Pub Date : 2021-03-11DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2021.1898479
M. Becket, Karen E. Dow, S. Clark
Abstract The Lower Red River in Manitoba regularly experiences springtime ice jam flooding, with the most severe events occurring between Lockport and Netley Lake. A database of ice jam events was developed through newspaper archives and historical stage data. Each event was given a severity rating from 1-5, based on the resulting ice jam flood. This facilitated an investigation of ice jam timing and frequency on this section of the Lower Red River and the development of a threshold-based ice jam prediction tool. Out of 54 ice jam events from 1962-2017, all ice jam events occurred when the peak spring flow exceeded 1000 cms and all severe events (severity 3+) occurred when peak spring flows exceeded 1500 cms. The threshold ice jam prediction model was developed using five meteorological and hydrometric parameters including accumulated degree day of thaw, accumulated degree day of freezing, freeze-up water level, snow on ground, and rain equivalence. The model was able to differentiate all severe event years from non-event years with only one false positive result. By gaining a better understanding of ice jamming in the area, this research provides an accessible prediction method that can help guide decisions related to the risk and severity of spring ice jamming.
{"title":"Development of an ice jam database and prediction tool for the Lower Red River","authors":"M. Becket, Karen E. Dow, S. Clark","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2021.1898479","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2021.1898479","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Lower Red River in Manitoba regularly experiences springtime ice jam flooding, with the most severe events occurring between Lockport and Netley Lake. A database of ice jam events was developed through newspaper archives and historical stage data. Each event was given a severity rating from 1-5, based on the resulting ice jam flood. This facilitated an investigation of ice jam timing and frequency on this section of the Lower Red River and the development of a threshold-based ice jam prediction tool. Out of 54 ice jam events from 1962-2017, all ice jam events occurred when the peak spring flow exceeded 1000 cms and all severe events (severity 3+) occurred when peak spring flows exceeded 1500 cms. The threshold ice jam prediction model was developed using five meteorological and hydrometric parameters including accumulated degree day of thaw, accumulated degree day of freezing, freeze-up water level, snow on ground, and rain equivalence. The model was able to differentiate all severe event years from non-event years with only one false positive result. By gaining a better understanding of ice jamming in the area, this research provides an accessible prediction method that can help guide decisions related to the risk and severity of spring ice jamming.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"73 - 86"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07011784.2021.1898479","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49208411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-06DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2021.1874537
Mariela M. Marmanilo, S. Kulshreshtha, C. Madramootoo
Abstract Water table management is a recommended practice to maintain crop production in Eastern Canada. Grain corn is highly susceptible under climate change and adoption of better management practices is almost a necessity. Use of controlled drainage with sub-irrigation is one of the practices recommended. A major question is whether farmers would adopt this practice. Since adoption of new practices often depend on their impact on farm net returns, an economic analysis of controlled drainage with sub-irrigation was undertaken. Results suggest that on grain producing farms, this technology is only slightly superior to the baseline technology of conventional drainage system.
{"title":"Economic analysis of the controlled drainage with sub-irrigation system: a case study of grain-producing farms in Quebec and Ontario","authors":"Mariela M. Marmanilo, S. Kulshreshtha, C. Madramootoo","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2021.1874537","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2021.1874537","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Water table management is a recommended practice to maintain crop production in Eastern Canada. Grain corn is highly susceptible under climate change and adoption of better management practices is almost a necessity. Use of controlled drainage with sub-irrigation is one of the practices recommended. A major question is whether farmers would adopt this practice. Since adoption of new practices often depend on their impact on farm net returns, an economic analysis of controlled drainage with sub-irrigation was undertaken. Results suggest that on grain producing farms, this technology is only slightly superior to the baseline technology of conventional drainage system.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"38 - 51"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2021-03-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07011784.2021.1874537","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43195341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-08DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2020.1854120
L. Morales-Marín, M. Carr, A. Sadeghian, K. Lindenschmidt
Abstract Large multi-purpose reservoirs serve not only to generate hydropower but to supply water for agricultural irrigation, animal and human consumption and to provide flood control. One of the key factors affecting physical functioning and deteriorating aquatic ecosystems in reservoirs is climate change. For instance, increases in water temperature accelerate chemical reaction rates, decomposition rates and oxygen demand at the water-sediment interface. Earlier thermal stratification onset, and longer and more intense reservoir thermal stratification are all consequences of global warming. Such disruptions in thermal stratification have been associated with reductions in hypolimnion dissolved oxygen, increasing anoxia events and enhancing reservoir eutrophication. In this research paper, we implement the 2 D hydrodynamics and water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2, to investigate the effects of climate change and streamflow scenarios on the thermal structure of Lake Diefenbaker, a large, multipurpose reservoir, located in Saskatchewan, Canada. Model results indicate that meteorological variability will dictate a nonlinear increase in reservoir water temperature in the coming decades, where larger increases in water temperature will occur during summer and fall in the upper layers. Also, decreases in reservoir streamflows will reduce water temperature at intermediate layers during summer and fall. Our model can be used as a tool to mitigate and manage the effects of climate change on the reservoir water quality.
