Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2024.a937507
Jongsik Christian Yi
summary:
This article explores how Mao-era China responded to major epizootic and zoonotic diseases. It foregrounds a series of patterns in fighting contagious animal diseases—lockdowns, quarantines, disinfection, mass animal vaccination, mass education, and prioritizing the treatment of infected animals over mass culling—which were together called the Comprehensive Prevention and Treatment (CPT). Shedding light on this understudied topic in the fields of the history of medicine and of the People’s Republic of China (PRC), the author argues that it was not the central or provincial governments but rather local communes that led the effort to protect livestock from animal infectious diseases. This article critically demonstrates how the story of the CPT highlights the resilience of communal actors as well as the possibilities and limitations of the Maoist ideal of self-reliance.
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Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2024.a937502
Sharon E. Kingsland, Jeremy A. Greene
<p> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> A Tribute to Caroline Catherine Hannaway (1943–2024) <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Sharon E. Kingsland and Jeremy A. Greene </li> </ul> <p>Caroline Catherine Hannaway (née Moorhouse), a historian of medicine with close ties to the Johns Hopkins Departments of History of Medicine and History of Science and Technology for many years, passed away on March 14, 2024. Caroline was born in Melbourne, Australia, on August 22, 1943. Her father, Charles Edmund Moorhouse (1911–2002), was a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Melbourne. Her mother, Catherine Albright Moorhouse (née Manderson; 1914–1989), was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, later becoming an Australian citizen. Caroline grew up in Melbourne along with her sister, Jane, and her brother, Weston.</p> <p>Caroline’s undergraduate studies in the 1960s were in the history and philosophy of science at the University of Melbourne. Students were expected to study the history of all sciences, including astronomy, physics, mathematics, chemistry, and biology. Caroline did not intend originally to be a historian of medicine, but there was one seminar in the history of nineteenth-century British medicine, taught by Diana Dyason, that piqued her interest because the course focused on reading primary texts.<sup>1</sup> She decided to leave Australia for graduate study in Baltimore at the Institute of the History of Medicine at the Johns Hopkins University, which had offered her tuition and a fellowship. She ended up staying in Baltimore after graduation, not her original intent, because she met Owen Hannaway, historian of chemistry in the History of Science Department. Owen was a brilliant and creative scholar, teacher, and raconteur. They fell in love, married in 1969, and were a devoted couple until Owen’s death in 2006. Since Owen was from Glasgow, they enjoyed not only visits to Scotland over the years, but also the Scottish and Celtic festivals in Maryland.</p> <p>Both Owen and William Coleman, who was historian of biology and medicine in the Department of History of Science, encouraged Caroline’s interests in French medicine, which became the subject of her doctoral <strong>[End Page v]</strong> dissertation. Coleman had pointed out the obvious advantages to working on French history, namely that one could spend weeks in Paris enjoying the food and historical surroundings as well as having adventures in the archives. She and Owen took this advice to heart, spending many summers in France working on various projects. But digging in the archives for her dissertation research presented many challenges and required perseverance. The records she needed were in the Academy of Medicine in Paris, but prospective users had first to persuade the porter to open the street door to allow entry, then thread their way along corridors and stairways mostly in the dark: “The keeper of the archives saw herself as the guardian of treasures to be protected rather than
