Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2024.a944547
Seçil Yilmaz
In April 1965, the Turkish Parliament passed the law legalizing birth control, including the pills and the use of intrauterine devices. This article examines the beginnings and expansion of family planning in Turkey in the 1960s by tracing the encounters of American experts, Turkish physicians along with bureaucrats, and thousands of urban squatter dwelling and rural women and men. Different from the previous historical accounts framing family planning as an insular and state-driven modernization project, it provides a transnational history of family planning in Turkey by unearthing intimate links between the discourses of development and histories of family, sexuality, and reproduction. By using Population Council documents, Turkish official papers, Parliament minutes, visual materials, and national and feminist press accounts, this article demonstrates that family planning practices with new technologies of contraceptives constituted often-neglected but indispensable components of infrastructure in the formation of technologies of governance in Turkey in Cold War context.
{"title":"Intimate Technologies of Family Making: Birth Control Politics in Cold War Turkey.","authors":"Seçil Yilmaz","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a944547","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a944547","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In April 1965, the Turkish Parliament passed the law legalizing birth control, including the pills and the use of intrauterine devices. This article examines the beginnings and expansion of family planning in Turkey in the 1960s by tracing the encounters of American experts, Turkish physicians along with bureaucrats, and thousands of urban squatter dwelling and rural women and men. Different from the previous historical accounts framing family planning as an insular and state-driven modernization project, it provides a transnational history of family planning in Turkey by unearthing intimate links between the discourses of development and histories of family, sexuality, and reproduction. By using Population Council documents, Turkish official papers, Parliament minutes, visual materials, and national and feminist press accounts, this article demonstrates that family planning practices with new technologies of contraceptives constituted often-neglected but indispensable components of infrastructure in the formation of technologies of governance in Turkey in Cold War context.</p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"98 3","pages":"428-461"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142711901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2024.a929785
Sarah B Rodriguez
Physicians in the twentieth century routinely used episiotomy-a cut made during childbirth-to better facilitate labor, using the evidence of their experiences that it was useful. But physicians were not alone in producing evidence regarding episiotomy and its repair. Here I consider how three groups-male physicians, husbands, and laboring women-were involved in creating evidence and circulating knowledge about episiotomies, specifically, the intention of its repair, the so-called "husband's stitch," to sexually benefit men. By doing so I seek to consider the meanings of evidence within medicine, evidence as a basis for challenging the hegemony of medicine by lay women, and how medical knowledge is produced and shared among physicians and non-physicians.
{"title":"The Creation and Circulation of Evidence and Knowledge in American Medicine through the Lens of the \"Husband's Stitch\".","authors":"Sarah B Rodriguez","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929785","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a929785","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Physicians in the twentieth century routinely used episiotomy-a cut made during childbirth-to better facilitate labor, using the evidence of their experiences that it was useful. But physicians were not alone in producing evidence regarding episiotomy and its repair. Here I consider how three groups-male physicians, husbands, and laboring women-were involved in creating evidence and circulating knowledge about episiotomies, specifically, the intention of its repair, the so-called \"husband's stitch,\" to sexually benefit men. By doing so I seek to consider the meanings of evidence within medicine, evidence as a basis for challenging the hegemony of medicine by lay women, and how medical knowledge is produced and shared among physicians and non-physicians.</p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"98 1","pages":"93-121"},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332589","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-01DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2024.a929786
Mike Winstead
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that affects mostly women and disproportionately Black women. Until the 1940s, SLE was rarely diagnosed in Black Americans, reflecting racist medical beliefs about Black immunity. In the 1940s and 1950s, SLE and its treatment were part of a patriarchal narrative of American industrialization. By the 1960s, newer diagnostic techniques increased recognition of SLE, especially among Black women; medical thinking about SLE shifted from external causes like infection or allergy to autoimmunity, which emphasized biological, genetically determined racial difference. In the 1970s and 1980s, an advocacy structure crystalized around memoirs by women with SLE, which emphasized the experiences of able-bodied, economically privileged white women, while Black feminist health discourse and SLE narratives by Black authors grappled with SLE's more complicated intersections. Throughout the twentieth century, SLE embodied immunity as a gendered, racialized, and culturally invested process.
