Brain and Language最新文献_第3页

The neural response to highly iconic signs in hearing learners and deaf signers 听力学习者和聋人手语者对高度标志性符号的神经反应

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105687

Emily M. Akers , Katherine J. Midgley , Phillip J. Holcomb , Karen Emmorey

Previous ERP studies have demonstrated that hearing learners of American Sign Language (ASL) show sensitivity to sign iconicity (a resemblance between form and meaning) prior to learning any signs. Highly iconic (transparent) signs elicited greater negativity in the N400 window than non-iconic signs when participants performed a task that did not require semantic processing (detect an occasional grooming gesture). Greater negativity was interpreted as evidence that participants implicitly recognized the meaning of the iconic signs. Here we investigated how this neural response changes after learning. For comparison, we included a group of fluent deaf signers who performed the same task. Results revealed that the N400 to iconic signs became less negative after learning, indicating that these signs had been integrated into an emerging lexicon. In contrast, the N400 to non-iconic signs became more negative after learning, indicating more effortful processing compared to the iconic signs. For deaf signers, iconic signs elicited a larger N400 than non-iconic signs, which we interpret as a task effect whereby the highly iconic signs were seen as similar to the grooming gestures because both are enactments of actions (e.g., drinking from a cup; rubbing the eyes). In order to accurately perform the gesture detection task, deaf signers may have engaged in greater semantic processing of the iconic than non-iconic signs, which led to a larger N400 response. Overall, we conclude that iconicity modulates the neural response to signs in different ways before and after learning and that for deaf signers, iconicity effects are task dependent.

先前的ERP研究表明，听力正常的美国手语学习者在学习任何符号之前，就表现出对符号象似性（形式和意义之间的相似性）的敏感性。当参与者执行一项不需要语义处理的任务（检测偶尔的梳理手势）时，在N400窗口中，高度标志性（透明）的符号比非标志性符号引发了更大的消极情绪。更大的消极性被解释为参与者隐含地认识到标志性符号的含义的证据。在这里，我们研究了学习后这种神经反应是如何变化的。为了进行比较，我们招募了一组流利的聋哑人来完成同样的任务。结果表明，学习后，N400对标志性符号的负面影响有所减少，表明这些符号已被整合到一个新兴的词汇中。相比之下，N400对非标志性符号的学习后变得更加消极，表明与标志性符号相比，N400对非标志性符号的加工更加努力。对于聋哑人来说，标志性手势比非标志性手势引起的N400更大，我们将其解释为一种任务效应，即高度标志性的手势被视为与修饰手势相似，因为两者都是动作的实施（例如，用杯子喝水；揉眼睛）。为了准确地执行手势检测任务，聋人手语可能比非符号手势进行更多的符号语义处理，这导致了更大的N400反应。总之，我们认为象似性在学习前后以不同的方式调节对手语的神经反应，并且对于聋人手语来说，象似性效应是任务依赖的。

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引用次数: 0

Predictability effects in the processing of negation: an ERP study 否定加工的可预测性效应：一项ERP研究

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-12-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105675

Sara Farshchi, Carita Paradis

To examine whether processing of negated meanings is facilitated in highly predictable contexts and proceeds incrementally rather than with a delay, we asked participants to read highly constraining sentences containing negated adjectives (e.g., awake/responding/commercial) that were either strongly expected in a high-cloze condition (awake), weakly expected in a low-cloze condition (responding), or contextually inappropriate in a semantic violation condition (commercial). In accordance with findings for affirmative sentences, a smaller N400 was elicited for the high-cloze condition than for the low-cloze one, and for the low-cloze condition than the violation condition. The smaller N400 for the high-cloze condition suggests facilitated processing for strongly expected continuations. Furthermore, in the post-N400 time-windows, two distinct post-N400 positivities (PNPs) were elicited for the two weakly expected and unexpected continuations compared to strongly expected continuations. Firstly, a larger anterior PNP was observed for weakly expecting, but plausible, continuations in the low-cloze condition, suggesting inhibitory processes suppressing initial predictions to allow for the integration of the new information. Secondly, a larger posterior PNP was observed for unexpected and implausible, continuations in the violation condition, indexing contextual integration difficulties. Together, these findings suggest that negation can be processed incrementally in highly constraining contexts where predictions can be made, engaging similar neural mechanisms as predictive processing in affirmative sentences in such contexts. In sum, our results are consistent with previous ERP research on prediction processing in both affirmative and negated contexts but inconsistent with previous research using behavioral methods.

为了检验在高度可预测的语境中否定意义的加工是否更容易，并且是渐进的而不是延迟的，我们要求参与者阅读包含否定形容词的高度限制性句子（例如，清醒/回应/商业），这些句子在高完形条件下（清醒）被强烈期望，在低完形条件下（回应）被弱期望，或者在语义违背条件下（商业）在语境上不合适。与肯定句的结果一致，高完形条件的N400比低完形条件的要小，低完形条件的N400比违规条件的要小。高完闭条件下较小的N400表明对强烈期望的继续的处理更容易。此外，在n400后的时间窗中，弱期望和非期望的两种延续与强期望的延续相比，产生了两个不同的n400后正性（PNPs）。首先，在低完形条件下，对于弱预期但可信的继续，观察到更大的前PNP，这表明抑制过程抑制了最初的预测，以允许新信息的整合。其次，对于意外和不可信的违规条件下的延续，索引上下文整合困难，观察到更大的后验PNP。总之，这些发现表明，否定可以在高度约束的环境中逐步处理，在这种环境中可以做出预测，涉及与肯定句预测处理相似的神经机制。综上所述，我们的研究结果与以往ERP在肯定和否定情境下的预测加工研究结果一致，但与以往使用行为方法的研究结果不一致。