{"title":"A Tribute to Caroline Catherine Hannaway (1943–2024)","authors":"Sharon E. Kingsland, Jeremy A. Greene","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937502","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937502","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> A Tribute to Caroline Catherine Hannaway (1943–2024) <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Sharon E. Kingsland and Jeremy A. Greene </li> </ul> <p>Caroline Catherine Hannaway (née Moorhouse), a historian of medicine with close ties to the Johns Hopkins Departments of History of Medicine and History of Science and Technology for many years, passed away on March 14, 2024. Caroline was born in Melbourne, Australia, on August 22, 1943. Her father, Charles Edmund Moorhouse (1911–2002), was a professor of electrical engineering at the University of Melbourne. Her mother, Catherine Albright Moorhouse (née Manderson; 1914–1989), was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina, later becoming an Australian citizen. Caroline grew up in Melbourne along with her sister, Jane, and her brother, Weston.</p> <p>Caroline’s undergraduate studies in the 1960s were in the history and philosophy of science at the University of Melbourne. Students were expected to study the history of all sciences, including astronomy, physics, mathematics, chemistry, and biology. Caroline did not intend originally to be a historian of medicine, but there was one seminar in the history of nineteenth-century British medicine, taught by Diana Dyason, that piqued her interest because the course focused on reading primary texts.<sup>1</sup> She decided to leave Australia for graduate study in Baltimore at the Institute of the History of Medicine at the Johns Hopkins University, which had offered her tuition and a fellowship. She ended up staying in Baltimore after graduation, not her original intent, because she met Owen Hannaway, historian of chemistry in the History of Science Department. Owen was a brilliant and creative scholar, teacher, and raconteur. They fell in love, married in 1969, and were a devoted couple until Owen’s death in 2006. Since Owen was from Glasgow, they enjoyed not only visits to Scotland over the years, but also the Scottish and Celtic festivals in Maryland.</p> <p>Both Owen and William Coleman, who was historian of biology and medicine in the Department of History of Science, encouraged Caroline’s interests in French medicine, which became the subject of her doctoral <strong>[End Page v]</strong> dissertation. Coleman had pointed out the obvious advantages to working on French history, namely that one could spend weeks in Paris enjoying the food and historical surroundings as well as having adventures in the archives. She and Owen took this advice to heart, spending many summers in France working on various projects. But digging in the archives for her dissertation research presented many challenges and required perseverance. The records she needed were in the Academy of Medicine in Paris, but prospective users had first to persuade the porter to open the street door to allow entry, then thread their way along corridors and stairways mostly in the dark: “The keeper of the archives saw herself as the guardian of treasures to be protected rather than","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2024.a937508
Lianne McTavish
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>The Art of Childbirth: A Bilingual Edition</em> by Marie Baudoin <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Lianne McTavish </li> </ul> Marie Baudoin. <em>The Art of Childbirth: A Bilingual Edition</em>. Ed. and trans. Cathy McClive. The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe: The Toronto Series, 98. New York: Iter Press, 2022. x + 244 pp. Ill $54.95 (978-1-64959-078-7). <p>Cathy McClive has produced the first thorough analysis of a previously unpublished manuscript written in 1671 by French midwife Marie Baudoin. McClive’s book begins with a masterful introduction to the life and work of Baudoin, who was the chief mistress-midwife and governor of the Hôtel-Dieu in Clermont-Ferrand, located about 420 kilometres south of Paris. This lengthy introduction (132 pp.) is followed by an annotated translation of the seventeenth-century French text (44 pp.), and then a transcription of it (34 pp.). The translation into English of a largely unknown midwifery text is important, and it sheds new light on the early modern period.</p> <p>McClive’s introduction is arguably the highlight of the publication. Meticulously researched, it draws on her expertise in the history of childbirth to place Baudoin’s writing within the context of early modern midwifery practice and theories of childbirth. The introduction goes, however, far beyond the medical domain to consider the diverse circumstances that shaped Baudoin’s midwifery text. McClive draws on archival sources to examine Baudoin’s personal relationships, notably her marriage and position within an influential Jansenist network, as well as the midwife’s savvy use of microcredit to pursue her goals after separating from her husband, and her role in managing disputes with the <em>soeurs grises</em> at the hospital in Clermont-Ferrand. McClive further considers the materiality of the midwifery manuscript, the opportunities and limitations of surviving historical records, and the gendered dynamics that inform all of the topics she addresses. This nuanced approach reveals the complex life of one early modern French woman, while undermining simplistic understandings of early modern midwifery, including the idea that male practitioners used instruments, while women did not.