the importance of targeted educational programs to improve coaches' ability to recognize dental injuries, emergency response, and advocacy for the use of protective mouthguards.
{"title":"Soccer Coaches' Knowledge of Dental Trauma Management and Attitudes Toward Mouthguard Use: A Cross-Sectional Study","authors":"Eman Behbehani, Mariam Alkheder, Lama Khraisha, Muawia A. Qudeimat","doi":"10.1111/edt.13066","DOIUrl":"10.1111/edt.13066","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Traumatic dental injuries represent a substantial concern in dental public health, often leading to functional, aesthetic, and psychological complications. Timely and appropriate management is essential to ensure favorable outcomes. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and attitudes of youth soccer team coaches regarding the management and prevention of traumatic dental injuries, as well as their awareness and promotion of protective mouthguard use.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A standardized three-part survey was distributed to youth soccer team coaches from all 14 professional football clubs in Kuwait. The survey instrument, adapted from validated tools in previous studies, gathered demographic data and assessed coaches' knowledge through hypothetical case scenarios and multiple-choice questions. Statistical analysis included descriptive methods and linear regression to assess factors influencing coaches' knowledge. Multicollinearity (VIF) and model fit (ANOVA) were evaluated.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A total of 56 coaches completed the survey. Although 64% reported first aid training, only 9% had specific training in dental injury management. Case scenario analysis revealed significant knowledge gaps: only 29% correctly identified an injured tooth, and 9% recommended dental referral. In the avulsion scenario, 72% were unwilling to replant the tooth, and 90% were unaware of appropriate transport media. Although 59% acknowledged mouthguard importance, only 23% advised their use. Linear regression showed no significant predictors of knowledge score (mean = 1, SD = 0.88). The model explained only 9% of variance (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.09), with no significant predictors (<i>p</i> > 0.05) or model fit (<i>F</i> = 0.446, <i>p</i> = 0.84).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>There is a substantial gap in the recognition and management of traumatic dental injuries among Kuwaiti youth soccer coaches. The study highlights the importance of targeted educational programs to improve coaches' ability to recognize dental injuries, emergency response, and advocacy for the use of protective mouthguards.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55180,"journal":{"name":"Dental Traumatology","volume":"41 6","pages":"660-666"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144010206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When patients accidentally lose or miss one or more teeth due to agenesis, the dentoalveolar complex is either destroyed or not formed. Replacing these teeth typically presents significant challenges This case report offers proof of principle that the periodontal ligament (PDL) of an endodontically treated tooth can form new alveolar bone in a previously non-existent location, offering a potential breakthrough in treating such cases.
Case Description
A 15-year-old healthy Caucasian male presented for orthodontic treatment with lower right lateral incisor and canine transposition. To enable optimal canine positioning, extraction of the incisor was required. A decision was made to temporarily store the endodontically treated incisor in a subperiosteal pocket to preserve the viability of the PDL while the orthodontic repositioning of the canine was completed.
The incisor was thoroughly debrided, extracted, and placed in a subperiosteal pocket created via a small incision and tunnel preparation in the buccal corridor.
After 14 months, retrieval of the incisor revealed the formation of a nearly complete alveolus housing the incisor. The incisor was immediately transplanted into its final position. Favorable healing allowed functional loading with orthodontic extrusive force 3 weeks post-transplantation. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 3, 6, and 12 months, with annual evaluations extending up to 5 years.
Practical Implications
The regenerative potential of PDL to reconstruct the dentoalveolar complex, including alveolar bone, provides an optimal pathway for tooth replacement. This approach, employed within an interdisciplinary treatment framework, broadens the range of techniques available to dental specialists for managing complex clinical cases involving substantial alveolar bone loss.
{"title":"Alveolar Bone Formation via Subperiosteal Storage of an Endodontically Treated Incisor for Periodontal Ligament Preservation Before Autotransplantation: A Case Report","authors":"Dick Barendregt, Manfred Leunisse, Edwin Eggink","doi":"10.1111/edt.13064","DOIUrl":"10.1111/edt.13064","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>When patients accidentally lose or miss one or more teeth due to agenesis, the dentoalveolar complex is either destroyed or not formed. Replacing these teeth typically presents significant challenges This case report offers proof of principle that the periodontal ligament (PDL) of an endodontically treated tooth can form new alveolar bone in a previously non-existent location, offering a potential breakthrough in treating such cases.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Case Description</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A 15-year-old healthy Caucasian male presented for orthodontic treatment with lower right lateral incisor and canine transposition. To enable optimal canine positioning, extraction of the incisor was required. A decision was made to temporarily store the endodontically treated incisor in a subperiosteal pocket to preserve the viability of the PDL while the orthodontic repositioning of the canine was completed.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The incisor was thoroughly debrided, extracted, and placed in a subperiosteal pocket created via a small incision and tunnel preparation in the buccal corridor.</p>\u0000 \u0000 <p>After 14 months, retrieval of the incisor revealed the formation of a nearly complete alveolus housing the incisor. The incisor was immediately transplanted into its final position. Favorable healing allowed functional loading with orthodontic extrusive force 3 weeks post-transplantation. Follow-up assessments were conducted at 3, 6, and 12 months, with annual evaluations extending up to 5 years.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Practical Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The regenerative potential of PDL to reconstruct the dentoalveolar complex, including alveolar bone, provides an optimal pathway for tooth replacement. This approach, employed within an interdisciplinary treatment framework, broadens the range of techniques available to dental specialists for managing complex clinical cases involving substantial alveolar bone loss.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55180,"journal":{"name":"Dental Traumatology","volume":"41 6","pages":"755-762"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143765614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots, also known as large language models (LLMs), have become increasingly common educational tools in healthcare. Although the use of LLMs for emergency dental trauma is gaining popularity, it is crucial to assess their reliability. This study aimed to compare the reliabilities of different LLMs in response to multiple questions related to dental trauma.
