Pub Date : 2021-07-02DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2021.1941751
T. Zhou, Revathy Prasath Babu, Z. Hou, P. Hedström
Abstract Precipitation hardening is one of the most important strengthening mechanisms in metallic materials, and thus, controlling precipitation is often critical in optimizing mechanical performance. Also other performance requirements such as functional and degradation properties are critically depending on precipitation. Control of precipitation in metallic materials is, thus, vital, and the approach presently in the limelight for this purpose is an integrated approach of theory, computations and experimental characterization. An empirical understanding is essential to build physical models upon and, furthermore, quantitative experimental data is needed to build databases and to calibrate the models. The most versatile tool for precipitation characterization is the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The TEM has sufficient resolving power to image even the finest precipitates, and with TEM-based microanalysis, overall quantitative data such as particle size distribution, volume fraction and number density of particles can be gathered. Moreover, details of precipitate structure, morphology and chemistry, can be revealed. TEM-based postmortem and in situ analysis of precipitation has made significant progress over the last decade, largely stimulated by the widespread application of aberration corrected microscopes and accompanying novel analytics. The purpose of this report is to review these recent developments in precipitation analysis methodology, including sample preparation. Application examples are provided for precipitation analysis in metals, and future prospects are discussed.
{"title":"On the role of transmission electron microscopy for precipitation analysis in metallic materials","authors":"T. Zhou, Revathy Prasath Babu, Z. Hou, P. Hedström","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2021.1941751","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2021.1941751","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Precipitation hardening is one of the most important strengthening mechanisms in metallic materials, and thus, controlling precipitation is often critical in optimizing mechanical performance. Also other performance requirements such as functional and degradation properties are critically depending on precipitation. Control of precipitation in metallic materials is, thus, vital, and the approach presently in the limelight for this purpose is an integrated approach of theory, computations and experimental characterization. An empirical understanding is essential to build physical models upon and, furthermore, quantitative experimental data is needed to build databases and to calibrate the models. The most versatile tool for precipitation characterization is the transmission electron microscope (TEM). The TEM has sufficient resolving power to image even the finest precipitates, and with TEM-based microanalysis, overall quantitative data such as particle size distribution, volume fraction and number density of particles can be gathered. Moreover, details of precipitate structure, morphology and chemistry, can be revealed. TEM-based postmortem and in situ analysis of precipitation has made significant progress over the last decade, largely stimulated by the widespread application of aberration corrected microscopes and accompanying novel analytics. The purpose of this report is to review these recent developments in precipitation analysis methodology, including sample preparation. Application examples are provided for precipitation analysis in metals, and future prospects are discussed.","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"32 1","pages":"388 - 414"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2021-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87228329","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-28DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2021.1922357
A. Saikumar, S. Nehate, K. Sundaram
Abstract Inspired by the success of gallium oxide as a wide bandgap semiconductor, aluminum gallium oxide films which possess higher bandgap values have been researched extensively. Higher bandgap values of AGO films have successfully expanded the potential range of applications. In this review, we thoroughly summarize the recent developments in AGO growth, properties, and applications. Deposition techniques and the influence of synthesis parameters on AGO film are examined. Properties of AGO are influenced by the growth techniques and parameters, which promote the AGO films to be employed in desired applications. Electrical properties, optical properties, and morphological studies are discussed in detail. Finally, summary and future perspectives are identified. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
{"title":"A review of recent developments in aluminum gallium oxide thin films and devices","authors":"A. Saikumar, S. Nehate, K. Sundaram","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2021.1922357","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2021.1922357","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Inspired by the success of gallium oxide as a wide bandgap semiconductor, aluminum gallium oxide films which possess higher bandgap values have been researched extensively. Higher bandgap values of AGO films have successfully expanded the potential range of applications. In this review, we thoroughly summarize the recent developments in AGO growth, properties, and applications. Deposition techniques and the influence of synthesis parameters on AGO film are examined. Properties of AGO are influenced by the growth techniques and parameters, which promote the AGO films to be employed in desired applications. Electrical properties, optical properties, and morphological studies are discussed in detail. Finally, summary and future perspectives are identified. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"300 1","pages":"538 - 569"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73588688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-16DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2021.1935211