</p> <p>The original manuscript by Baudoin is unique in several respects. It was written in the form of a forty-page letter, addressed to the Parisian physician Noël Vallant, perhaps at his request. Though Vallant had planned to publish Baudoin’s discussion of her midwifery theory and hands-on practice, he never did so. Sections of Baudoin’s text were published in 1899, when physician Paul-Émile Le Maguet extracted parts of the letter from Vallant’s <em>portefeuille</em>, now at the Bibliothèque Nationale, and commented on them in his medical thesis, but, as McClive shows, he excluded the most innovative and historically interesting aspects of the manuscript.<sup>1</sup> McClive suggests that Le Maguet d
{"title":"The Art of Childbirth: A Bilingual Edition by Marie Baudoin (review)","authors":"Lianne McTavish","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937508","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937508","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>The Art of Childbirth: A Bilingual Edition</em> by Marie Baudoin <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Lianne McTavish </li> </ul> Marie Baudoin. <em>The Art of Childbirth: A Bilingual Edition</em>. Ed. and trans. Cathy McClive. The Other Voice in Early Modern Europe: The Toronto Series, 98. New York: Iter Press, 2022. x + 244 pp. Ill $54.95 (978-1-64959-078-7). <p>Cathy McClive has produced the first thorough analysis of a previously unpublished manuscript written in 1671 by French midwife Marie Baudoin. McClive’s book begins with a masterful introduction to the life and work of Baudoin, who was the chief mistress-midwife and governor of the Hôtel-Dieu in Clermont-Ferrand, located about 420 kilometres south of Paris. This lengthy introduction (132 pp.) is followed by an annotated translation of the seventeenth-century French text (44 pp.), and then a transcription of it (34 pp.). The translation into English of a largely unknown midwifery text is important, and it sheds new light on the early modern period.</p> <p>McClive’s introduction is arguably the highlight of the publication. Meticulously researched, it draws on her expertise in the history of childbirth to place Baudoin’s writing within the context of early modern midwifery practice and theories of childbirth. The introduction goes, however, far beyond the medical domain to consider the diverse circumstances that shaped Baudoin’s midwifery text. McClive draws on archival sources to examine Baudoin’s personal relationships, notably her marriage and position within an influential Jansenist network, as well as the midwife’s savvy use of microcredit to pursue her goals after separating from her husband, and her role in managing disputes with the <em>soeurs grises</em> at the hospital in Clermont-Ferrand. McClive further considers the materiality of the midwifery manuscript, the opportunities and limitations of surviving historical records, and the gendered dynamics that inform all of the topics she addresses. This nuanced approach reveals the complex life of one early modern French woman, while undermining simplistic understandings of early modern midwifery, including the idea that male practitioners used instruments, while women did not.</p> <p>The original manuscript by Baudoin is unique in several respects. It was written in the form of a forty-page letter, addressed to the Parisian physician Noël Vallant, perhaps at his request. Though Vallant had planned to publish Baudoin’s discussion of her midwifery theory and hands-on practice, he never did so. Sections of Baudoin’s text were published in 1899, when physician Paul-Émile Le Maguet extracted parts of the letter from Vallant’s <em>portefeuille</em>, now at the Bibliothèque Nationale, and commented on them in his medical thesis, but, as McClive shows, he excluded the most innovative and historically interesting aspects of the manuscript.<sup>1</sup> McClive suggests that Le Maguet d","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259734","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2024.a937505
Kylie M. Smith
summary:
From 1947 until 1963, a small group of psychiatrists from the Tuskegee Veterans Administration Hospital ran a Mental Hygiene Clinic designed to provide outpatient care and education to the Black residents of Macon County, Alabama. In an analysis of the clinic and the work of its Director, Dr. Prince Barker, we see the ways that Black psychiatrists tried to develop an antiracist approach to psychiatry and to develop their own autonomy in segregated Alabama. But there were limitations to this work. Tensions between the state funding body, local politics, and the internal racism of psychiatry itself all made it difficult for Tuskegee psychiatrists to provide alternatives to care beyond the veil of the color line.
