Experimental Mechanics最新文献

{"title":"Operando Characterizations of Lithium Penetration-Induced Fracture in Solid Electrolytes","authors":"M. Lu,&nbsp;S. Xia","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01085-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01085-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Lithium penetration-induced fracture within solid electrolytes (SEs) is a major issue hindering the commercialization of solid-state lithium-ion batteries (SS-LIBs). Such fracture has been frequently observed during electrochemical plating of lithium (Li)-metal anodes, but its mechanistic origin is still largely unclear.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>We present the first quantitative <i>operando</i> analysis of the fracture characteristics of a model SE material under battery-relevant electrochemical cycling conditions.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Full-field deformation during Li deposition-induced cracking of garnet-type LLZTO was measured using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. The obtained displacement data were denoised via equilibrium smoothing, and then fitted to the linear elastic asymptotic crack-tip field to extract the electrochemical fracture toughness values under different current densities.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The physics-based equilibrium smoothing method demonstrated effectiveness in enhancing the accuracy of DIC measurements. The electrochemical fracture toughness obtained was substantially lower than the mechanical fracture toughness of the same material determined through indentation, attributed to combined effects of electrochemical embrittlement and a transition in fracture mode from intergranular to transgranular.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The discrepancy between the two types of fracture toughness suggests that electrochemical cycling could have a significant impact on the fracture mode and resistance of a solid electrolyte.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 7","pages":"1161 - 1174"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141531593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Speckle Edge Characteristics on DIC Calculation Error","authors":"H. Cui,&nbsp;Z. Zeng,&nbsp;H. Zhang,&nbsp;F. Yang","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01078-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01078-6","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>In DIC studies, positional parameters and speckle size are commonly used to characterise speckle images. The influence of edge parameters is ignored. This leads to a great difference between the DIC calculation results of simulated and real images. And some contradictory results are also produced.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>The main objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of edge parameters. As well as to give more reasonable parameters to describe the speckle characteristics.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Firstly, this paper proposes a series of more reasonable parameters to describe the speckle features based on the mathematical expression of the speckle image. Subsequently, the effect of different edge functions on the computational error of DIC is investigated. The effect of different edge functions on pre-filtering is also investigated. Finally, real speckle images are produced using Gaussian and step functions to study the difference between the simulated and real speckle images.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Generally, it is believed that prefiltering can reduce the computational error of DIC, but for Gaussian edges, prefiltering hardly reduces the error, whereas hybrid edges correctly exhibit this phenomenon. Although the Gaussian edge perform well in the simulation, the actual speckle images taken show that the DIC error corresponding to the camera-acquired Gaussian speckle is much larger than that of the step speckle.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The introduction of edge parameters to describe speckle images is necessary for DIC studies. Pre-filtering always reduces the DIC error, but for Gaussian edges this property cannot be demonstrated. The most suitable edges in reality are step edges, not Gaussian edges.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 7","pages":"1143 - 1160"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141371571","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stereo-DIC Challenge 1.0 – Rigid Body Motion of a Complex Shape","authors":"W. Ahmad,&nbsp;J. Helm,&nbsp;S. Bossuyt,&nbsp;P. Reu,&nbsp;D. Turner,&nbsp;L.K. Luan,&nbsp;P. Lava,&nbsp;T. Siebert,&nbsp;M. Simonsen","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01077-7","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01077-7","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Stereo-DIC is a widely used optical measurement technique that provides a dense full-field 3D measurement of the shape, displacement, and strain of a solid sample. When compared with 2D-DIC, Stereo-DIC provides greater flexibility and expands its use beyond flat, planar specimens. Furthermore, the widespread availability of commercial systems has led to the adoption of the technique throughout industry, academia, and government research labs.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>Even though some research has been done to understand the effects of different experimental and stereo-DIC parameters, no reference is available to benchmark and compare the performance of current stereo-DIC algorithms to each other.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>This paper provides the description and analysis of a carefully controlled 3D experiment and associated images used to compare the results from five subset based DIC software packages. Both the images and analysis codes used in this paper to compare the results are described here and are available for download and use for continued research.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>We show that over a very large range of motion, the 3D errors are very small, less than 80<span>(mu)</span>m over a travel of ±20 mm out-of-plane and ±20 mm in-plane. While all codes performed similarly, there are important differences noted in the paper.