Materials and Methods
In a cross-sectional observational study conducted in October 2024, 30 questions (10 multiple-choice, 10 fill-in-the-blank, and 10 dichotomous) based on the International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines were posed to five LLMs: ChatGPT 4, ChatGPT 3.5, Copilot Free version (Copilot F), Copilot Pro (Copilot P), and Google Gemini over nine consecutive days. Responses of each model (1350 in total) were recorded in binary format and analyzed using Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests to assess correctness and consistency (p < 0.05).
Results
The answers provided by the LLMs to repeated questions on consecutive days showed a high degree of repeatability. Although there was no statistically significant difference in the success rate of providing correct answers among the LLMs (p > 0.05), the rankings based on the rate of successful answers were as follows: ChatGPT 3.5 (76.7%) > Copilot P (73.3%) > Copilot F (70%) > ChatGPT 4 (63.3%) > Gemini (46.7%). ChatGPT 3.5, ChatGPT 4, and Gemini showed a significantly higher correct response rate for multiple choice and fill in the blank questions compared to their performance on dichotomous (true/false) questions (p < 0.05). Conversely, The Copilot models did not exhibit significant differences across question types. Notably, the explanations provided by Copilot and Gemini were often inaccurate, and Copilot's cited references had low evidential value.
Conclusions
While LLMs show potential as adjunct educational tools in dental traumatology, their variable accuracy and inclusion of unreliable references call for careful integration strategies.
{"title":"Can Artificial Intelligence Language Models Effectively Address Dental Trauma Questions?","authors":"Hasibe Elif Kuru, Aslı Aşık, Doğukan Mert Demir","doi":"10.1111/edt.13063","DOIUrl":"10.1111/edt.13063","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background/Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Artificial intelligence (AI) chatbots, also known as large language models (LLMs), have become increasingly common educational tools in healthcare. Although the use of LLMs for emergency dental trauma is gaining popularity, it is crucial to assess their reliability. This study aimed to compare the reliabilities of different LLMs in response to multiple questions related to dental trauma.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In a cross-sectional observational study conducted in October 2024, 30 questions (10 multiple-choice, 10 fill-in-the-blank, and 10 dichotomous) based on the International Association of Dental Traumatology guidelines were posed to five LLMs: ChatGPT 4, ChatGPT 3.5, Copilot Free version (Copilot F), Copilot Pro (Copilot P), and Google Gemini over nine consecutive days. Responses of each model (1350 in total) were recorded in binary format and analyzed using Pearson's chi-square and Fisher's exact tests to assess correctness and consistency (<i>p</i> < 0.05).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The answers provided by the LLMs to repeated questions on consecutive days showed a high degree of repeatability. Although there was no statistically significant difference in the success rate of providing correct answers among the LLMs (<i>p</i> > 0.05), the rankings based on the rate of successful answers were as follows: ChatGPT 3.5 (76.7%) > Copilot P (73.3%) > Copilot F (70%) > ChatGPT 4 (63.3%) > Gemini (46.7%). ChatGPT 3.5, ChatGPT 4, and Gemini showed a significantly higher correct response rate for multiple choice and fill in the blank questions compared to their performance on dichotomous (true/false) questions (<i>p</i> < 0.05). Conversely, The Copilot models did not exhibit significant differences across question types. Notably, the explanations provided by Copilot and Gemini were often inaccurate, and Copilot's cited references had low evidential value.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>While LLMs show potential as adjunct educational tools in dental traumatology, their variable accuracy and inclusion of unreliable references call for careful integration strategies.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55180,"journal":{"name":"Dental Traumatology","volume":"41 5","pages":"567-580"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/edt.13063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143765627","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To assess the effect of a dental traumatology educational intervention on general dentists' knowledge. The study was conducted at Vestland County's Public Dental Service (PDS) in Western Norway.