{"title":"Climate change effects on the thermal stratification of Lake Diefenbaker, a large multi-purpose reservoir","authors":"L. Morales-Marín, M. Carr, A. Sadeghian, K. Lindenschmidt","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2020.1854120","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2020.1854120","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Large multi-purpose reservoirs serve not only to generate hydropower but to supply water for agricultural irrigation, animal and human consumption and to provide flood control. One of the key factors affecting physical functioning and deteriorating aquatic ecosystems in reservoirs is climate change. For instance, increases in water temperature accelerate chemical reaction rates, decomposition rates and oxygen demand at the water-sediment interface. Earlier thermal stratification onset, and longer and more intense reservoir thermal stratification are all consequences of global warming. Such disruptions in thermal stratification have been associated with reductions in hypolimnion dissolved oxygen, increasing anoxia events and enhancing reservoir eutrophication. In this research paper, we implement the 2 D hydrodynamics and water quality model, CE-QUAL-W2, to investigate the effects of climate change and streamflow scenarios on the thermal structure of Lake Diefenbaker, a large, multipurpose reservoir, located in Saskatchewan, Canada. Model results indicate that meteorological variability will dictate a nonlinear increase in reservoir water temperature in the coming decades, where larger increases in water temperature will occur during summer and fall in the upper layers. Also, decreases in reservoir streamflows will reduce water temperature at intermediate layers during summer and fall. Our model can be used as a tool to mitigate and manage the effects of climate change on the reservoir water quality.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07011784.2020.1854120","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41515882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-12-08DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2020.1854119
D. Wijayarathne, P. Coulibaly
Abstract Weather Radar provides real-time, spatially and temporally continuous precipitation data over a large area, and therefore it has been used for operational hydrology in Canada over the past decades. Recently, the focus on weather Radar in Canada has increased since the existing Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) C-band Radar network is replaced with S-band dual-polarized Radar. This paper aims to provide a wide-ranging literature review of the current Radar network in Canada and how it has been applied from a hydrological context. The review starts with an overview of the Canadian weather Radar network, emphasizing current and future developments. Next, the application of weather Radar in hydrology is summarized, including specific research and operational examples. Finally, some recommendations are provided for future studies based on new developments in Canada's weather Radar network.
{"title":"Application of weather Radar for operational hydrology in Canada – a review","authors":"D. Wijayarathne, P. Coulibaly","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2020.1854119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2020.1854119","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Weather Radar provides real-time, spatially and temporally continuous precipitation data over a large area, and therefore it has been used for operational hydrology in Canada over the past decades. Recently, the focus on weather Radar in Canada has increased since the existing Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) C-band Radar network is replaced with S-band dual-polarized Radar. This paper aims to provide a wide-ranging literature review of the current Radar network in Canada and how it has been applied from a hydrological context. The review starts with an overview of the Canadian weather Radar network, emphasizing current and future developments. Next, the application of weather Radar in hydrology is summarized, including specific research and operational examples. Finally, some recommendations are provided for future studies based on new developments in Canada's weather Radar network.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"46 1","pages":"17 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07011784.2020.1854119","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42768856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-27DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2020.1834880
Estelle Reig, M. Boucher, Éric Tremblay
Abstract Many hydropower companies continue to rely on expert judgment to manage the operations of their reservoirs. Decision-support systems, composed of a hydrological forecasting system and a reservoir model, can ensure that reservoir operation objectives are attained more effectively than by relying solely on expert judgment. In this study, a simple ensemble inflow forecasting system coupled with a reservoir model is developed and the proposed model-based operational water management decisions are compared with those based on expert judgment for the Shipshaw River in Quebec, Canada. Given that no natural streamflow records are available for the Shipshaw River, the HEC-HMS hydrological model is calibrated using a regionalization method based on physical similarity. The calibrated hydrological model is fed by ensemble meteorological forecasts that include 20 members, with a 10-day horizon and a 6-hour time step. The proposed decision-support system can help avoid small flooding events while potentially improving energy production by 2 to 60% for this case study. The proposed forecasting system also allows water-resource managers to anticipate events with a greater lead time.