{"title":"\"A Person Like Me\": Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Gender, and Racial Immunity in the Twentieth-Century United States.","authors":"Mike Winstead","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929786","DOIUrl":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a929786","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder that affects mostly women and disproportionately Black women. Until the 1940s, SLE was rarely diagnosed in Black Americans, reflecting racist medical beliefs about Black immunity. In the 1940s and 1950s, SLE and its treatment were part of a patriarchal narrative of American industrialization. By the 1960s, newer diagnostic techniques increased recognition of SLE, especially among Black women; medical thinking about SLE shifted from external causes like infection or allergy to autoimmunity, which emphasized biological, genetically determined racial difference. In the 1970s and 1980s, an advocacy structure crystalized around memoirs by women with SLE, which emphasized the experiences of able-bodied, economically privileged white women, while Black feminist health discourse and SLE narratives by Black authors grappled with SLE's more complicated intersections. Throughout the twentieth century, SLE embodied immunity as a gendered, racialized, and culturally invested process.</p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"98 1","pages":"122-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.9,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141332568","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2023.a915272
Myles W. Jackson
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Sounding Bodies: Music and the Making of Biomedical Science</em> by Peter Pesic <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Myles W. Jackson </li> </ul> Peter Pesic. <em>Sounding Bodies: Music and the Making of Biomedical Science</em>. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2022. 408 pp. Ill. $55.00 ( 978-0-262-04635-0). <p>There have been a number of works over the years in the history of science that detail the importance of music to the development of physical theory and experimentation. The same has not been true of the role of music in the biological and medical sciences. Peter Pesic's work goes a long way in filling that substantial void. By tracing the development of biology and medicine over two and a half millennia, Pesic convincingly demonstrates that while the influences of music and sound were certainly substantial, they were rather different from those that shaped the physical sciences.</p> <p>Pesic's tome is divided into four parts based on themes, which are organized chronologically. Part I takes us to the ancient origins of the quadrivium. Pythagorean thought, for example, shaped the rational medicine of the Hippocrates and his followers, who insisted that numbers regulated critical moments in the development of diseases in the body. Plato considered medicine as a paradigm for the practice of philosophy as it could heal the souls suffering from ignorance and delusion. Herophilus linked musical ratios with the health and illness of the pulse. And subsequent scholars, such as Galen, elucidated upon the connection between musical ratios and pulses. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, music was seen as a treatment of melancholia. In addition to this important medical practice, the theoretical link between astronomy and music was forged by Robert Grosseteste, Marsilio Ficino, and of course Johannes Kepler, who famously argued that musical harmony was the essence of "the soul," which animated humans, animals, the earth, and even the cosmos.</p> <p>Part II details what Pesic refers to as "the sonic turn." This section details how the human body was no longer seen as being composed of the four humors but rather was viewed as comprising fibers and organs that could respond to sonic vibrations. In short, sound became for scholars a powerful resource in reconceptualizing how living organisms respond to stimuli. By the eighteenth century, sound became an important diagnostic tool for a number of physicians. For example, Austrian physician Leopold Auenbrugger invented the technique of percussion, and the nineteenth-century French physician René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laënnec, who was a skilled flautist and carved his own wooden flutes, invented the stethoscope and the technique of clinical auscultation.</p> <p>Part III addresses the ways in which sounds were employed in understanding and treating mental illness. On the one hand, Gaetano Brunetti wonderfully captured the musical fascination with mania, a
评论者： Sounding Bodies：音乐与生物医学科学的形成，彼得-佩西奇著，迈尔斯-W-杰克逊译，彼得-佩西奇译。发声的身体：音乐与生物医学科学的形成》。麻省剑桥：麻省理工学院出版社，2022 年。408 pp.55.00美元（978-0-262-04635-0）。多年来，有许多科学史著作详细介绍了音乐对物理理论和实验发展的重要性。但音乐在生物和医学科学中的作用却并非如此。彼得-佩西奇的著作极大地填补了这一实质性空白。通过追溯两千五百多年来生物学和医学的发展历程，佩西奇令人信服地证明，音乐和声音的影响固然巨大，但与物理科学的影响却大相径庭。佩西奇的这部巨著按主题分为四个部分，并按时间顺序编排。第一部分将我们带入四分法的古代起源。例如，毕达哥拉斯思想塑造了希波克拉底及其追随者的理性医学，他们坚持认为数字调节着人体疾病发展的关键时刻。柏拉图认为医学是哲学实践的典范，因为它可以治愈饱受无知和妄想之苦的灵魂。希罗菲勒斯将音乐比例与脉搏的健康和疾病联系在一起。后来的学者，如盖伦，阐明了音乐比率与脉搏之间的联系。在中世纪和文艺复兴时期，音乐被视为一种治疗忧郁症的方法。除了这一重要的医疗实践之外，罗伯特-格罗塞特斯特、马西利奥-菲奇诺，当然还有约翰内斯-开普勒，都在天文学和音乐之间建立了理论联系，开普勒曾提出一个著名的观点，即音乐和谐是 "灵魂 "的本质，它赋予人类、动物、地球甚至宇宙以活力。第二部分详细介绍了佩西奇所说的 "声音转向"。这一部分详细介绍了人体如何不再被视为由四种体液组成，而是被视为由能够对声波振动做出反应的纤维和器官组成。简而言之，声音成为学者们重新认识生物体如何对刺激做出反应的强大资源。到十八世纪，声音成为许多医生的重要诊断工具。例如，奥地利医生利奥波德-奥恩布鲁格（Leopold Auenbrugger）发明了叩诊技术，十九世纪法国医生勒内-泰奥菲尔-希亚辛特-拉内克（René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laënnec）是一位吹笛能手，他自己雕刻木笛，发明了听诊器和临床听诊技术。第三部分探讨了声音在理解和治疗精神疾病方面的应用。一方面，加埃塔诺-布鲁内蒂（Gaetano Brunetti）在其 1781 年创作的 Il Maniático 交响乐中精彩地捕捉到了狂躁症的音乐魅力。另一方面，德国医生弗朗茨-梅斯梅尔（Franz Mesmer）发明了一种被称为动物磁疗的治疗方法--后来又称为梅斯梅尔主义--他利用 [尾页 512]音乐使病人的精神和身体状态发生波动。法国神经学家让-马丁-沙尔科--他的学生包括西格蒙德-弗洛伊德、阿尔弗雷德-比奈、乔治-吉勒-德拉图雷特和约瑟夫-巴宾斯基--使用塔姆琴，使病人陷入深度催眠睡眠。第四部分深入探讨了声音如何被用于人类有限的听力范围之外，以研究自然现象，如蝙蝠的夜间飞行和超声波在临床诊断中的重要性。佩西奇研究了路易吉-加尔瓦尼（Luigi Galvani）关于电流与肌肉活动之间关系的著名研究、埃米尔-杜布瓦-雷蒙德（Emil Du Bois-Reymond）关于肌肉收缩与电流的研究，以及赫尔曼-冯-亥姆霍兹（Hermann von Helmholtz）利用音叉测量电流通过青蛙肌肉的速度。佩西奇告诉我们，二十世纪的声波技术被用于研究神经功能，声波设备使神经活动变得清晰可闻，并在隔离和定位单个神经元方面发挥了关键作用，最初是通过电话，后来是通过扬声器放大神经元的输出。文中有许多音乐和声音的例子，这些例子都链接到一个网站，这样读者在阅读时就能听到这些声音。虽然有些学者会错过...