Amrithakrishnan Bindhu, J. I. Naseemabeevi, Subodh Ganesanpotti
Abstract Solid state lighting based on energy efficient phosphors have never ending demand in the present scenario of high energy consumption of which garnet-based phosphors offer superior advantages owing to the unique structural framework. This review comprehensively examines the advances of photoluminescence and it’s tuning through structural modifications and energy transfer (ET) in garnet-based phosphors which includes both self-activated and rare-earth activated compounds. Herein, a very detailed description on the intricacies of the garnet structure composed by the symmetry and the polyhedral representation is included. Regarding structural modifications; which is one of the salient features of this review, first, the tetrahedral distortion assisted luminescence behavior in vanadate garnets is explained in detail. Further, the strong dependence of dipole transitions of Eu3+ with the change in inversion symmetry followed by dodecahedral distortion of various garnet types is elucidated. These findings substantiate the existence of robust interconnection between structural properties and the tunability of luminescence properties in garnet-based phosphor systems. Second, we describe the principles and progress of multicolor garnet phosphors based on single as well as co-doping mechanism and the corresponding ET process through which tuning of white-light emission can be easily realized. In combination of these two methods, systematic tuning of the luminescence can be done through which high efficiency, enhanced thermal stability, true color rendering can be easily attained for garnet phosphors. Accordingly, this comprehensive coverage for understanding the peculiarities of garnets in photoluminescence tuning would promote research on the discovery as well as accelerate further developments in designing garnet phosphors with superior qualities. Graphical abstract
{"title":"Distortion and energy transfer assisted tunability in garnet phosphors","authors":"Amrithakrishnan Bindhu, J. I. Naseemabeevi, Subodh Ganesanpotti","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2021.1935211","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2021.1935211","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Solid state lighting based on energy efficient phosphors have never ending demand in the present scenario of high energy consumption of which garnet-based phosphors offer superior advantages owing to the unique structural framework. This review comprehensively examines the advances of photoluminescence and it’s tuning through structural modifications and energy transfer (ET) in garnet-based phosphors which includes both self-activated and rare-earth activated compounds. Herein, a very detailed description on the intricacies of the garnet structure composed by the symmetry and the polyhedral representation is included. Regarding structural modifications; which is one of the salient features of this review, first, the tetrahedral distortion assisted luminescence behavior in vanadate garnets is explained in detail. Further, the strong dependence of dipole transitions of Eu3+ with the change in inversion symmetry followed by dodecahedral distortion of various garnet types is elucidated. These findings substantiate the existence of robust interconnection between structural properties and the tunability of luminescence properties in garnet-based phosphor systems. Second, we describe the principles and progress of multicolor garnet phosphors based on single as well as co-doping mechanism and the corresponding ET process through which tuning of white-light emission can be easily realized. In combination of these two methods, systematic tuning of the luminescence can be done through which high efficiency, enhanced thermal stability, true color rendering can be easily attained for garnet phosphors. Accordingly, this comprehensive coverage for understanding the peculiarities of garnets in photoluminescence tuning would promote research on the discovery as well as accelerate further developments in designing garnet phosphors with superior qualities. Graphical abstract","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"7 1","pages":"621 - 664"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79496130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-16DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2021.1886040
W. Basirun, Idris Mohamed Saeed, Mohammad Saidur Rahman, S. Mazari
Abstract This work presents a review of nanocomposites of nickel oxides (NiO, nickel cobaltite NiCo2O4), nickel hydroxides (Ni(OH)2), layered-double hydroxides of Ni (LDH-Ni) with graphene, functionalized-graphene (graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide), doped-graphene (nitrogen doped and boron doped graphene) as hybrid supercapattery materials. The synergy between battery materials such as nanostructured nickel oxides, hydroxides, LDH-Ni with supercapacitors such as graphene/functionalized graphene/doped graphene, provides better energy storage performances than the pure materials. Although used battery cathodes, the nickel oxides/hydroxides were incorporated with graphene materials to enhance the charge density and the power density of the hydrid supercapattery nanocomposites. The higher power density and energy density of the hydrid supercapattery nanocomposites bridges the gap between batteries and supercapacitors. The reasons for the higher performance of the hybrid supecapattery electrodes compared to the pure nickel oxides/hydroxides are discussed. The review also presents the different types of synthetic process of the nanocomposites and future perspectives.