{"title":"Ensemble hydrological forecasts for reservoir management of the Shipshaw River catchment using limited data","authors":"Estelle Reig, M. Boucher, Éric Tremblay","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2020.1834880","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2020.1834880","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Many hydropower companies continue to rely on expert judgment to manage the operations of their reservoirs. Decision-support systems, composed of a hydrological forecasting system and a reservoir model, can ensure that reservoir operation objectives are attained more effectively than by relying solely on expert judgment. In this study, a simple ensemble inflow forecasting system coupled with a reservoir model is developed and the proposed model-based operational water management decisions are compared with those based on expert judgment for the Shipshaw River in Quebec, Canada. Given that no natural streamflow records are available for the Shipshaw River, the HEC-HMS hydrological model is calibrated using a regionalization method based on physical similarity. The calibrated hydrological model is fed by ensemble meteorological forecasts that include 20 members, with a 10-day horizon and a 6-hour time step. The proposed decision-support system can help avoid small flooding events while potentially improving energy production by 2 to 60% for this case study. The proposed forecasting system also allows water-resource managers to anticipate events with a greater lead time.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"372 - 390"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07011784.2020.1834880","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48086250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2020.1831404
Lianne McLeod, Lalita Bharadwaj, Joanna Daigle, C. Waldner, L. Bradford
Abstract This study complements the existing literature on disparities associated with Indigenous and non-Indigenous small drinking water systems. The team took a quantitative approach and assessed relationships between seasonality, location, and type of community against the number of drinking water advisories in Saskatchewan for a 4-year period from 2012 to 2016. Generalised estimating equations were used to determine significant factors contributing to the likelihood of drinking water advisories comparing Indigenous to non-Indigenous communities of similar sizes. Results indicated that the season and the interaction between community type and region (north vs. south) were significant in the model for counts of advisories. Reserve communities in the north had a drinking water advisory count that was 5.19 times greater than those of reserves in the south, 2.63 times greater than counts for towns in the south and 4.94 times greater than those of villages in the south. Additional comparisons indicated that reserves in the north had 2.43 times as many advisories as villages in the north, but towns situated in the south part of the province had 1.98 times as many advisories as reserves in the south, and 1.88 times as many advisories as villages in the south. The work confirms heightened risk among northern Indigenous communities and suggests that increased attention to, and investment in, securing water resources is necessary in rural Saskatchewan and globally.