Materials and Methods
All PDS dental clinics of Vestland County (n = 52) were purposively assigned to a control group receiving no intervention (CC, n = 19), a webinar group (IC1, n = 17), and a combined webinar and in-person physical course group (IC2, n = 16). To examine the effect of the intervention, participants received a post-intervention online questionnaire (Q2) with clinical cases. A generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMM) was used to compare the individual proportion of correct answers in Q2 between the three groups of educational intervention, where the clinic was set as a random effect factor. Additionally, a GLMM with a binary response variable was used to analyze the answers to individual cases. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results
The response rate was 57% (n = 94). The overall proportion of correct answers was 67.7%, 71.0%, and 75.0% for the CC, IC1, and IC2 groups, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall proportion of correct answers between the groups when accounting for the dependency structure caused by clinics. However, for the individual cases, the IC2 group had a statistically significantly higher proportion of correct answers in complicated crown fracture of the immature tooth (p = 0.02) and first aid after avulsion (p = 0.02) compared to the CC group. Furthermore, the IC2 group had a trend of difference in complicated crown fracture of the mature tooth (p = 0.09) compared to the CC group and in emergency treatment of root fracture (p = 0.08) compared with IC1.
Conclusion
This study demonstrates that an educational intervention combining webinars with in-person interactive courses has a positive effect on general dentists' knowledge of dental trauma.
目的：评价口腔创伤学教育干预对全科牙医知识的影响。这项研究是在挪威西部韦斯特兰县的公共牙科服务（PDS）进行的。材料与方法：将Vestland县所有PDS牙科诊所（n = 52）随机分为无干预对照组（CC, n = 19）、网络研讨会组（IC1, n = 17）和网络研讨会与面对面物理课程联合组（IC2, n = 16）。为了检查干预的效果，参与者收到了一份包含临床病例的干预后在线问卷（Q2）。采用广义线性混合效应模型（GLMM）比较三组教育干预中Q2的个体正确答案比例，其中诊所设置为随机影响因素。此外，还使用了一个带有二元响应变量的GLMM来分析个别案例的答案。结果：有效率为57% （n = 94）。CC组、IC1组和IC2组的正确率分别为67.7%、71.0%和75.0%。当考虑到诊所导致的依赖结构时，两组之间的总体正确率没有统计学意义上的差异。但就个别病例而言，IC2组在未成熟牙复杂冠骨折（p = 0.02）和撕脱后急救的正确率比CC组高（p = 0.02），具有统计学意义。此外，IC2组在成熟牙复杂冠骨折方面与CC组相比有差异趋势（p = 0.09），在牙根骨折急诊治疗方面与IC1组相比有差异趋势（p = 0.08）。结论：本研究表明，将网络研讨会与面对面互动课程相结合的教育干预对普通牙医的牙外伤知识有积极的影响。
{"title":"The Effect of an Educational Intervention in Dental Traumatology on General Dentists' Knowledge: A Study in the Public Dental Service of Western Norway","authors":"Andjelka Cvijic, Knut Helge Midtbø Jensen, Anne Åstrøm, Monika Kvernenes, Georgios Tsilingaridis, Athanasia Bletsa","doi":"10.1111/edt.13061","DOIUrl":"10.1111/edt.13061","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Aim</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To assess the effect of a dental traumatology educational intervention on general dentists' knowledge. The study was conducted at Vestland County's Public Dental Service (PDS) in Western Norway.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Materials and Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>All PDS dental clinics of Vestland County (<i>n</i> = 52) were purposively assigned to a control group receiving no intervention (CC, <i>n</i> = 19), a webinar group (IC1, <i>n</i> = 17), and a combined webinar and in-person physical course group (IC2, <i>n</i> = 16). To examine the effect of the intervention, participants received a post-intervention online questionnaire (Q2) with clinical cases. A generalized linear mixed-effects model (GLMM) was used to compare the individual proportion of correct answers in Q2 between the three groups of educational intervention, where the clinic was set as a random effect factor. Additionally, a GLMM with a binary response variable was used to analyze the answers to individual cases. <i>p</i> < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The response rate was 57% (<i>n</i> = 94). The overall proportion of correct answers was 67.7%, 71.0%, and 75.0% for the CC, IC1, and IC2 groups, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall proportion of correct answers between the groups when accounting for the dependency structure caused by clinics. However, for the individual cases, the IC2 group had a statistically significantly higher proportion of correct answers in complicated crown fracture of the immature tooth (<i>p</i> = 0.02) and first aid after avulsion (<i>p</i> = 0.02) compared to the CC group. Furthermore, the IC2 group had a trend of difference in complicated crown fracture of the mature tooth (<i>p</i> = 0.09) compared to the CC group and in emergency treatment of root fracture (<i>p</i> = 0.08) compared with IC1.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study demonstrates that an educational intervention combining webinars with in-person interactive courses has a positive effect on general dentists' knowledge of dental trauma.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":55180,"journal":{"name":"Dental Traumatology","volume":"41 5","pages":"548-558"},"PeriodicalIF":3.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/edt.13061","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143722512","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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