{"title":"Sounding Bodies: Music and the Making of Biomedical Science by Peter Pesic (review)","authors":"Myles W. Jackson","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915272","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915272","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Sounding Bodies: Music and the Making of Biomedical Science</em> by Peter Pesic <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Myles W. Jackson </li> </ul> Peter Pesic. <em>Sounding Bodies: Music and the Making of Biomedical Science</em>. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2022. 408 pp. Ill. $55.00 ( 978-0-262-04635-0). <p>There have been a number of works over the years in the history of science that detail the importance of music to the development of physical theory and experimentation. The same has not been true of the role of music in the biological and medical sciences. Peter Pesic's work goes a long way in filling that substantial void. By tracing the development of biology and medicine over two and a half millennia, Pesic convincingly demonstrates that while the influences of music and sound were certainly substantial, they were rather different from those that shaped the physical sciences.</p> <p>Pesic's tome is divided into four parts based on themes, which are organized chronologically. Part I takes us to the ancient origins of the quadrivium. Pythagorean thought, for example, shaped the rational medicine of the Hippocrates and his followers, who insisted that numbers regulated critical moments in the development of diseases in the body. Plato considered medicine as a paradigm for the practice of philosophy as it could heal the souls suffering from ignorance and delusion. Herophilus linked musical ratios with the health and illness of the pulse. And subsequent scholars, such as Galen, elucidated upon the connection between musical ratios and pulses. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, music was seen as a treatment of melancholia. In addition to this important medical practice, the theoretical link between astronomy and music was forged by Robert Grosseteste, Marsilio Ficino, and of course Johannes Kepler, who famously argued that musical harmony was the essence of \"the soul,\" which animated humans, animals, the earth, and even the cosmos.</p> <p>Part II details what Pesic refers to as \"the sonic turn.\" This section details how the human body was no longer seen as being composed of the four humors but rather was viewed as comprising fibers and organs that could respond to sonic vibrations. In short, sound became for scholars a powerful resource in reconceptualizing how living organisms respond to stimuli. By the eighteenth century, sound became an important diagnostic tool for a number of physicians. For example, Austrian physician Leopold Auenbrugger invented the technique of percussion, and the nineteenth-century French physician René-Théophile-Hyacinthe Laënnec, who was a skilled flautist and carved his own wooden flutes, invented the stethoscope and the technique of clinical auscultation.</p> <p>Part III addresses the ways in which sounds were employed in understanding and treating mental illness. On the one hand, Gaetano Brunetti wonderfully captured the musical fascination with mania, a","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744024","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2023.a915278
Beatrix Hoffman
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>All Health Politics Is Local: Community Battles for Medical Care and Environmental Health</em> by Merlin Chowkwanyun <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Beatrix Hoffman </li> </ul> Merlin Chowkwanyun. <em>All Health Politics Is Local: Community Battles for Medical Care and Environmental Health</em>. Studies in Social Medicine. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2022. xii + 338 pp. Ill. $29.95 ( 978-1-4696-6767-6). <p>In 2019, General Iron, a polluting scrap metal company, began to relocate from Chicago's affluent Lincoln Park neighborhood to a poor Latinx community on the city's southeast side. Both the previous mayor, Rahm Emanuel, and the new one, Lori Lightfoot, encouraged the move. But after three years of protests by southeast side residents, including a monthlong hunger strike and a federal civil rights lawsuit, the city withdrew General Iron's permit.</p> <p>With both the Green New Deal and Medicare for All facing daunting political obstacles, this is an excellent time to pay closer attention to environmental and health care activism at the neighborhood level. Merlin Chowkwanyun's <em>All Health Politics Is Local: Community Battles for Medical Care and Environmental Health</em> provides the invigorating analysis we need to begin to assess the efficacy and possibilities of community action to defend the public's health. Taking as a starting <strong>[End Page 523]</strong> point Tip O'Neill's adage that "all politics is local," Chowkwanyun argues that historians of U.S. health politics have synthesized national developments at the expense of variation at the grassroots. To address this deficiency, <em>All Health Politics Is Local</em> presents examples from New York, Los Angeles, Cleveland, and Central Appalachia "to identify cross-cutting and common themes across places while preserving local uniqueness" (p. 5). Utilizing this ingenious comparative structure, Chowkwanyun incisively evaluates six ground-level political battles around industrial pollution and medical care.</p> <p>While the case studies, which take place from the 1950s through the 1970s, are organized geographically, readers will also find it useful to read the themed chapters alongside each other. Four of the chapters are about community fights around hospital and clinic care, and two are about environmental health movements. In New York, neighborhood groups, health workers' unions, and medical organizations protested the city's strategy to shut down some of its public hospitals and affiliate the rest with academic medical centers. They won their demand for a new Gouverneur Hospital on the Lower East Side but lost the larger battle against affiliation, primarily due to the overwhelming fiscal pressures on cities in the 1970s. In Los Angeles, activists in the wake of the Watts uprising led a movement for a new public hospital. Here Chowkwanyun's comparative approach provides crucial insights, since the loc