{"title":"Nickel oxides/hydroxides-graphene as hybrid supercapattery nanocomposites for advanced charge storage materials – a review","authors":"W. Basirun, Idris Mohamed Saeed, Mohammad Saidur Rahman, S. Mazari","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2021.1886040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2021.1886040","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This work presents a review of nanocomposites of nickel oxides (NiO, nickel cobaltite NiCo2O4), nickel hydroxides (Ni(OH)2), layered-double hydroxides of Ni (LDH-Ni) with graphene, functionalized-graphene (graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide), doped-graphene (nitrogen doped and boron doped graphene) as hybrid supercapattery materials. The synergy between battery materials such as nanostructured nickel oxides, hydroxides, LDH-Ni with supercapacitors such as graphene/functionalized graphene/doped graphene, provides better energy storage performances than the pure materials. Although used battery cathodes, the nickel oxides/hydroxides were incorporated with graphene materials to enhance the charge density and the power density of the hydrid supercapattery nanocomposites. The higher power density and energy density of the hydrid supercapattery nanocomposites bridges the gap between batteries and supercapacitors. The reasons for the higher performance of the hybrid supecapattery electrodes compared to the pure nickel oxides/hydroxides are discussed. The review also presents the different types of synthetic process of the nanocomposites and future perspectives.","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"68 1","pages":"553 - 586"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84085687","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-14DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2021.1935717
K. Pal, N. Asthana, A. Aljabali, S. Bhardwaj, S. Kralj, A. Penkova, Sabu Thomas, Tean Zaheer, F. Gomes de Souza
Abstract Smart electronic materials ‘nanographene’ stated, its significant authentication has undergone massive improvements and has emerged as a ‘material of the century’ in materialize fields of ‘Chemical Biology’ and ‘Materials Chemistry’. ‘Graphene’ as a wonder material has been proposed to possess a high surface area (∼2600 m2 g−1), high portability of charge carriers and excellent mechanical qualities. Moreover, the long-extend π-conjugation of graphene is an essential photocatalytic property enabling wide ranging biosensor activities. Herein, critical review article reflects well known yet a brand-new novel material ‘nanographene’ and its versatile integrations, utilized for substantial enrichment of desired properties. Target cost-effectiveness, plasticity, and environment-friendliness of melt mixing/compounding fabrication strategy employed to utilize in-vivo, in-vitro, and in- situ, pharmaceutical, nano-imaging protocols. Owing to nanographene’s wide range expansion, summarized latest breakthroughs in Materials Science as well as Biomedical utilizations including cancer nanotechnology, drug delivery, tissue manufacturing, scaffold, photo-thermal therapy, antimicrobial activities, made up of exploring the significant opportunities and key challenges in this novel emerging field.
{"title":"A critical review on multifunctional smart materials ‘nanographene’ emerging avenue: nano-imaging and biosensor applications","authors":"K. Pal, N. Asthana, A. Aljabali, S. Bhardwaj, S. Kralj, A. Penkova, Sabu Thomas, Tean Zaheer, F. Gomes de Souza","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2021.1935717","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2021.1935717","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Smart electronic materials ‘nanographene’ stated, its significant authentication has undergone massive improvements and has emerged as a ‘material of the century’ in materialize fields of ‘Chemical Biology’ and ‘Materials Chemistry’. ‘Graphene’ as a wonder material has been proposed to possess a high surface area (∼2600 m2 g−1), high portability of charge carriers and excellent mechanical qualities. Moreover, the long-extend π-conjugation of graphene is an essential photocatalytic property enabling wide ranging biosensor activities. Herein, critical review article reflects well known yet a brand-new novel material ‘nanographene’ and its versatile integrations, utilized for substantial enrichment of desired properties. Target cost-effectiveness, plasticity, and environment-friendliness of melt mixing/compounding fabrication strategy employed to utilize in-vivo, in-vitro, and in- situ, pharmaceutical, nano-imaging protocols. Owing to nanographene’s wide range expansion, summarized latest breakthroughs in Materials Science as well as Biomedical utilizations including cancer nanotechnology, drug delivery, tissue manufacturing, scaffold, photo-thermal therapy, antimicrobial activities, made up of exploring the significant opportunities and key challenges in this novel emerging field.","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"36 1","pages":"691 - 707"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79960592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-07DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2021.1935212
Chao Zhang, Hangbo Zhou, Shuai Chen, Gang Zhang, Z. Yu, Dongzhi Chi, Yong-Wei Zhang, K. Ang
Abstract Artificial synapses in neuromorphic computing systems hold potential to emulate biological synaptic plasticity to achieve brain-like computation and autonomous learning behaviors in non-von-Neumann systems. 2D materials, such as graphene, graphene oxide, hexagonal boron nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal oxides, 2D perovskite, and black phosphorous, have been explored to achieve many functionalities of biological synapses due to their unique electronic, optoelectronic, electrochemical, and mechanical properties that are lacking in bulk materials. This review features the current development in the state-of-the-art artificial synaptic electronic devices based on 2D materials. The structures of these devices are first discussed according to their number of terminals (two-, three-, four-, and multi-terminals) and geometric layouts (vertical, horizontal, hybrid). Since different 2D materials have been utilized to fabricate these devices, their underlying physical mechanisms and principles are further discussed, and their artificial neuron synaptic functionalities and performances are analyzed and contrasted. Finally, a summary of the current research status and major achievements is concluded, and the outlooks and perspectives for this emerging and vibrant field and the potential applications of these devices for neuromorphic computing are presented.