{"title":"A quantitative analysis of drinking water advisories in Saskatchewan Indigenous and rural communities 2012–2016","authors":"Lianne McLeod, Lalita Bharadwaj, Joanna Daigle, C. Waldner, L. Bradford","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2020.1831404","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2020.1831404","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This study complements the existing literature on disparities associated with Indigenous and non-Indigenous small drinking water systems. The team took a quantitative approach and assessed relationships between seasonality, location, and type of community against the number of drinking water advisories in Saskatchewan for a 4-year period from 2012 to 2016. Generalised estimating equations were used to determine significant factors contributing to the likelihood of drinking water advisories comparing Indigenous to non-Indigenous communities of similar sizes. Results indicated that the season and the interaction between community type and region (north vs. south) were significant in the model for counts of advisories. Reserve communities in the north had a drinking water advisory count that was 5.19 times greater than those of reserves in the south, 2.63 times greater than counts for towns in the south and 4.94 times greater than those of villages in the south. Additional comparisons indicated that reserves in the north had 2.43 times as many advisories as villages in the north, but towns situated in the south part of the province had 1.98 times as many advisories as reserves in the south, and 1.88 times as many advisories as villages in the south. The work confirms heightened risk among northern Indigenous communities and suggests that increased attention to, and investment in, securing water resources is necessary in rural Saskatchewan and globally.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"345 - 357"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07011784.2020.1831404","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47618619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-10-01DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2020.1834881
Laureline Berthot, A. St‐Hilaire, D. Caissie, N. El‐Jabi, J. Kirby, Sébastien Ouellet-Proulx
Abstract Faced with increasing demands for water withdrawals and a changing climate, the Quebec Department of Environment and Fight Against Climate Change is reviewing its water withdrawal guidelines to protect riverine ecosystems. For Southern Quebec, guidelines currently limit water withdrawals to a maximum of 15% of the 7Q2 (mean 7-day low flow with a return period of two years) during low flow periods. In this context, one of the issues raised is to investigate measures that help to preserve riverine ecosystems during low flow periods by establishing cut-off flow restrictions. This study compared eight low flow metrics to investigate which can be considered useful metrics to assess environmental flow in Southern Quebec rivers. Using 98 hydrometrics stations with a minimum of 20 years of daily flow data from eight hydrological regions, those low flow metrics were compared to three thresholds based on Tennant Method for monthly and annual temporal scales. The relevance of current hydrological regions delineation was investigated by looking at results within these regions, compared to six groups of stations defined using multivariate analyses. This study emphasizes that assessing environmental flows is linked to the hydrological context of the area of interest, the temporal scale of the historical data available, and the catchment size. The results showed that (1) winter low flows were lower than summer low flows; (2) 23% to 26% of the values were under the conservative thresholds for all the metrics depending of the time scale; and (3) the 7Q2, 7Q10 (mean 7-day low flow with a return period of ten years), Q95 and Q90 (95th and 90th percentile on the flow duration curve) are the less conservative for rivers having a low regime flow. To conclude, assessing several regionally adapted environmental flow metrics is recommended rather than systematically using the 7Q2 for Southern Quebec.
{"title":"Southern Quebec environmental flow assessments: spatial and temporal scales sensitivity","authors":"Laureline Berthot, A. St‐Hilaire, D. Caissie, N. El‐Jabi, J. Kirby, Sébastien Ouellet-Proulx","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2020.1834881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2020.1834881","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Faced with increasing demands for water withdrawals and a changing climate, the Quebec Department of Environment and Fight Against Climate Change is reviewing its water withdrawal guidelines to protect riverine ecosystems. For Southern Quebec, guidelines currently limit water withdrawals to a maximum of 15% of the 7Q2 (mean 7-day low flow with a return period of two years) during low flow periods. In this context, one of the issues raised is to investigate measures that help to preserve riverine ecosystems during low flow periods by establishing cut-off flow restrictions. This study compared eight low flow metrics to investigate which can be considered useful metrics to assess environmental flow in Southern Quebec rivers. Using 98 hydrometrics stations with a minimum of 20 years of daily flow data from eight hydrological regions, those low flow metrics were compared to three thresholds based on Tennant Method for monthly and annual temporal scales. The relevance of current hydrological regions delineation was investigated by looking at results within these regions, compared to six groups of stations defined using multivariate analyses. This study emphasizes that assessing environmental flows is linked to the hydrological context of the area of interest, the temporal scale of the historical data available, and the catchment size. The results showed that (1) winter low flows were lower than summer low flows; (2) 23% to 26% of the values were under the conservative thresholds for all the metrics depending of the time scale; and (3) the 7Q2, 7Q10 (mean 7-day low flow with a return period of ten years), Q95 and Q90 (95th and 90th percentile on the flow duration curve) are the less conservative for rivers having a low regime flow. To conclude, assessing several regionally adapted environmental flow metrics is recommended rather than systematically using the 7Q2 for Southern Quebec.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"358 - 371"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07011784.2020.1834881","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45897686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-26DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2020.1816499