{"title":"All Health Politics Is Local: Community Battles for Medical Care and Environmental Health by Merlin Chowkwanyun (review)","authors":"Beatrix Hoffman","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915278","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915278","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>All Health Politics Is Local: Community Battles for Medical Care and Environmental Health</em> by Merlin Chowkwanyun <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Beatrix Hoffman </li> </ul> Merlin Chowkwanyun. <em>All Health Politics Is Local: Community Battles for Medical Care and Environmental Health</em>. Studies in Social Medicine. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2022. xii + 338 pp. Ill. $29.95 ( 978-1-4696-6767-6). <p>In 2019, General Iron, a polluting scrap metal company, began to relocate from Chicago's affluent Lincoln Park neighborhood to a poor Latinx community on the city's southeast side. Both the previous mayor, Rahm Emanuel, and the new one, Lori Lightfoot, encouraged the move. But after three years of protests by southeast side residents, including a monthlong hunger strike and a federal civil rights lawsuit, the city withdrew General Iron's permit.</p> <p>With both the Green New Deal and Medicare for All facing daunting political obstacles, this is an excellent time to pay closer attention to environmental and health care activism at the neighborhood level. Merlin Chowkwanyun's <em>All Health Politics Is Local: Community Battles for Medical Care and Environmental Health</em> provides the invigorating analysis we need to begin to assess the efficacy and possibilities of community action to defend the public's health. Taking as a starting <strong>[End Page 523]</strong> point Tip O'Neill's adage that \"all politics is local,\" Chowkwanyun argues that historians of U.S. health politics have synthesized national developments at the expense of variation at the grassroots. To address this deficiency, <em>All Health Politics Is Local</em> presents examples from New York, Los Angeles, Cleveland, and Central Appalachia \"to identify cross-cutting and common themes across places while preserving local uniqueness\" (p. 5). Utilizing this ingenious comparative structure, Chowkwanyun incisively evaluates six ground-level political battles around industrial pollution and medical care.</p> <p>While the case studies, which take place from the 1950s through the 1970s, are organized geographically, readers will also find it useful to read the themed chapters alongside each other. Four of the chapters are about community fights around hospital and clinic care, and two are about environmental health movements. In New York, neighborhood groups, health workers' unions, and medical organizations protested the city's strategy to shut down some of its public hospitals and affiliate the rest with academic medical centers. They won their demand for a new Gouverneur Hospital on the Lower East Side but lost the larger battle against affiliation, primarily due to the overwhelming fiscal pressures on cities in the 1970s. In Los Angeles, activists in the wake of the Watts uprising led a movement for a new public hospital. Here Chowkwanyun's comparative approach provides crucial insights, since the loc","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"29 8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2023.a915276
Shelley McKellar
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Stethoscope: The Making of a Medical Icon</em> by Anna Harris and Tom Rice <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Shelley McKellar </li> </ul> Anna Harris and Tom Rice. <em>Stethoscope: The Making of a Medical Icon</em>. London: Reaktion Books, 2022. 224 pp. Ill. $27.50 ( 978-1-7891-4633-2). <p>The stethoscope is a familiar and "deceptively simple" medical instrument that the authors of this book complicate by exploring the multiple ways it has been "used and thought about" in its more than 200-year history (pp. 10–11). To great effect, anthropologists Anna Harris and Tom Rice conduct observer-participant field work to study the use and meaning of the stethoscope, also drawing from history, science, and sound studies for their analysis. It is worth noting that Harris, who is an Australian-trained physician, and Rice, who logged clinical hours training with medical students, bridge medical and social science worlds in their examination of the stethoscope. Harris and Rice describe the profession's use and adoption of the stethoscope as well as their personal experiences of their encounters with the stethoscope as patients. The latter stories highlight the emotional aspects arising out of the "auditory gaze" (p. 15).</p> <p>The first three chapters explore the invention, reception, and use of the stethoscope in the medical world. Historians of medicine will already know much of this narrative as Harris and Rice describe Rene Laennec's paper cylinder, the practice of mediate auscultation, instrument modifications, a "golden age of stethoscopy" in the nineteenth century, and the embodiment of medical expertise via the stethoscope during the rise of physical diagnosis (p. 7). These chapters draw heavily from the strong scholarship of Jacalyn Duffin, Projit Bihari Mukharji, Roy Porter, Stanley Joel Reiser, and Malcolm Nicolson.<sup>1</sup></p> <p>Chapters four and five muddy the waters of expertise with the involvement of non-medical users and the difficulties of learning auscultation to consolidate the placement of the stethoscope exclusively in the doctor's bag. By the early twentieth <strong>[End Page 520]</strong> century, according to Harris and Rice in chapter four, the stethoscope and its use had become routine, and it now served as a symbol and icon for the physician. But how does its medical use by nurses and vets as well as its non-medical use by plumbers and bomb disposal experts reinforce or disrupt this? Check out the image of the mechanic using a stethoscope to listen to an engine (p. 93)! Harris and Rice offer interesting non-medical usage of the stethoscope but leave out the degree to which this activity was undertaken and its effect. Chapter five offers a stronger argument about the difficulties with learning how to use a stethoscope, to detect and distinguish body sounds, and to produce "sonic alignment" (p. 106). Arguably, the mastery of mediate auscultation both established as we
审查人： 听诊器：安娜-哈里斯和汤姆-赖斯所著的《听诊器：医学偶像的诞生》（The Making of a Medical Icon by Anna Harris and Tom Rice Shelley McKellar 安娜-哈里斯和汤姆-赖斯。听诊器：听诊器：医学偶像的形成》。伦敦：Reaktion Books，2022 年。224 pp.插图，27.50 美元（978-1-7891-4633-2）。听诊器是一种耳熟能详且 "看似简单 "的医疗工具，本书作者通过探讨听诊器在其 200 多年的历史中被 "使用和思考 "的多种方式（第 10-11 页），将其复杂化。人类学家安娜-哈里斯（Anna Harris）和汤姆-赖斯（Tom Rice）以观察者-参与者的方式进行实地工作，研究听诊器的使用和意义，并从历史、科学和声音研究中汲取素材进行分析，取得了很好的效果。值得注意的是，哈里斯是一名在澳大利亚接受过培训的医生，而赖斯则与医科学生一起接受过临床培训，他们在对听诊器的研究中沟通了医学和社会科学的世界。哈里斯和赖斯描述了听诊器的使用和采纳情况，以及他们作为病人使用听诊器的个人经历。后面的故事突出了 "听觉凝视"（第 15 页）所带来的情感方面的影响。前三章探讨了听诊器在医学界的发明、接受和使用。医学史学者对其中的很多内容已经有所了解，因为 Harris 和 Rice 描述了 Rene Laennec 的纸筒、中介听诊的实践、仪器的改良、19 世纪 "听诊器的黄金时代"，以及在物理诊断兴起期间通过听诊器体现医学专业知识（第 7 页）。这些章节大量借鉴了杰卡琳-达芬（Jacalyn Duffin）、普罗吉特-比哈里-穆哈尔吉（Projit Bihari Mukharji）、罗伊-波特（Roy Porter）、斯坦利-乔尔-莱泽（Stanley Joel Reiser）和马尔科姆-尼科尔森（Malcolm Nicolson）1 的丰富学术成果。第四章和第五章通过非医疗用户的参与以及学习听诊的困难，将专业技术的水搅浑，从而巩固了听诊器只属于医生的地位。哈里斯和赖斯在第四章中指出，到二十世纪初，听诊器及其使用已成为常规，听诊器已成为医生的象征和标志。但是，护士和兽医对听诊器的医疗使用，以及水管工和拆弹专家对听诊器的非医疗使用，又是如何强化或破坏这一点的呢？请看机械师使用听诊器听发动机的图像（第 93 页）！哈里斯和赖斯提供了听诊器有趣的非医疗用途，但却忽略了这种活动的开展程度及其影响。第五章提出了一个更有力的论点，即学习如何使用听诊器、检测和分辨身体声音以及产生 "声波排列"（第 106 页）的困难。可以说，在向医科学生传授听诊技巧的过程中，听诊技巧的掌握既是一种医学专业知识，也是一种威胁。关于听诊器教学的章节--考虑一下十二件听诊器或听诊器将声音从医院病床传送到大教室--非常引人入胜！最后两章恰到好处地讨论了当前有关仪器过时和全球医疗不平等的问题。在第六章中，护理点（床旁）超声波等较新的医疗技术被定位为听诊器的竞争技术，可能会导致听诊器的消亡。听诊器对于现代医学来说是否已经过时？Harris 和 Rice 认为，争论的焦点在于听诊和体格检查以及使用听诊器的仪式所获得的信息是否重要。几十年前，学术界曾强调诊断仪器在医患关系中的疏远作用是负面的，但目前的讨论表明，听诊器和听诊 "产生了一种特殊的存在感"（更多的是联系而非距离？第七章提出了即兴或 "听诊活动多样性 "的问题，作者本可以通过加强内容的连贯性和分析来强化这些问题（第 140 页）。Harris 和 Rise 承认听诊器的使用在欧洲、北美和澳大利亚可能正在减少，但他们指出，在全球南部并非如此......