{"title":"Recent progress on 2D materials-based artificial synapses","authors":"Chao Zhang, Hangbo Zhou, Shuai Chen, Gang Zhang, Z. Yu, Dongzhi Chi, Yong-Wei Zhang, K. Ang","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2021.1935212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2021.1935212","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Artificial synapses in neuromorphic computing systems hold potential to emulate biological synaptic plasticity to achieve brain-like computation and autonomous learning behaviors in non-von-Neumann systems. 2D materials, such as graphene, graphene oxide, hexagonal boron nitride, transition metal dichalcogenides, transition metal oxides, 2D perovskite, and black phosphorous, have been explored to achieve many functionalities of biological synapses due to their unique electronic, optoelectronic, electrochemical, and mechanical properties that are lacking in bulk materials. This review features the current development in the state-of-the-art artificial synaptic electronic devices based on 2D materials. The structures of these devices are first discussed according to their number of terminals (two-, three-, four-, and multi-terminals) and geometric layouts (vertical, horizontal, hybrid). Since different 2D materials have been utilized to fabricate these devices, their underlying physical mechanisms and principles are further discussed, and their artificial neuron synaptic functionalities and performances are analyzed and contrasted. Finally, a summary of the current research status and major achievements is concluded, and the outlooks and perspectives for this emerging and vibrant field and the potential applications of these devices for neuromorphic computing are presented.","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"61 1","pages":"665 - 690"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2021-06-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88471681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-07DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2021.1896475
P. Shayanfard, E. Alarcon, M. Barati, M. Mahtabi, M. Kadkhodaei, S. Arbab Chirani, P. Šandera
Abstract Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are able to recover large inelastic strains due to their thermal-/stress-induced phase transformation between austenite and martensite. Stress raisers can either initially exist in SMA components as the manufacturing-induced micro-defects, or may nucleate upon monotonic/cyclic loading, for instance, due to decohesion of the second particles or local cyclic plastic deformations. Furthermore, from a physical point of view, there is a problem why SMAs can withstand tens of millions of cycles if they deform elastically but only thousands of cycles if the martensitic transformation is involved in their cyclic deformation under the stress, even if the martensitic transformation is reversible. One of the possibilities is the nucleation and propagation of cracks from the stress raisers since the evolution of the transformation and local mechanical gradients are completely different at the high-stress zones at stress raisers than that being experienced within the elastic bulk. Thus, the successful implementation of SMA elements into engineering applications requires understanding and analysis of the role of the stress raisers in fracture and fatigue crack growth properties of shape memory alloys. The linear and non-linear Fracture Mechanics theories, commonly used to describe the fracture processes in typical structural alloys, need to be enhanced to capture the complex deformation mechanisms characterizing SMAs. In the present paper, first, the latest progress made in experimental, numerical, and theoretical analyses on the role of the stress raisers in the fracture parameters of SMAs are reviewed and discussed under both pure mechanical and thermomechanical loading conditions. Then, the state-of-arts in fatigue crack growth are addressed. In the end, summary and future topics are outlined.