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Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2024.a937509
Matthew M. Heaton
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>The Doctor Who Would Be King</em> by Guillaume Lachenal <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Matthew M. Heaton </li> </ul> Guillaume Lachenal. <em>The Doctor Who Would Be King</em>. Trans. Cheryl Smeall. Theory in Forms. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2022. x + 301 pp. Ill. $28.95 (978-1-4780-1786-8). <p>In this rather idiosyncratic volume, Lachenal recounts the life and times of Dr. John Joseph David, a French colonial army doctor who twice found himself in the position of acting as a high-level colonial administrator of French-controlled territories, first on Wallis Island in the South Pacific (1933–38) and later in the Haut-Nyong province of Cameroon (1939–44). In both instances, Dr. David took on responsibilities above and beyond the traditional role of a colonial doctor and in the process established regimes effectively governed by principles of public health, fundamentally linking prospects for economic development and effective administration to the health and well-being of indigenous populations. In both places, David also developed something of a cult of personality, remembered mostly as strong, capable, and variously kind and severe, depending on the circumstances. David’s bearing was so regal that he became known colloquially as “Emperor” in Haut-Nyongo, and as “King” in Wallis, despite never holding either title within French or indigenous political structures.</p> <p>Telling the story of Dr. David, however, is more easily conceptualized than executed. The Haut-Nyong efforts in medical administration seemed novel on first blush, but ultimately “[led] to a somewhat disappointing conclusion: ‘the Haut-Nyong experiment was not very original, neither in substance nor in form’” (p. 74). Though based on principles of prioritizing public health, David’s developmentalist administration ultimately looked very much like other colonial projects of the time, despite being run by doctors. Hoping that David’s earlier odyssey in Wallis might provide insights to reinvigorate the search for historical significance, Lachenal delves into what for him are new and uncharted waters. In Wallis he uncovers another episode of quintessential colonial bravado, in which David insinuated himself into the local political system and instituted significant economic reforms to incorporate Wallis into the imperial economy. But the story here fizzled out, too, with David leaving unceremoniously in the wake of a catastrophic epidemic of typhoid fever, without much to show for his time as “king.” <strong>[End Page 328]</strong> Ultimately, Lachenal laments, “Wallis would be a case study that would have no instance of any generality, except . . . that of ‘micro-insularity’ itself” (p. 137).</p> <p>Lachenal does his due diligence, but the documentary record of David’s tenure is spotty at best. Oral interviews with friends and associates of Dr. David’s in Cameroon and Wallis produce a range of impressions and ar
评论者： 马修-M-希顿（Matthew M. Heaton）著，纪尧姆-拉谢纳尔（Guillaume Lachenal）译，《会成为国王的博士》（The Doctor Who Would Be King）。会成为国王的博士》。Trans.谢丽尔-斯米尔。形式的理论》。北卡罗来纳州达勒姆：杜克大学出版社，2022 年。x + 301 pp.插图，28.95 美元 (978-1-4780-1786-8)。约翰-约瑟夫-戴维博士是法国殖民地时期的军医，他曾两次担任法国控制领土的高级殖民行政长官，第一次是在南太平洋的瓦利斯岛（1933-1938 年），后来是在喀麦隆的上尼永省（1939-194 年）。在这两个地方，戴维医生都承担了超越殖民地医生传统角色的责任，并在此过程中建立了有效遵循公共卫生原则的制度，从根本上将经济发展前景和有效管理与土著居民的健康和福祉联系起来。在这两个地方，戴维还形成了某种个人崇拜，在人们的记忆中，他大多是强壮、能干的，而且根据具体情况，有不同的仁慈和严厉。戴维的举止非常威严，以至于他在上尼永戈被称为 "皇帝"，在瓦利斯被称为 "国王"，尽管他在法国或土著政治结构中从未拥有过这两个头衔。然而，讲述戴维博士的故事更容易概念化，而不是执行。上尼永省在医疗管理方面的努力乍一看似乎很新颖，但最终"[导致]得出了一个有点令人失望的结论：'上尼永省的实验无论是在实质上还是在形式上都不是很新颖'"（第 74 页）。尽管戴维的发展主义管理以公共卫生优先原则为基础，但最终看起来与当时其他殖民项目非常相似，尽管是由医生管理的。Lachenal 希望戴维早先在瓦利斯的探险经历能为重新探寻历史意义提供启示，于是他进入了对他来说未知的新领域。在瓦利斯，他发现了另一个典型的殖民主义虚张声势的插曲，在这个插曲中，戴维融入了当地的政治体系，并实施了重大的经济改革，将瓦利斯纳入帝国经济。但故事在这里也戛然而止，大卫在一场灾难性的伤寒疫情后黯然离去，没有为他的 "国王 "生涯留下什么。[最后，拉切纳尔感叹道："除了......'微观个体性'本身之外，沃利斯将是一个没有任何普遍性实例的案例研究"（第 137 页）。Lachenal 做出了应有的努力，但有关 David 任期的文献记录充其量也是零星的。对戴维博士在喀麦隆和瓦利斯的朋友和同事进行的口述访谈产生了一系列印象和人工制品、回忆和感叹，这些都是过去的 "痕迹"，它们在现在仍挥之不去，但并没有形成清晰的叙事或令人信服的历史论证。事实上，戴维雄心勃勃的努力的失败本身就说明了这一点：拉切纳尔写道："如果你所从事的工作微不足道，你就有可能从地图上消失"（第 137 页）。当时间已经耗尽，研究已经穷尽，但故事却没有什么启示性，而书还必须写的时候，历史学家该怎么办？拉切纳尔的答案是专注于旅程，而不是目的地。虽然本书为大卫的冒险提供了标准的历史叙事和背景，但它同样甚至更多地将重点放在了拉切纳尔的个人探索过程上。读者在各种档案中陪伴拉切纳尔发现新的信息并与之交流。我们与他并肩采访线人、寻找旧砍刀，并在当地电视新闻中做客。他认为，"这样的调查就像寻宝"（第 135 页）。他经常提到约瑟夫-康拉德的《黑暗之心》，这清楚地表明 Lachenal 将自己塑造成大卫博士的陪衬，将自己定位为寻找大卫的库尔兹的马洛。他迷上了短暂的记忆，迷上了戴维在当下留下的 "痕迹"，并认为这才是一切的意义所在。"我对各种形式的物质、已被证实的、有形的、来自过去的存在很感兴趣，但它们的存在......