{"title":"Stethoscope: The Making of a Medical Icon by Anna Harris and Tom Rice (review)","authors":"Shelley McKellar","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915276","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915276","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Stethoscope: The Making of a Medical Icon</em> by Anna Harris and Tom Rice <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Shelley McKellar </li> </ul> Anna Harris and Tom Rice. <em>Stethoscope: The Making of a Medical Icon</em>. London: Reaktion Books, 2022. 224 pp. Ill. $27.50 ( 978-1-7891-4633-2). <p>The stethoscope is a familiar and \"deceptively simple\" medical instrument that the authors of this book complicate by exploring the multiple ways it has been \"used and thought about\" in its more than 200-year history (pp. 10–11). To great effect, anthropologists Anna Harris and Tom Rice conduct observer-participant field work to study the use and meaning of the stethoscope, also drawing from history, science, and sound studies for their analysis. It is worth noting that Harris, who is an Australian-trained physician, and Rice, who logged clinical hours training with medical students, bridge medical and social science worlds in their examination of the stethoscope. Harris and Rice describe the profession's use and adoption of the stethoscope as well as their personal experiences of their encounters with the stethoscope as patients. The latter stories highlight the emotional aspects arising out of the \"auditory gaze\" (p. 15).</p> <p>The first three chapters explore the invention, reception, and use of the stethoscope in the medical world. Historians of medicine will already know much of this narrative as Harris and Rice describe Rene Laennec's paper cylinder, the practice of mediate auscultation, instrument modifications, a \"golden age of stethoscopy\" in the nineteenth century, and the embodiment of medical expertise via the stethoscope during the rise of physical diagnosis (p. 7). These chapters draw heavily from the strong scholarship of Jacalyn Duffin, Projit Bihari Mukharji, Roy Porter, Stanley Joel Reiser, and Malcolm Nicolson.<sup>1</sup></p> <p>Chapters four and five muddy the waters of expertise with the involvement of non-medical users and the difficulties of learning auscultation to consolidate the placement of the stethoscope exclusively in the doctor's bag. By the early twentieth <strong>[End Page 520]</strong> century, according to Harris and Rice in chapter four, the stethoscope and its use had become routine, and it now served as a symbol and icon for the physician. But how does its medical use by nurses and vets as well as its non-medical use by plumbers and bomb disposal experts reinforce or disrupt this? Check out the image of the mechanic using a stethoscope to listen to an engine (p. 93)! Harris and Rice offer interesting non-medical usage of the stethoscope but leave out the degree to which this activity was undertaken and its effect. Chapter five offers a stronger argument about the difficulties with learning how to use a stethoscope, to detect and distinguish body sounds, and to produce \"sonic alignment\" (p. 106). Arguably, the mastery of mediate auscultation both established as we","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744034","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2023.a915274
Jennifer Wallis
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Anatomy of the Medical Image: Knowledge Production and Transfiguration from the Renaissance to Today</em> ed. by Axel Fliethmann and Christiane Weller <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Jennifer Wallis </li> </ul> Axel Fliethmann and Christiane Weller, eds. <em>Anatomy of the Medical Image: Knowledge Production and Transfiguration from the Renaissance to Today</em>. Clio Medica vol. 104. Leiden: Brill, 2021. xvi + 311 pp. Ill. $153.00 ( 978-90-04-40675-9). <p><em>Anatomy of the Medical Image</em> is an edited collection seeking to explore "the role images play in knowledge formation" (p. 8). The editors note that "even in medical knowledge formations there is not <em>one</em> body but <em>many</em>" (p. 8), and the thirteen chapters that make up the volume consider, among other themes, "the anatomical, pathological, gendered, imagined, and consumed body" (p. 8).</p> <p>The volume is relatively broad in its geographical scope, a welcome approach, and thematically arranged into three parts. A variety of media are covered, from paintings (Rembrandt's <em>Anatomy Lesson</em>) to photographs (for example, those exchanged between Charles Darwin and psychiatrist James Crichton-Browne during the research for Darwin's 1872 <em>Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</em>). Other chapters cover physical culture and classical beauty ideals in eighteenth-and nineteenth-century Germany, nineteenth- and twentieth-century medical portraiture, German fin-de-siècle public health posters, microscopy in the Weimar Republic, psychiatric art collections, graphic medicine, and zombie TV drama. An especially interesting chapter is that by Axel Fliethmann on sixteenth-and seventeenth-century accounts of "pathologies of imagination" (p. 58). It is an intriguing chapter, and although it would have benefitted from a greater word count to properly explore the medical and epistemological frameworks of the period under discussion, it is an innovative exploration of images and the conceptualization of the "visual" in medicine.</p> <p>Some of the strongest chapters are those that focus on discrete networks of production, or individual artists and makers who have been relatively overlooked in the historiography to date. Elizabeth Stephens's chapter on obstetric models is a fascinating exploration of female wax modelers such as Anna Morandi, whose self-portrait in wax (ca. 1760)—depicting her in the process of dissecting a brain—was "explicitly designed to reposition the female body in anatomical research and practice" (p. 80). The striking and aesthetically pleasing waxes of male artists like Clemente Susini—whose reclining "anatomical Venus" models were adorned with jewelry, their hair carefully arranged on plush pillows—have, Stephens argues, eclipsed the more functional models used in anatomical teaching, such as the eighteenth-century birthing machine of Angélique de Coudray.</p> <p>Carolyn Lau's chapter is wor