{"title":"Stress raisers and fracture in shape memory alloys: review and ongoing challenges","authors":"P. Shayanfard, E. Alarcon, M. Barati, M. Mahtabi, M. Kadkhodaei, S. Arbab Chirani, P. Šandera","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2021.1896475","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2021.1896475","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are able to recover large inelastic strains due to their thermal-/stress-induced phase transformation between austenite and martensite. Stress raisers can either initially exist in SMA components as the manufacturing-induced micro-defects, or may nucleate upon monotonic/cyclic loading, for instance, due to decohesion of the second particles or local cyclic plastic deformations. Furthermore, from a physical point of view, there is a problem why SMAs can withstand tens of millions of cycles if they deform elastically but only thousands of cycles if the martensitic transformation is involved in their cyclic deformation under the stress, even if the martensitic transformation is reversible. One of the possibilities is the nucleation and propagation of cracks from the stress raisers since the evolution of the transformation and local mechanical gradients are completely different at the high-stress zones at stress raisers than that being experienced within the elastic bulk. Thus, the successful implementation of SMA elements into engineering applications requires understanding and analysis of the role of the stress raisers in fracture and fatigue crack growth properties of shape memory alloys. The linear and non-linear Fracture Mechanics theories, commonly used to describe the fracture processes in typical structural alloys, need to be enhanced to capture the complex deformation mechanisms characterizing SMAs. In the present paper, first, the latest progress made in experimental, numerical, and theoretical analyses on the role of the stress raisers in the fracture parameters of SMAs are reviewed and discussed under both pure mechanical and thermomechanical loading conditions. Then, the state-of-arts in fatigue crack growth are addressed. In the end, summary and future topics are outlined.","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"80 1","pages":"461 - 519"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2021-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89434318","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-24DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2021.1896476
G. Ferro
Abstract This paper review the research works made so far in associating Ge isoelectronic element to SiC crystals, either by incorporating it inside SiC matrix or for assisting SiC epitaxial growth. The incorporation mechanism and level of incorporation of Ge in SiC during crystal growth with different techniques (sublimation, chemical vapor deposition, vapor-liquid-solid) are compared and discussed. Ge doping level as high as 2-3x1020 at.cm−3 can be reached without affecting SiC crystalline quality but generating some strain. Higher Ge incorporation levels up to few at% can be reached using farer-to-equilibrium conditions such as ion implantation or molecular beam epitaxy. The former allows retaining 4H-SiC polytype while the latter leads exclusively to defective 3C-SiC polytype. Adding Ge to SiC crystal growth was also used for promoting 3C-SiC heteroepitaxy on Si and on α-SiC substrates, the latter case being more successful. The reported modifications and improvements of SiC crystalline and electronic properties by the incorporation of Ge element are discussed in order to draw or clearer picture of SiC:Ge material. Based on such discussion, some short- and long-term perspectives are proposed
{"title":"Growth and doping of silicon carbide with germanium: a review","authors":"G. Ferro","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2021.1896476","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2021.1896476","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper review the research works made so far in associating Ge isoelectronic element to SiC crystals, either by incorporating it inside SiC matrix or for assisting SiC epitaxial growth. The incorporation mechanism and level of incorporation of Ge in SiC during crystal growth with different techniques (sublimation, chemical vapor deposition, vapor-liquid-solid) are compared and discussed. Ge doping level as high as 2-3x1020 at.cm−3 can be reached without affecting SiC crystalline quality but generating some strain. Higher Ge incorporation levels up to few at% can be reached using farer-to-equilibrium conditions such as ion implantation or molecular beam epitaxy. The former allows retaining 4H-SiC polytype while the latter leads exclusively to defective 3C-SiC polytype. Adding Ge to SiC crystal growth was also used for promoting 3C-SiC heteroepitaxy on Si and on α-SiC substrates, the latter case being more successful. The reported modifications and improvements of SiC crystalline and electronic properties by the incorporation of Ge element are discussed in order to draw or clearer picture of SiC:Ge material. Based on such discussion, some short- and long-term perspectives are proposed","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"1 1","pages":"520 - 537"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2021-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86899049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-11DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2021.1886046
B. Kulyk, M. A. Freitas, N. Santos, F. Mohseni, A. Carvalho, K. Yasakau, A. Fernandes, Adriana Bernardes, B. Figueiredo, Rui F. Silva, J. Tedim, F. Costa
Abstract Among the many potential applications of graphene and graphene-based materials, their use as protective films or as additives in coatings for corrosion protection has seen an increased level of interest in the last decade. Much of this interest is motivated by the need to implement additional functionalities, to enhance anti-corrosion performance and to ultimately extend the service life of metallic structures. Pristine graphene films, with their impermeable nature allied to flexibility and mechanical strength, appear as particularly attractive candidates for barrier films against corrosive agents, while graphene-based materials such as graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide offer a wide range of opportunities for their dispersion in polymeric matrices for composite anti-corrosive coatings. Simultaneously, considerable progress in the development of scalable graphene and graphene-based materials production techniques has been made during the last several years. Currently, a broad range of graphene materials with different morphologies and properties is available, making the need for an adequate fit between the production method and the desired application even more evident. This review article aims to give the reader a general overview of the recent trends in both the production of graphene and graphene-based materials, and their implementation in different anti-corrosion solutions. Moreover, the present work provides a critical look on this subject, highlighting the areas in need of further exploration.