{"title":"The Doctor Who Would Be King by Guillaume Lachenal (review)","authors":"Matthew M. Heaton","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937509","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937509","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>The Doctor Who Would Be King</em> by Guillaume Lachenal <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Matthew M. Heaton </li> </ul> Guillaume Lachenal. <em>The Doctor Who Would Be King</em>. Trans. Cheryl Smeall. Theory in Forms. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2022. x + 301 pp. Ill. $28.95 (978-1-4780-1786-8). <p>In this rather idiosyncratic volume, Lachenal recounts the life and times of Dr. John Joseph David, a French colonial army doctor who twice found himself in the position of acting as a high-level colonial administrator of French-controlled territories, first on Wallis Island in the South Pacific (1933–38) and later in the Haut-Nyong province of Cameroon (1939–44). In both instances, Dr. David took on responsibilities above and beyond the traditional role of a colonial doctor and in the process established regimes effectively governed by principles of public health, fundamentally linking prospects for economic development and effective administration to the health and well-being of indigenous populations. In both places, David also developed something of a cult of personality, remembered mostly as strong, capable, and variously kind and severe, depending on the circumstances. David’s bearing was so regal that he became known colloquially as “Emperor” in Haut-Nyongo, and as “King” in Wallis, despite never holding either title within French or indigenous political structures.</p> <p>Telling the story of Dr. David, however, is more easily conceptualized than executed. The Haut-Nyong efforts in medical administration seemed novel on first blush, but ultimately “[led] to a somewhat disappointing conclusion: ‘the Haut-Nyong experiment was not very original, neither in substance nor in form’” (p. 74). Though based on principles of prioritizing public health, David’s developmentalist administration ultimately looked very much like other colonial projects of the time, despite being run by doctors. Hoping that David’s earlier odyssey in Wallis might provide insights to reinvigorate the search for historical significance, Lachenal delves into what for him are new and uncharted waters. In Wallis he uncovers another episode of quintessential colonial bravado, in which David insinuated himself into the local political system and instituted significant economic reforms to incorporate Wallis into the imperial economy. But the story here fizzled out, too, with David leaving unceremoniously in the wake of a catastrophic epidemic of typhoid fever, without much to show for his time as “king.” <strong>[End Page 328]</strong> Ultimately, Lachenal laments, “Wallis would be a case study that would have no instance of any generality, except . . . that of ‘micro-insularity’ itself” (p. 137).</p> <p>Lachenal does his due diligence, but the documentary record of David’s tenure is spotty at best. Oral interviews with friends and associates of Dr. David’s in Cameroon and Wallis produce a range of impressions and ar","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2024.a937512
Theodore L. Michaels, Seth M. Holmes
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Landscapes of Care: Immigration and Health in Rural America</em> by Thurka Sangaramoorthy <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Theodore L. Michaels and Seth M. Holmes </li> </ul> Thurka Sangaramoorthy. <em>Landscapes of Care: Immigration and Health in Rural America</em>. Studies in Social Medicine. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023. xxii + 174 pp. $22.95 (978-1-4696-7417-9). <p>In <em>Landscapes of Care</em>, Thurka Sangaramoorthy invites readers to Maryland’s Eastern Shore, a profoundly rural area that has seen a significant rise in immigration over the past decades for its low-wage employment opportunities in seafood, livestock, and agriculture. Through compelling vignettes, the book guides readers through the Eastern Shore’s “landscape,” as its history and current state shape its residents’ health: from macro features of racial capitalism and health care corporatization to local geographies of care, to ethnic hierarchies at workplaces (p. xiv). As a dual-trained medical anthropologist and public health practitioner, Sangaramoorthy aptly integrates concerns for pressing material disparities with diverse theorizations of precarity, infrastructure, and temporality.</p> <p>This book foregrounds the “inextricability of immigration and rural health” through three primary claims (p. 16). First, Sangaramoorthy contests “myth-making” about the rural as “pristine” and white to frame it instead as an area of remarkable poverty and flux of migrant workers (p. 15). Second, she situates racial capitalism as the fundamental organizing principle of immigrant health; immigration status, which has frequently occupied this position for popular media and many academics, is then shown to be a sequela of corporate interests.<sup>1</sup> Third, neo-liberal policies and extractive capitalism have withered rural health infrastructure to leave only an “archipelago” of “Band-Aid” care for those most in need (p. 113).</p> <p>Sangaramoorthy revises common portrayals of the rural United States as “overwhelmingly white and racially homogenous, geographically isolated, and stuck in time” (p. 25). Throughout rural areas, the historical decline of manufacturing and concomitant white flight engendered an influx of low-paying employers that attracted migrant workers. The Eastern Shore exemplifies the variegated nature of these patterns. The activity of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), the primary governmental body incarcerating and deporting people without documentation, varies across geographic locales, thus corralling migrants to areas that experience less surveillance (p. 85). This tendency effectively reproduces segregation with a capitalist complexion: geographic overlap between low-wage industry and little surveillance indicates a functional collusion between the state and corporations. Compounding the complexity of these geographies, many migrants seasonally shuttle between Marylan