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The image sets and results comparison software are hosted by the International DIC Society (www.iDICs.org) and are freely available for download and analysis for comparison with results in this paper. Furthermore, it is hoped that this set of images can be used for future research in improving stereo-DIC by future authors.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 7","pages":"1073 - 1106"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11340-024-01077-7.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141191279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimizing Pure Shear Experiment to Properly Characterize the Shear Properties of Thin-Walled Aluminum Alloy Tubes","authors":"S. Zhang,&nbsp;X. Wang,&nbsp;W. Hu,&nbsp;G. Liu","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01080-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01080-y","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>For an anisotropic thin-walled tube without changing its circular geometry, only the experimental data of initial yield and subsequent plastic deformation along the axial and circumferential directions can be obtained till now. These experimental data are not sufficient to construct an anisotropic constitutive relation for simulations of tube deformation processes.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>A novel shear test of tubular materials is proposed to achieve the state of shearing plastic deformation along the axial direction of thin-walled tubes.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Two semi-circle mandrels and one specially designed tubular specimen are used in the shear experiment. Optimizations of the specimen shape and mandrel structure were carried out by using FE simulation. The influence of the specimen shape, such as the length of the shear zone and the length of the axial slot, on the stress state of the shear zone was discussed. A thin-walled 5052 aluminum tube was used in the shear experiment using the optimized specimen shape. To understand the corresponding relationship between the tensile properties and the shear properties of an anisotropic tube, the uniaxial tension stress-strain relationship was equivalently transformed to the shear stress-stain relationship using the Mises, Tresca, Hill48, and Barlat-lian constitutive functions.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>After optimizing the specimen shape, the shearing condition of the tested tube is closer to the pure shear stress state. Based on the tests, the pure shear stress state can be maintained to a large deformation extent. The experimental shear stress-strain relationship was compared with the converted stress-strain relationship based on the uniaxial tension tests using the Mises, Tresca, Hill48, and Barlat-lian constitutive functions. The results show a large difference between the transformed stress-strain relationship and the shear stress-strain relationship.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>This testing method can provide necessary empirical data with the principal stress directions along the direction at an angle of 45° to the tube axis. The shear plastic deformation properties of some anisotropic materials cannot be equivalently described by the experimental data of the tensile test. The shearing characteristics obtained by this novel experimental method can be applied to the characterizations of anisotropic constitutive relations for simulations of tube deformation processes.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 7","pages":"1107 - 1121"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141191983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cryogenic Fracture Characterisation of High-Grade Pipeline Steels Using the Dynamic Tensile Tear Test Equipped with a Large-Surface Spray Cooling System","authors":"B. Paermentier,&nbsp;S. Cooreman,&nbsp;S. Coppieters,&nbsp;R. Talemi","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01082-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01082-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>In contrast to traditional impact-based testing, the Dynamic Tensile Tear Test (DT3) has shown great potential to characterise high-grade pipeline steels as it mimics the in-field pipeline conditions. However, material characterisation using the DT3 method has only been performed at room temperature and lower-shelf characterisation has not yet been investigated.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>This study investigates a solution to perform low-temperature characterisation and analyse dynamic brittle fracture behaviour using the DT3 setup.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>A large-surface spray cooling system using liquid nitrogen was constructed and implemented onto the DT3 system. Cooling performance and temperature uniformity were assessed using thermocouples across a large surface area up to 412 cm² (2 × 206 cm²). Numerical validation was performed through Finite Element (FE) analysis using the Modified Bai-Wierzbicki (MBW) material model. A combined stress–strain criterion was used to take into account cleavage failure.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>Temperatures down to -125 °C were reached using the spray cooling system and a fracture tests was performed at -80 °C. The obtained data and resulting fracture surface indicated clear brittle fracture behaviour. An average crack velocity of 152 m/s was measured, which is in the same order of magnitude associated with crack velocities observed in large-scale testing.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The constructed spray cooling system proved to be capable of cooling a large volume down to cryogenic temperatures while achieving acceptable temperature uniformity. Lower-shelf characterisation of X70 grade pipeline steel was achieved using the DT3 method and a good correlation was obtained between numerical data and experimental observations.