{"title":"Anatomy of the Medical Image: Knowledge Production and Transfiguration from the Renaissance to Today ed. by Axel Fliethmann and Christiane Weller (review)","authors":"Jennifer Wallis","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915274","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Anatomy of the Medical Image: Knowledge Production and Transfiguration from the Renaissance to Today</em> ed. by Axel Fliethmann and Christiane Weller <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Jennifer Wallis </li> </ul> Axel Fliethmann and Christiane Weller, eds. <em>Anatomy of the Medical Image: Knowledge Production and Transfiguration from the Renaissance to Today</em>. Clio Medica vol. 104. Leiden: Brill, 2021. xvi + 311 pp. Ill. $153.00 ( 978-90-04-40675-9). <p><em>Anatomy of the Medical Image</em> is an edited collection seeking to explore \"the role images play in knowledge formation\" (p. 8). The editors note that \"even in medical knowledge formations there is not <em>one</em> body but <em>many</em>\" (p. 8), and the thirteen chapters that make up the volume consider, among other themes, \"the anatomical, pathological, gendered, imagined, and consumed body\" (p. 8).</p> <p>The volume is relatively broad in its geographical scope, a welcome approach, and thematically arranged into three parts. A variety of media are covered, from paintings (Rembrandt's <em>Anatomy Lesson</em>) to photographs (for example, those exchanged between Charles Darwin and psychiatrist James Crichton-Browne during the research for Darwin's 1872 <em>Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</em>). Other chapters cover physical culture and classical beauty ideals in eighteenth-and nineteenth-century Germany, nineteenth- and twentieth-century medical portraiture, German fin-de-siècle public health posters, microscopy in the Weimar Republic, psychiatric art collections, graphic medicine, and zombie TV drama. An especially interesting chapter is that by Axel Fliethmann on sixteenth-and seventeenth-century accounts of \"pathologies of imagination\" (p. 58). It is an intriguing chapter, and although it would have benefitted from a greater word count to properly explore the medical and epistemological frameworks of the period under discussion, it is an innovative exploration of images and the conceptualization of the \"visual\" in medicine.</p> <p>Some of the strongest chapters are those that focus on discrete networks of production, or individual artists and makers who have been relatively overlooked in the historiography to date. Elizabeth Stephens's chapter on obstetric models is a fascinating exploration of female wax modelers such as Anna Morandi, whose self-portrait in wax (ca. 1760)—depicting her in the process of dissecting a brain—was \"explicitly designed to reposition the female body in anatomical research and practice\" (p. 80). The striking and aesthetically pleasing waxes of male artists like Clemente Susini—whose reclining \"anatomical Venus\" models were adorned with jewelry, their hair carefully arranged on plush pillows—have, Stephens argues, eclipsed the more functional models used in anatomical teaching, such as the eighteenth-century birthing machine of Angélique de Coudray.</p> <p>Carolyn Lau's chapter is wor","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2023.a915279
Melissa Graboyes, Marlee Odell
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Africanizing Oncology: Creativity, Crisis, and Cancer in Uganda</em> by Marissa A. Mika <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Melissa Graboyes and Marlee Odell </li> </ul> Marissa A. Mika. <em>Africanizing Oncology: Creativity, Crisis, and Cancer in Uganda</em>.New African Histories. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2021. xxiv + 260 pp. Ill. $80.00 ( 978-0-8214-2465-0). <p>In <em>Africanizing Oncology</em>, Marissa Mika provides an engaging and thought-provoking history of the Uganda Center Institute (UCI), a unit of the Mulago Hospital at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda. The book is more than just a narrow institutional history or a medical history of a single disease, as she tells the story of how Uganda Africanized oncology. At the center of those efforts, and her story, are African experts, institute employees, and Ugandan patients. Throughout the book, Mika presents examples of Ugandans resourcefully providing care despite material constraints, political instability, and social challenges. She persuasively argues that oncology developed at the UCI through Ugandans adapting research, resources, infrastructures, and techniques to fit their unique (often challenging) circumstances. <em>Africanizing Oncology</em> is a creative, interdisciplinary work that serves as a model for how the history of medicine, science and technology studies (STS), and the history of science can be in productive conversation with African studies.</p> <p>The book is well researched and carefully put together. Mika draws on a combination of historical and anthropological sources and methods, including UCI archival sources, months of ethnographic fieldwork at the UCI, forty formal oral histories with prominent individuals in the history of cancer in Uganda, twenty interviews with patient caregivers, and interviews with international colleagues based at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. The book is organized into six chapters and a moving final epilogue. Chapters 1 through 4 offer a chronological history of cancer care and research in Uganda, starting with early colonial cancer research and the founding of the UCI in 1967. In these chapters readers see how physicians and researchers responded creatively during times of crisis. Mika describes how the UCI often operated under conditions of "normal <strong>[End Page 525]</strong> emergency" and had to continue care during times when "drugs were missing, gloves were rarely in stock, and blood was only to be found in the veins of relatives willing to donate" (pp. 101–2). Chapters 5 and 6 explore international partnerships and new investments by institutions such as the Fred Hutchinson Center.</p> <p>Mika's work responds to and builds on Julie Livingston's groundbreaking 2012 book, <em>Improvising Medicine: An African Oncology Ward in an Emerging Cancer Epidemic. Africanizing Oncology</em> contributes much-needed geographical context from the east