{"title":"Landscapes of Care: Immigration and Health in Rural America by Thurka Sangaramoorthy (review)","authors":"Theodore L. Michaels, Seth M. Holmes","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937512","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937512","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Landscapes of Care: Immigration and Health in Rural America</em> by Thurka Sangaramoorthy <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Theodore L. Michaels and Seth M. Holmes </li> </ul> Thurka Sangaramoorthy. <em>Landscapes of Care: Immigration and Health in Rural America</em>. Studies in Social Medicine. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023. xxii + 174 pp. $22.95 (978-1-4696-7417-9). <p>In <em>Landscapes of Care</em>, Thurka Sangaramoorthy invites readers to Maryland’s Eastern Shore, a profoundly rural area that has seen a significant rise in immigration over the past decades for its low-wage employment opportunities in seafood, livestock, and agriculture. Through compelling vignettes, the book guides readers through the Eastern Shore’s “landscape,” as its history and current state shape its residents’ health: from macro features of racial capitalism and health care corporatization to local geographies of care, to ethnic hierarchies at workplaces (p. xiv). As a dual-trained medical anthropologist and public health practitioner, Sangaramoorthy aptly integrates concerns for pressing material disparities with diverse theorizations of precarity, infrastructure, and temporality.</p> <p>This book foregrounds the “inextricability of immigration and rural health” through three primary claims (p. 16). First, Sangaramoorthy contests “myth-making” about the rural as “pristine” and white to frame it instead as an area of remarkable poverty and flux of migrant workers (p. 15). Second, she situates racial capitalism as the fundamental organizing principle of immigrant health; immigration status, which has frequently occupied this position for popular media and many academics, is then shown to be a sequela of corporate interests.<sup>1</sup> Third, neo-liberal policies and extractive capitalism have withered rural health infrastructure to leave only an “archipelago” of “Band-Aid” care for those most in need (p. 113).</p> <p>Sangaramoorthy revises common portrayals of the rural United States as “overwhelmingly white and racially homogenous, geographically isolated, and stuck in time” (p. 25). Throughout rural areas, the historical decline of manufacturing and concomitant white flight engendered an influx of low-paying employers that attracted migrant workers. The Eastern Shore exemplifies the variegated nature of these patterns. The activity of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), the primary governmental body incarcerating and deporting people without documentation, varies across geographic locales, thus corralling migrants to areas that experience less surveillance (p. 85). This tendency effectively reproduces segregation with a capitalist complexion: geographic overlap between low-wage industry and little surveillance indicates a functional collusion between the state and corporations. Compounding the complexity of these geographies, many migrants seasonally shuttle between Marylan","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"84 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2024.a937506
Timothy Sim
summary:
In 1986, the World Health Organization heralded Singapore as a model for the control of dengue fever, a viral disease spread by the Aedes aegypti mosquito. Between 1965 and 1985, public health officials successfully employed educational campaigns and mandatory home inspections to convince citizens to guard against mosquito breeding at home. Although this story appears to recapitulate standard narratives of top-down progress in Singapore, this paper argues that the significant role of the public in public health has been overlooked. Citizens complained frequently, sometimes publicly, to public health authorities and often compelled direct responses from them. Through these complaints, citizens modified official anti-mosquito measures and expanded the reach of public health. Public health in Singapore thus appears not simply as the imposition of an autonomous state’s vision onto a docile or even resistant citizenry but as a coevolution of the state and the public.
{"title":"The Citizen as a Public Health Actor: Complaints as Public Engagement with Aedes Mosquito Control in Singapore, 1965–1985","authors":"Timothy Sim","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937506","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>In 1986, the World Health Organization heralded Singapore as a model for the control of dengue fever, a viral disease spread by the <i>Aedes aegypti</i> mosquito. Between 1965 and 1985, public health officials successfully employed educational campaigns and mandatory home inspections to convince citizens to guard against mosquito breeding at home. Although this story appears to recapitulate standard narratives of top-down progress in Singapore, this paper argues that the significant role of the public in public health has been overlooked. Citizens complained frequently, sometimes publicly, to public health authorities and often compelled direct responses from them. Through these complaints, citizens modified official anti-mosquito measures and expanded the reach of public health. Public health in Singapore thus appears not simply as the imposition of an autonomous state’s vision onto a docile or even resistant citizenry but as a coevolution of the state and the public.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"194 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259732","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2024.a937504
Margo A. Peyton
summary:
Arnold Rich (1893–1968) was an acclaimed pathologist and the first Jewish department chair at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. In his landmark text, The Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis, Rich continued to advance the concept of racial susceptibility to tuberculosis a decade after mainstream medicine recognized that environmental factors fueled the disease. While Rich fits into the historical narrative that embedded categories of race facilitated scientific racism, two characteristics unique to Rich help to explain why he persisted. First were the scientific origins of his theories. While racial theorists sought to prove racial difference through science, Rich used racial difference to prove his outlying theories of tuberculosis immunology. Second was his identity as a prewar Jewish person when America’s focus on a racial binary pressured Jewish Americans to assimilate into white culture. Rich’s life and research exemplify how examining scientific racism through an individual complicates and expands our understanding of how race is constructed in the United States.