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 7","pages":"1123 - 1142"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141191317","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Deep Learning-Driven Fast Scanning Method for Micro-Computed Tomography Experiments on CMCs","authors":"R.Q. Zhu,&nbsp;G.H. Niu,&nbsp;Z.L. Qu,&nbsp;P.D. Wang,&nbsp;D.N. Fang","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01081-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01081-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p><i>In-situ</i> micro-computed tomography (µCT) technology is an attractive approach to investigate the evolution process of damage inside ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) during high-temperature service. The evolution process is highly time-sensitive under temperature-induced loads, and fast scanning is very necessary for <i>in-situ</i> µCT tests.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>The objective of this work is to provide a fast scanning method for in situ µCT tests on CMCs with complex microstructures by the innovation of a reconstruction algorithm.</p><h3>Method</h3><p>To overcome the severe degradation of the reconstructed image quality resulting from sparse CT scans, a deep-learning-based multi-domain sparse reconstruction method was proposed. Three sub-networks including the projection-domain, image-domain, and fusion network were constructed in the multi-domain method to make full use of the information from the projection and image domain.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The proposed deep-learning-based sparse reconstruction method provided satisfactory µCT images on C/SiC composites with acceptable quality. The scanning time was reduced by 6 times. All selected evaluation metrics of the proposed method are higher than those of other single-domain methods and traditional iterative method. The segmentation accuracy of the µCT images obtained by the proposed method can meet the subsequent quantitative analysis. An <i>in-situ</i> tensile test of CMCs is conducted to further evaluate the performance in the practical application of <i>in-situ</i> experiments. The results indicate that the weak and thin micro-cracks can still be effectively retained and recovered. A detailed workflow to implement the method generally is also provided.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>Based on the deep-learning-based multi-domain sparse reconstruction method, the process of <i>in-situ</i> µCT tests can be greatly accelerated with little loss of the reconstructed image quality.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 7","pages":"1053 - 1072"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141098652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Characterization on Fracture Toughness of Cermet Coating Coupling Instrumented Indentation and X‑Ray Computed Tomography","authors":"R. Huang,&nbsp;Y. Zheng,&nbsp;S. Luo,&nbsp;H. Bai,&nbsp;P. Wang,&nbsp;Y. Chen,&nbsp;Z. Qu","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01075-9","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01075-9","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The surface brittle fracture of cermet coating seriously restricts its application. Accurate evaluation of the fracture toughness of cermet coating is a prerequisite for improving its life.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>This paper aims to propose an accurate characterization method for fracture toughness of cermet coating.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>By coupling instrumented indentation and X‑ray computed tomography (XCT), the indentation-induced fracture behaviors under various loads within WC-12%Co coatings were studied. The three-dimensional subsurface crack morphologies and the damage evolution within the coating were nondestructively observed by XCT. The indentation response was correlated with the damage evolution. The impact of substrate effects on indentation-induced fracture behaviors was further studied using finite element analysis (FEA).</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The Palmqvist shape of the indentation crack under low loads was successfully identified. The first pop-in event in the load-displacement (<i>P</i>-<i>h</i>) curve was determined to be triggered by bottom cracking, marking the onset of the multiple fracture mode. Laugier’s equation offered a stable and reliable estimation of fracture toughness for the coating in the radial cracking mode.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>XCT plays a crucial role in selecting the appropriate equation for indentation toughness calculation. The critical indentation depth for the first pop-in was suggested as the threshold for reliably extracting intrinsic fracture toughness of cermet coatings. Numerical results revealed a constant linear relationship between the critical depth and coating thickness, and a high sensitivity of the critical depth to yield stress of the substrate. The proposed analytical procedure holds potential for generalization to diverse cermet coatings on metal substrates.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 7","pages":"1037 - 1051"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141103656","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Experimental Method for Stereo-DIC Measurement of Large-Scale Thin-Film Structures","authors":"K. Wei,&nbsp;G. Wei,&nbsp;X.X. Shao,&nbsp;D.P. Jin,&nbsp;X.Y. He","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01079-5","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01079-5","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>Due to their flexible configuration and lightweight characteristics, film structures have gained significant attention in the field of aerospace engineering. The scales of film structures typically range from several meters to over ten meters. Stereo-digital image correlation (stereo-DIC) methods offer distinct advantages for obtaining full-field measurement results. However, challenges persist in fabricating high-quality speckle patterns and addressing the problem of imaging reflections, particularly for large-scale transparent or semi-transparent film structures.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>This paper presents an experimental measurement method for large-scale, transparent thin-film structures. The method focuses on fabricating high-quality digital speckle patterns without altering the vibration characteristics of thin film, as well as addressing the problem of imaging reflections.