K. Millard, Nicholas Brown, D. Stiff, A. Pietroniro
Abstract The goal of this research was to develop a fully automated method to map open water extent that is operationally practical on a national scale. Such a system needs to produce acceptable results in all regions of the country and particularly in the Prairie Potholes Region where understanding water surface dynamics is important for predicting flooding, agriculture/water availability and for evaporation calculations in weather models. A system was developed to automate, ingest, and process Radarsat-2 (RS2) imagery, from which mapping open water body extents in near-real time was carried out using a machine learning classification technique. A Random Forest classification algorithm was trained using the data extracted from the Global Surface Water (GSW) occurrence dataset. The GSW occurrence thresholds used to extract the training data were examined and there was little influence of uncertainty on the classification. The quality of classifications generated from RS2 Fine Wide mode imagery improved with increasing incidence angle. All Fine Quad incident angles produced acceptable results, but Standard and Wide mode imagery produced results below the accuracy thresholds deemed acceptable for this operational solution. Validation was carried out by comparing mapped water extents to temporally coincident high resolution multi-spectral imagery and to the USGS Global Land Cover Characteristics dataset, that is currently used as a land-water mask by ECCC in weather numerical weather modelling. The system that has been developed will allow new image datasets (e.g. Radarsat Constellation Mission) or training data that becomes available to be used to improve models. The open source code will be made available on Github.
{"title":"Automated surface water detection from space: a Canada-wide, open-source, automated, near-real time solution","authors":"K. Millard, Nicholas Brown, D. Stiff, A. Pietroniro","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2020.1816499","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2020.1816499","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The goal of this research was to develop a fully automated method to map open water extent that is operationally practical on a national scale. Such a system needs to produce acceptable results in all regions of the country and particularly in the Prairie Potholes Region where understanding water surface dynamics is important for predicting flooding, agriculture/water availability and for evaporation calculations in weather models. A system was developed to automate, ingest, and process Radarsat-2 (RS2) imagery, from which mapping open water body extents in near-real time was carried out using a machine learning classification technique. A Random Forest classification algorithm was trained using the data extracted from the Global Surface Water (GSW) occurrence dataset. The GSW occurrence thresholds used to extract the training data were examined and there was little influence of uncertainty on the classification. The quality of classifications generated from RS2 Fine Wide mode imagery improved with increasing incidence angle. All Fine Quad incident angles produced acceptable results, but Standard and Wide mode imagery produced results below the accuracy thresholds deemed acceptable for this operational solution. Validation was carried out by comparing mapped water extents to temporally coincident high resolution multi-spectral imagery and to the USGS Global Land Cover Characteristics dataset, that is currently used as a land-water mask by ECCC in weather numerical weather modelling. The system that has been developed will allow new image datasets (e.g. Radarsat Constellation Mission) or training data that becomes available to be used to improve models. The open source code will be made available on Github.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"304 - 323"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07011784.2020.1816499","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49333158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-09-10DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2020.1815587
M. Chernos, R. MacDonald, M. Nemeth, J. Craig
Abstract The Athabasca River Basin in Alberta, Canada, is of international significance, and understanding water supply is critically important to the sustainability of the region. In the upper Athabasca River Basin, glaciers covered 272 km2 (2.8% of the watershed) as of 2010, but less than 50 km2 are projected to remain by the end of the twenty-first century. This study investigated glacier contributions to streamflow for a baseline (1981–2010) period and two climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, 2011–2100) using a hydrological model that explicitly accounts for glacier retreat. Simulated discharge from glaciers (i.e. including all glacier ice, firn and snow melt) contributed 4%–6% of annual streamflow and 20%–30% in August during the baseline period. The model projects an increase in glacier discharge in the coming decades with a later decline by the middle of the twenty-first century. Although glacier discharge is projected to increase in the short term, this water source is non-renewable barring a stabilization of air temperatures in the region, something not currently projected by any climate model. While streamflow in the upper Athabasca River Basin was projected to increase on an annual time scale, streamflow during the late-summer months was projected to decrease by up to 58% by 2100. These simulations follow findings from across western Canada and globally, highlighting that ‘peak water’ is not solely driven by changes in glacier discharge and is also responsive to changes in climate. Late summer is a period when water demands are the highest, water shortages already occur, water quality is the most sensitive and the ability to navigate throughout watercourses in the basin is limited. These findings emphasize the importance of changes in streamflow timing and seasonality and present major challenges for water management in the Athabasca River Basin and elsewhere in glacierized catchments over the coming decades.