{"title":"Segregated in Life and Death: Arnold R. Rich and the Racial Science of Tuberculosis","authors":"Margo A. Peyton","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937504","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937504","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>Arnold Rich (1893–1968) was an acclaimed pathologist and the first Jewish department chair at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. In his landmark text, <i>The Pathogenesis of Tuberculosis</i>, Rich continued to advance the concept of racial susceptibility to tuberculosis a decade after mainstream medicine recognized that environmental factors fueled the disease. While Rich fits into the historical narrative that embedded categories of race facilitated scientific racism, two characteristics unique to Rich help to explain why he persisted. First were the scientific origins of his theories. While racial theorists sought to prove racial difference through science, Rich used racial difference to prove his outlying theories of tuberculosis immunology. Second was his identity as a prewar Jewish person when America’s focus on a racial binary pressured Jewish Americans to assimilate into white culture. Rich’s life and research exemplify how examining scientific racism through an individual complicates and expands our understanding of how race is constructed in the United States.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2024.a937510
Ketil Slagstad
<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Wondrous Transformations: A Maverick Physician, the Science of Hormones, and the Birth of the Transgender Revolution</em> by Alison Li <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Ketil Slagstad </li> </ul> Alison Li. <em>Wondrous Transformations: A Maverick Physician, the Science of Hormones, and the Birth of the Transgender Revolution</em>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023. xvi + 250 pp. Ill. $30.00 (978-1-4696-7485-8). <p>In the introduction to her beautifully written biography of Harry Benjamin, Alison Li discusses the relevance of biographical approaches to history and the risk of contributing another hagiography of a grand white physician. The question is important, not least in fields such as trans medicine, where historians have noted the crucial role of trans people, children and adults, in shaping clinical and research practice.<sup>1</sup> Yet, Li argues, the biography has not outlived its role because it offers a format for tracing the complexities and contradictions of a single life: Lives are messy and do not unfold in a systematic way, Li reminds us, and it was only in the last phase of his clinical life, when Benjamin, often considered the “father” of trans medicine, turned to this practice.</p> <p><em>Wondrous Transformations</em> follows a chronological structure, tracing Benjamin’s life in twelve chapters, from his childhood in Berlin in the 1880s and 1890s to his medical studies in Tübingen and move across the Atlantic, where he practiced medicine in San Francisco and New York until he died in 1986. Benjamin originally came to the United States at the age of twenty-eight to become an assistant to Friedrich Franz Friedmann, who claimed to have developed a cure for tuberculosis based on a serum extracted from turtles in the Berlin Zoo. This quickly proved to be quackery. However, a trip back to Europe in 1921 was to shape the rest of Benjamin’s life. In Vienna he met the physiologist Eugen Steinach, who had developed a surgical technique for rejuvenation that involved cutting off the vas deferens. In Berlin, he met Magnus Hirschfeld, whose Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, opened two years earlier, became a laboratory for the combination of science and activism, and whose intricate theory of sexual variation as spectrally <strong>[End Page 330]</strong> distributed was directed against the pathologizing understandings of psychiatry. Benjamin became part of this network of physician-scientists who sought the explanation of human mysteries—disease, behavior, identity—in biology, particularly in glandular secretions. This was not just a theoretical insight; it was a program for clinical action: From organotherapy and extracts from the urine of horses or students, and later in the 1930s also from synthetic hormones, health could be optimized, diseases cured, and bodies modified. Back in the United States, Benjamin became a promoter of rejuvenation therapy.</p> <p>T
{"title":"Wondrous Transformations: A Maverick Physician, the Science of Hormones, and the Birth of the Transgender Revolution by Alison Li (review)","authors":"Ketil Slagstad","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937510","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937510","url":null,"abstract":"<p> <span>Reviewed by:</span> <ul> <li><!-- html_title --> <em>Wondrous Transformations: A Maverick Physician, the Science of Hormones, and the Birth of the Transgender Revolution</em> by Alison Li <!-- /html_title --></li> <li> Ketil Slagstad </li> </ul> Alison Li. <em>Wondrous Transformations: A Maverick Physician, the Science of Hormones, and the Birth of the Transgender Revolution</em>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2023. xvi + 250 pp. Ill. $30.00 (978-1-4696-7485-8). <p>In the introduction to her beautifully written biography of Harry Benjamin, Alison Li discusses the relevance of biographical approaches to history and the risk of contributing another hagiography of a grand white physician. The question is important, not least in fields such as trans medicine, where historians have noted the crucial role of trans people, children and adults, in shaping clinical and research practice.