{"title":"A critical review on the production and application of graphene and graphene-based materials in anti-corrosion coatings","authors":"B. Kulyk, M. A. Freitas, N. Santos, F. Mohseni, A. Carvalho, K. Yasakau, A. Fernandes, Adriana Bernardes, B. Figueiredo, Rui F. Silva, J. Tedim, F. Costa","doi":"10.1080/10408436.2021.1886046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/10408436.2021.1886046","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Among the many potential applications of graphene and graphene-based materials, their use as protective films or as additives in coatings for corrosion protection has seen an increased level of interest in the last decade. Much of this interest is motivated by the need to implement additional functionalities, to enhance anti-corrosion performance and to ultimately extend the service life of metallic structures. Pristine graphene films, with their impermeable nature allied to flexibility and mechanical strength, appear as particularly attractive candidates for barrier films against corrosive agents, while graphene-based materials such as graphene oxide and reduced graphene oxide offer a wide range of opportunities for their dispersion in polymeric matrices for composite anti-corrosive coatings. Simultaneously, considerable progress in the development of scalable graphene and graphene-based materials production techniques has been made during the last several years. Currently, a broad range of graphene materials with different morphologies and properties is available, making the need for an adequate fit between the production method and the desired application even more evident. This review article aims to give the reader a general overview of the recent trends in both the production of graphene and graphene-based materials, and their implementation in different anti-corrosion solutions. Moreover, the present work provides a critical look on this subject, highlighting the areas in need of further exploration.","PeriodicalId":55203,"journal":{"name":"Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Sciences","volume":"3 1","pages":"309 - 355"},"PeriodicalIF":10.8,"publicationDate":"2021-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89393068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-28DOI: 10.1080/10408436.2021.1886042
K. Mehta, P. Vilaça
Abstract Friction stir-based channeling is a solid-state processing encompassing the friction stir channeling (FSC) and its variants. In one manufacturing action, the FSC delivers a subsurface internal closed channel in a monolithic plate with no length limitation. The unique characteristics of theses internally closed channels produced with FSC can fit the demand from several industrial fields, namely lightweight structurally stiffened panels and applications where high power density requires highly efficient thermal management systems, such as power electronics and electric vehicles-based transportation. This first review on the FSC and its variants encompasses a systematic and comprehensive understanding on physical properties, including thermal performance and channel manufacturability applied to different engineering materials. The discussion is emphasized on working principle of channel formation, tool design, influence of process parameters, geometrical characterization, mechanical properties, hardness field and microstructural features correlated with mechanical properties. It can be summarized that novel processing of channels by FSC enhances the thermal performance compared to conventional fabrication techniques. FSC can produce complex path channels with various sizes, shapes and surface finishing. Precise control on process parameters and material flow governs the channel formation that subsequently influences thermal and mechanical performances of the channels. FSC has been applied to different range of thermal management systems and has potential for many demanding existent applications and enabling new high-performance products. From the initial FSC concept based on a shoulder-workpiece clearance, to the most recent solutions, such as the stationary shoulder FSC, and the no-tilt-angle and no-shoulder-workpiece clearance, allowing the manufacturing of large size channels, leaving the processed surface at its original quota and ready to be used. A significant leap is introduced with the Hybrid FSC enabling simultaneous welding and channeling, of similar and dissimilar metal components, and therefore, enhancing design opportunities for even more competitive solutions.
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