{"title":"Current and future projections of glacier contribution to streamflow in the upper Athabasca River Basin","authors":"M. Chernos, R. MacDonald, M. Nemeth, J. Craig","doi":"10.1080/07011784.2020.1815587","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07011784.2020.1815587","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The Athabasca River Basin in Alberta, Canada, is of international significance, and understanding water supply is critically important to the sustainability of the region. In the upper Athabasca River Basin, glaciers covered 272 km2 (2.8% of the watershed) as of 2010, but less than 50 km2 are projected to remain by the end of the twenty-first century. This study investigated glacier contributions to streamflow for a baseline (1981–2010) period and two climate change scenarios (RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5, 2011–2100) using a hydrological model that explicitly accounts for glacier retreat. Simulated discharge from glaciers (i.e. including all glacier ice, firn and snow melt) contributed 4%–6% of annual streamflow and 20%–30% in August during the baseline period. The model projects an increase in glacier discharge in the coming decades with a later decline by the middle of the twenty-first century. Although glacier discharge is projected to increase in the short term, this water source is non-renewable barring a stabilization of air temperatures in the region, something not currently projected by any climate model. While streamflow in the upper Athabasca River Basin was projected to increase on an annual time scale, streamflow during the late-summer months was projected to decrease by up to 58% by 2100. These simulations follow findings from across western Canada and globally, highlighting that ‘peak water’ is not solely driven by changes in glacier discharge and is also responsive to changes in climate. Late summer is a period when water demands are the highest, water shortages already occur, water quality is the most sensitive and the ability to navigate throughout watercourses in the basin is limited. These findings emphasize the importance of changes in streamflow timing and seasonality and present major challenges for water management in the Athabasca River Basin and elsewhere in glacierized catchments over the coming decades.","PeriodicalId":55278,"journal":{"name":"Canadian Water Resources Journal","volume":"45 1","pages":"324 - 344"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2020-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/07011784.2020.1815587","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42305246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-08-24DOI: 10.1080/07011784.2020.1803143
Genevieve Brown, J. Craig
Abstract The development of hydrological models that produce practically useful and physically defensible results is an ongoing challenge in hydrology. This challenge is further compounded in large, spatially variable basins with sparse data, where a detailed understanding of a basin’s hydrological response may be limited. This study presents an iterative and stepwise calibration strategy for model structure and parameters for a hydrological model of the 275,000 km2 Liard River basin in northern Canada. The calibration procedure was optimized to exploit and represent available data at 29 stream gauges and included the use of multiple data sources to constrain model calibration and improve model function. A flexible modelling framework was used to allow the explicit inclusion of locally varied model structure within the calibration procedure. The final model exhibits strong performance in both calibration and validation, and represents significantly different hydrological responses in different portions of the basin well. The calibration procedure helped to identify differences in hydrological processes within the basin which have not been considered by other models of the Liard. The ability to modify model structure in order to account for different hydrological regimes in different parts of the basin is demonstrated to improve model performance locally and globally.
水文模型的发展，产生实际有用的和物理上可辩护的结果是一个持续的挑战在水文学。在数据稀疏、空间多变的大型流域中，这一挑战进一步加剧，在这些流域中，对流域水文响应的详细了解可能有限。本研究提出了一种针对加拿大北部275,000 km2 Liard河流域水文模型的模型结构和参数的迭代和逐步校准策略。校准程序经过优化，可以利用和表示29个流量仪表的可用数据，并包括使用多个数据源来约束模型校准和改进模型功能。一个灵活的建模框架被用来允许在校准过程中明确地包含局部变化的模型结构。最终模型在定标和验证方面都表现出较强的性能，并代表了盆地不同部分的显著不同水文响应。校准程序有助于确定盆地内水文过程的差异，这些差异是Liard的其他模型没有考虑到的。为了考虑流域不同地区的不同水文状况而修改模型结构的能力已被证明可以改善局部和全局的模型性能。
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