<sup>1</sup> Yet, Li argues, the biography has not outlived its role because it offers a format for tracing the complexities and contradictions of a single life: Lives are messy and do not unfold in a systematic way, Li reminds us, and it was only in the last phase of his clinical life, when Benjamin, often considered the “father” of trans medicine, turned to this practice.</p> <p><em>Wondrous Transformations</em> follows a chronological structure, tracing Benjamin’s life in twelve chapters, from his childhood in Berlin in the 1880s and 1890s to his medical studies in Tübingen and move across the Atlantic, where he practiced medicine in San Francisco and New York until he died in 1986. Benjamin originally came to the United States at the age of twenty-eight to become an assistant to Friedrich Franz Friedmann, who claimed to have developed a cure for tuberculosis based on a serum extracted from turtles in the Berlin Zoo. This quickly proved to be quackery. However, a trip back to Europe in 1921 was to shape the rest of Benjamin’s life. In Vienna he met the physiologist Eugen Steinach, who had developed a surgical technique for rejuvenation that involved cutting off the vas deferens. In Berlin, he met Magnus Hirschfeld, whose Institut für Sexualwissenschaft, opened two years earlier, became a laboratory for the combination of science and activism, and whose intricate theory of sexual variation as spectrally <strong>[End Page 330]</strong> distributed was directed against the pathologizing understandings of psychiatry. Benjamin became part of this network of physician-scientists who sought the explanation of human mysteries—disease, behavior, identity—in biology, particularly in glandular secretions. This was not just a theoretical insight; it was a program for clinical action: From organotherapy and extracts from the urine of horses or students, and later in the 1930s also from synthetic hormones, health could be optimized, diseases cured, and bodies modified. Back in the United States, Benjamin became a promoter of rejuvenation therapy.</p> <p>T","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"69 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-18DOI: 10.1353/bhm.2024.a937503
David Korostyshevsky
summary:
After discovering in 1811 that alcohol existed as a discrete chemical substance in all intoxicating drinks, physicians reconsidered the individual’s responsibility for becoming a compulsive drinker. Looking to science and medicine for legitimacy, temperance reformers ascribed a deleterious agency to alcohol and personified it as an agent of physiological destruction. Alcohol destroyed the body and transformed natural alimentary desires into a compulsive artificial appetite for alcohol. Reformers, prohibitionists, and physicians were troubled that alcohol possessed the ability to destroy the physical capacity for the power of choice. Ascribing agency to alcohol destabilized long-standing understandings of intemperance as a vice and imbued habitual drunkenness with medical meanings. However, most professionals remained anxious about absolving the habitual drunkard of all responsibility, especially for taking the first drink. An inchoate attempt to capture the medical and moral dilemmas of compulsion, habitual drunkenness represents a conceptual missing link in the genealogy of addiction.
{"title":"An Artificial Appetite: The Nineteenth-Century Struggle to Define Habitual Drunkenness","authors":"David Korostyshevsky","doi":"10.1353/bhm.2024.a937503","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bhm.2024.a937503","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>summary:</p><p>After discovering in 1811 that alcohol existed as a discrete chemical substance in all intoxicating drinks, physicians reconsidered the individual’s responsibility for becoming a compulsive drinker. Looking to science and medicine for legitimacy, temperance reformers ascribed a deleterious agency to alcohol and personified it as an agent of physiological destruction. Alcohol destroyed the body and transformed natural alimentary desires into a compulsive artificial appetite for alcohol. Reformers, prohibitionists, and physicians were troubled that alcohol possessed the ability to destroy the physical capacity for the power of choice. Ascribing agency to alcohol destabilized long-standing understandings of intemperance as a vice and imbued habitual drunkenness with medical meanings. However, most professionals remained anxious about absolving the habitual drunkard of all responsibility, especially for taking the first drink. An inchoate attempt to capture the medical and moral dilemmas of compulsion, habitual drunkenness represents a conceptual missing link in the genealogy of addiction.</p></p>","PeriodicalId":55304,"journal":{"name":"Bulletin of the History of Medicine","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142259691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"哲学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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