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>A combined large-scale backlighting system and transmission imaging are introduced to solve the problem of reflections. To avoid altering the characteristics of the thin film, a single-particle transfer printing technique is developed. A large umbrella thin-film structure with a diameter of 6 meters is selected to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The structure is composed of multiple steel trusses and fan-shaped films.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>With high-quality speckle patterns and solving the problem of reflections, the full-field displacement results of the umbrella thin-film structure are measured. The first-order and second-order natural frequencies along with corresponding mode shapes are further obtained.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The effectiveness of the experimental method is demonstrated through rotational and vibration tests conducted on the large umbrella thin-film structure. This method provides a powerful means for studying the mechanical behavior and vibration characteristics of large-scale thin-film structures.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 7","pages":"1175 - 1181"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141118076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Examination of Additively Manufactured Patterns on Structural Nuclear Materials for Digital Image Correlation Strain Measurements","authors":"K.A. Novich,&nbsp;T.L. Phero,&nbsp;S.E. Cole,&nbsp;C.M. Greseth,&nbsp;M.D. McMurtrey,&nbsp;D. Estrada,&nbsp;B.J. Jaques","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01076-8","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01076-8","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>There are a limited number of commercially available sensors for monitoring the deformation of materials <i>in-situ</i> during harsh environment applications, such as those found in the nuclear and aerospace industries. Such sensing devices, including weldable strain gauges, extensometers, and linear variable differential transformers, can be destructive to material surfaces being investigated and typically require relatively large surface areas to attach (&gt; 10 mm in length). Digital image correlation (DIC) is a viable, non-contact alternative to <i>in-situ</i> strain deformation. However, it often requires implementing artificial patterns using splattering techniques, which are difficult to reproduce.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>Additive manufacturing capabilities offer consistent patterns using programmable fabrication methods.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>In this work, a variety of small-scale periodic patterns with different geometries were printed directly on structural nuclear materials (i.e., stainless steel and aluminum tensile specimens) using an aerosol jet printer (AJP). Unlike other additive manufacturing techniques, AJP offers the advantage of materials selection. DIC was used to track and correlate strain to alternative measurement methods during cyclic loading, and tensile tests (up to 1100 µɛ) at room temperature.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The results confirmed AJP has better control of pattern parameters for small fields of view and facilitate the ability of DIC algorithms to adequately process patterns with periodicity. More specifically, the printed 100 μm spaced dot and 150 μm spaced line patterns provided accurate measurements with a maximum error of less than 2% and 4% on aluminum samples when compared to an extensometer and commercially available strain gauges.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>Our results highlight a new pattern fabrication technique that is form factor friendly for digital image correlation in nuclear applications.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 7","pages":"1005 - 1020"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11340-024-01076-8.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141121419","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experiments on Low–Cycle Ductile Damage and Failure Under Biaxial Loading Conditions","authors":"S. Gerke,&nbsp;Z. Wei,&nbsp;M. Brünig","doi":"10.1007/s11340-024-01074-w","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s11340-024-01074-w","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><p>The damage and failure behavior of ductile metals depends on the stress state as well as on the loading history. Biaxial experiments with suitable specimens can be used to targeted generate different loading conditions, thus allowing the investigation of a wide variety of load cycles with different stress states.</p><h3>Objective</h3><p>In the biaxial experiments with the newly presented HC-specimen cyclic shear loads are superimposed by various constant compressive and tensile loads. Buckling during compressive loading in both axes is avoided by an additional newly introduced downholder.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>The strain fields at the surfaces of the biaxial specimens are evaluated by digital image correlation (DIC), and after failure the corresponding fracture surfaces are analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Associated numerical simulations employing the presented material model provide information on the current stress states.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>The introduced downholder successfully prevents buckling during compressive loading. The strain fields detect a clear influence of the shear direction and a tensile superposition of the cyclic shear load leads to more brittle and a compressive superposition to more ductile behavior. The accompanying numerical calculations reveal the associated, different stress states.</p><h3>Conclusions</h3><p>The new experimental program with biaxially loaded specimens for the investigation of damage and failure behavior under cyclic loading enables the targeted examination of a wide variety of load cycles and is thus suitable for the comprehensive analysis of these phenomena.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":552,"journal":{"name":"Experimental Mechanics","volume":"64 7","pages":"1021 - 1036"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11340-024-01074-w.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141119106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}