{"title":"Africanizing Oncology: Creativity, Crisis, and Cancer in Uganda by Marissa A. Mika (review)","authors":"Melissa Graboyes, Marlee Odell","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915279","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915279","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Africanizing Oncology: Creativity, Crisis, and Cancer in Uganda</em> by Marissa A. Mika <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Melissa Graboyes and Marlee Odell </li> </ul> Marissa A. Mika. <em>Africanizing Oncology: Creativity, Crisis, and Cancer in Uganda</em>.New African Histories. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2021. xxiv + 260 pp. Ill. $80.00 ( 978-0-8214-2465-0). <p>In <em>Africanizing Oncology</em>, Marissa Mika provides an engaging and thought-provoking history of the Uganda Center Institute (UCI), a unit of the Mulago Hospital at Makerere University in Kampala, Uganda. The book is more than just a narrow institutional history or a medical history of a single disease, as she tells the story of how Uganda Africanized oncology. At the center of those efforts, and her story, are African experts, institute employees, and Ugandan patients. Throughout the book, Mika presents examples of Ugandans resourcefully providing care despite material constraints, political instability, and social challenges. She persuasively argues that oncology developed at the UCI through Ugandans adapting research, resources, infrastructures, and techniques to fit their unique (often challenging) circumstances. <em>Africanizing Oncology</em> is a creative, interdisciplinary work that serves as a model for how the history of medicine, science and technology studies (STS), and the history of science can be in productive conversation with African studies.</p> <p>The book is well researched and carefully put together. Mika draws on a combination of historical and anthropological sources and methods, including UCI archival sources, months of ethnographic fieldwork at the UCI, forty formal oral histories with prominent individuals in the history of cancer in Uganda, twenty interviews with patient caregivers, and interviews with international colleagues based at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center in Seattle. The book is organized into six chapters and a moving final epilogue. Chapters 1 through 4 offer a chronological history of cancer care and research in Uganda, starting with early colonial cancer research and the founding of the UCI in 1967. In these chapters readers see how physicians and researchers responded creatively during times of crisis. Mika describes how the UCI often operated under conditions of \"normal <strong>[End Page 525]</strong> emergency\" and had to continue care during times when \"drugs were missing, gloves were rarely in stock, and blood was only to be found in the veins of relatives willing to donate\" (pp. 101–2). Chapters 5 and 6 explore international partnerships and new investments by institutions such as the Fred Hutchinson Center.</p> <p>Mika's work responds to and builds on Julie Livingston's groundbreaking 2012 book, <em>Improvising Medicine: An African Oncology Ward in an Emerging Cancer Epidemic. Africanizing Oncology</em> contributes much-needed geographical context from the east","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138744025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2023.a915277
Simon N. Whitney
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Ethics by Committee: A History of Reasoning Together about Medicine, Science, Society, and the State</em> by Noortje Jacobs <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Simon N. Whitney </li> </ul> Noortje Jacobs. <em>Ethics by Committee: A History of Reasoning Together about Medicine, Science, Society, and the State</em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2022. xiv + 290 pp. Ill. $35.00 ( 978-0-226-81932-7). <p>In the decades after World War II, advances in medical science presented developed countries with one conundrum after another. In <em>Ethics by Committee</em>, Noortje Jacobs provides a careful, thoughtful review of the evolution of Dutch medical ethics from its wobbly beginnings to the carefully structured system that was in place by the end of the century. Her book is a treat, not just for historians of the topic but for anyone who is interested in how societies grapple with evolving issues that will never admit of a final answer.</p> <p>In the postwar period, Dutch doctors, like doctors everywhere, were still accustomed to their medical judgments being considered beyond question. Early ethicists attacked this paternalism. At the same time, Dutch patients became increasingly mondig, which Jacobs defines as "mouthy, assertive, mature" (p. 83). The mondig patient wanted—with good reason—to play a part in their own medical decisions. The decisions themselves became more complex with new interventions, especially at the beginning of life, with artificial insemination and other reproductive technologies, and at the end, with families and patients alike questioning the value of life prolonged on a machine. Dutch cultural and political traditions strongly colored these debates over ethics in clinical medicine, and Jacobs reviews them with admirable clarity.</p> <p>The Dutch development of research oversight, in contrast, owed more to international trends. While specific Dutch personalities and traditions played a significant part, the American example was at least as important. It served as both a horror story, particularly in the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, and a model, with the development in the United States of institutional review boards, which are generally known in the rest of the world as research ethics committees. Research funding also gave the U.S. model an outsized importance, for American largesse was restricted to institutions that had set up their own review committees along the American model (p. 151). The international flowering of oversight led, in time, to an equally universal degradation of review from an attempt to ensure ethical research into a bureaucracy with boxes to check and forms to complete. Dutch ethical ideals were not immune, and they, too, fell victim to this apparently inexorable decay. Jacobs notes that in 2001 Heleen Dupuis, famous doyenne of <strong>[End Page 522]</strong> the Dutch health ethics movement, cried out that Dutch ethics committees had turn
审查人： 伦理委员会：Noortje Jacobs Simon N. Whitney Noortje Jacobs 著，《共同推理医学、科学、社会和国家的历史》（A History of Reasoning Together about Medicine, Science, Society, and the State）。委员会的伦理：共同推理医学、科学、社会和国家的历史》。芝加哥：芝加哥大学出版社，2022 年。xiv + 290 pp.插图，35.00 美元（978-0-226-81932-7）。二战后的几十年间，医学科学的进步给发达国家带来了一个又一个难题。在《委员会的伦理学》一书中，诺尔蒂-雅各布斯（Noortje Jacobs）对荷兰医学伦理学从摇摆不定的开端到本世纪末结构严谨的体系的演变过程进行了细致周到的回顾。她的这本书不仅对这一主题的历史学家，而且对任何对社会如何应对不断演变的问题感兴趣的人都是一种享受，因为这些问题永远不会有最终的答案。战后时期，荷兰医生和世界各地的医生一样，仍然习惯于将自己的医学判断视为不容置疑的。早期的伦理学家抨击了这种家长式作风。与此同时，荷兰病人变得越来越 "mondig"，雅各布斯将其定义为 "多嘴、自信、成熟"（第 83 页）。mondig 病人有充分的理由希望参与自己的医疗决策。随着新的干预措施的出现，决定本身变得更加复杂，尤其是在生命的开始阶段，人工授精和其他生殖技术的出现，以及在生命的终结阶段，家属和病人都在质疑用机器延长生命的价值。荷兰的文化和政治传统给这些关于临床医学伦理的争论带来了强烈的影响，雅各布斯以令人钦佩的清晰度回顾了这些争论。相比之下，荷兰在研究监督方面的发展更多地受到国际趋势的影响。虽然荷兰的特殊个性和传统发挥了重要作用，但美国的例子至少同样重要。它既是一个恐怖故事（尤其是塔斯基吉梅毒实验），也是一个典范，美国成立了机构审查委员会，即世界上其他国家通常所说的研究伦理委员会。研究经费也让美国模式占据了重要地位，因为美国的大笔资金仅限于那些按照美国模式建立了自己的审查委员会的机构（第 151 页）。随着国际监督的蓬勃发展，审查工作也随之普遍退化，从试图确保研究符合伦理道德的工作变成了需要检查方框和填写表格的官僚机构。荷兰的伦理理想也未能幸免，它们也成为了这种明显不可阻挡的堕落的牺牲品。雅各布斯指出，2001 年，荷兰卫生伦理运动的著名女领袖海琳-杜普伊斯（Heleen Dupuis）大声疾呼，荷兰伦理委员会已经变成了 "官僚主义的紧身衣"，道德上的悲怆被 "管理上的傲慢和对组织的狂热所取代"（第 172 页）。在回应对当代伦理审查 "所谓的过度官僚化要求 "的抱怨时（第 5 页），雅各布斯引用了伦理学家通常的反驳。在他们看来，纳粹集中营和美国梅毒实验的恐怖表明，我们必须有这种审查制度（第 5-6 页）。这些恐怖故事以及其他故事充分证明，某种审查制度是必要的，但不一定是这种制度。如今进行的道德审查所存在的根本问题，是任何为应对丑闻而建立的监管体系所共有的。这些监管者自然会竭尽全力避免丑闻再次发生，而他们的热心工作不可避免地会给被监管者--这里指的是医学科学家--带来超出预期的负担。这个问题的解决方案超出了本评论的范围，而且无论如何，这都是一个公共政策问题，而不是历史问题，或者伦理问题。无论如何，当历史学家研究如此复杂的课题时，偶尔出现这样的失误在所难免。期望任何历史学家对所讨论的特定主题具有深厚的专业知识是不公平的。我们希望的是，通过采用新的法律、新的组织、新的信仰和理解，清楚地描述在社会努力应对不断变化的挑战的过程中，人们和机构所扮演的角色。雅各布斯在这方面取得了辉煌的成功，我们也因此受益匪浅。
{"title":"Ethics by Committee: A History of Reasoning Together about Medicine, Science, Society, and the State by Noortje Jacobs (review)","authors":"Simon N. Whitney","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2023.a915277","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2023.a915277","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Ethics by Committee: A History of Reasoning Together about Medicine, Science, Society, and the State</em> by Noortje Jacobs <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Simon N. Whitney </li> </ul> Noortje Jacobs. <em>Ethics by Committee: A History of Reasoning Together about Medicine, Science, Society, and the State</em>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2022. xiv + 290 pp. Ill. $35.00 ( 978-0-226-81932-7). <p>In the decades after World War II, advances in medical science presented developed countries with one conundrum after another. In <em>Ethics by Committee</em>, Noortje Jacobs provides a careful, thoughtful review of the evolution of Dutch medical ethics from its wobbly beginnings to the carefully structured system that was in place by the end of the century. Her book is a treat, not just for historians of the topic but for anyone who is interested in how societies grapple with evolving issues that will never admit of a final answer.</p> <p>In the postwar period, Dutch doctors, like doctors everywhere, were still accustomed to their medical judgments being considered beyond question. Early ethicists attacked this paternalism. At the same time, Dutch patients became increasingly mondig, which Jacobs defines as \"mouthy, assertive, mature\" (p. 83). The mondig patient wanted—with good reason—to play a part in their own medical decisions. The decisions themselves became more complex with new interventions, especially at the beginning of life, with artificial insemination and other reproductive technologies, and at the end, with families and patients alike questioning the value of life prolonged on a machine. Dutch cultural and political traditions strongly colored these debates over ethics in clinical medicine, and Jacobs reviews them with admirable clarity.</p> <p>The Dutch development of research oversight, in contrast, owed more to international trends. While specific Dutch personalities and traditions played a significant part, the American example was at least as important. It served as both a horror story, particularly in the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, and a model, with the development in the United States of institutional review boards, which are generally known in the rest of the world as research ethics committees. Research funding also gave the U.S. model an outsized importance, for American largesse was restricted to institutions that had set up their own review committees along the American model (p. 151). The international flowering of oversight led, in time, to an equally universal degradation of review from an attempt to ensure ethical research into a bureaucracy with boxes to check and forms to complete. Dutch ethical ideals were not immune, and they, too, fell victim to this apparently inexorable decay. Jacobs notes that in 2001 Heleen Dupuis, famous doyenne of <strong>[End Page 522]</strong> the Dutch health ethics movement, cried out that Dutch ethics committees had turn","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"37 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138821637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-19DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2023.a915271
Anthony Pratcher II
summary:
This article contrasts women's auxiliaries as volunteers and fundraisers at a voluntary sanatorium and a community hospital in metropolitan Phoenix. Their experience highlights the rising importance of private investors in nonprofit health care. Nonprofit community hospitals depended on volunteer labor from women's auxiliaries to keep their doors open in the mid-twentieth-century United States. However, their position became subordinate to financial demands from bondholders—these (and other) financial influences eroded the social capital created by charitable labor. At Maryvale Hospital, one of the "eight-percenter" mortgage bond hospitals built across the Sun Belt during the early sixties, bondholders assumed much of the fundraising and advocacy activities reserved for women's auxiliaries. Once bondholders assumed the duties of women's auxiliaries, their profitability became the determinant for success in nonprofit health care. Their rise reflects a shift from the social capital associated with charitable volunteers to the bond markets necessary for modern metropolitan development.
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