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引用次数: 0

A behavioral and electrophysiological investigation of the effect of horizontal head viewing angle on audiovisual speech integration 水平头部视角对视听语音整合影响的行为学和电生理学研究

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-12-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105688

Jeroen J. Stekelenburg, Martijn Baart, Jean Vroomen

We investigated how horizontal viewing angle of a speaking face influences audiovisual (AV) speech integration at the behavioral and neural level. In Experiment 1, seventeen participants identified consonant–vowel syllables (/faː/, /feː/, /foː/, /paː/, /peː/, /poː/, /taː/, /teː/, /toː/) presented in audiovisual, visual-only, and auditory-only conditions across four head orientations (frontal, oblique, profile, side-back at 0°, 45°, 90°, and 100°, respectively), in quiet and white-noise (–14 dB SNR) masking conditions. Audiovisual gain by lip read information (AV minus A-only accuracy) declined with increasing head rotations for speech-in-noise, but only for /p/, while accuracy in the visual-only condition followed a similar trend. Experiment 2 measured electrophysiology (EEG) in twenty-eight participants for four syllables (/faː/, /foː/, /paː/, /poː/) in quiet examining N1/P2 event-related potential (ERP) components for audiovisual, auditory-only, and visual-only stimulus presentations. Peak-amplitude and cluster-based analyses revealed that the well-documented N1 suppression by visual speech information (AV – V < A) was maximal at oblique (45°) head rotations, and significantly reduced at profile and side-back angles, whereas P2 suppression remained constant across all angles. N1 and P2 latencies were consistently shorter for AV – V than A-only conditions for all angles. These results demonstrate a dissociation between temporal (N1 amplitude suppression) and phonetic (P2 amplitude suppression) integrative mechanisms: temporal prediction degraded with profile/side-back head orientations, whereas audiovisual phonetic integration was not affected by the viewing angle of the head. Our findings indicate that head rotation reduces, but does not eliminate, audiovisual speech integration.

我们从行为和神经层面研究了说话面部的水平视角对视听语音整合的影响。在实验1中，17名参与者识别了在安静和白噪声（-14 dB信噪比）掩蔽条件下，在四种头部朝向（正面、倾斜、侧面、侧背分别为0°、45°、90°和100°）的视听、纯视觉和纯听觉条件下出现的辅音-元音音节（/fa /、/fe /、/fo /、/pa /、/pe /、/po /、/ta /、/te /和/to /）。唇读信息的视听增益（AV减去a -only准确率）随着头部旋转的增加而下降，但仅限于/p/，而视觉条件下的准确率也有类似的趋势。实验2测量了28名被试在安静状态下对四个音节（/fa /, /fo /, /pa /, /po /）的电生理（EEG），检测了视听、听觉和视觉刺激呈现时N1/P2事件相关电位（ERP）成分。峰值振幅和基于聚类的分析显示，视觉语音信息（AV - V <； A）对N1的抑制在头部倾斜（45°）旋转时最大，在侧面和侧背角度时显著降低，而P2的抑制在所有角度都保持不变。在所有角度下，AV - V组的N1和P2潜伏期均比a - V组短。这些结果证明了时间（N1振幅抑制）和语音（P2振幅抑制）整合机制之间的分离：时间预测随着头部侧面/侧背方向的降低而降低，而视听语音整合不受头部视角的影响。我们的研究结果表明，头部旋转减少，但不消除，视听语音整合。

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引用次数: 0

Rapid integration of speaker accent during morphosyntactic processing 形态句法加工过程中说话人口音的快速整合

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105673

Rebecca Holt , Carmen Kung , Elaine Schmidt , Katherine Demuth

Listeners take multiple sources of information into account when processing spoken language. This includes the speaker’s accent, which affects the on-line processing of many aspects of language, including morphosyntax. This study investigated listeners’ neural responses to subject-verb agreement errors in native vs. Mandarin-accented English. The error types differed in typicality: Errors of omission, but not errors of commission, are frequently produced by Mandarin-accented English speakers. Different error types elicited different neural responses in native vs. foreign-accented speech. Errors of omission elicited a P600 in native speech and no response in foreign-accented speech, while errors of commission elicited an N400 in native speech and a sustained negativity, beginning before the overt violation, in foreign-accented speech. This illustrates the influence of speaker accent on morphosyntactic processing and suggests that, while listeners are sensitive to error typicality, factors such as the perceptual salience of the violation may also affect neural responses.

听者在处理口语时考虑到多种信息来源。这包括说话者的口音，它会影响语言的许多方面的在线加工，包括词法。本研究调查了听者在母语英语和普通话口音英语中对主动一致错误的神经反应。错误类型在典型性上有所不同：以普通话为口音的英语使用者经常犯省略错误，而不是委托错误。不同的错误类型在母语和外语口音中引起不同的神经反应。在本族语中，省略的错误引起了P600，在外国口音中没有反应，而在外国口音中，委托的错误引起了本族语中的N400，并在公开违反之前开始持续的否定。这说明了说话者重音对形态句法加工的影响，并表明，虽然听者对错误典型性很敏感，但违反的感知显著性等因素也可能影响神经反应。

引用次数: 0

The influence of language familiarity on voice discrimination: Divergent and shared neural mechanisms 语言熟悉度对声音辨别的影响：不同与共享的神经机制

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-12-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105676

Xueping Hu , Yiming Yang , Lijun Wang , Na Hu , Zhenzhen Xu , Yanqing Wang , Lili Ming , Antao Chen

Language familiarity significantly modulates speaker discrimination, with listeners demonstrating superior performance for familiar versus unfamiliar languages. To address the confound of speech content acoustics in prior research, this fMRI study investigated the cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying this effect using identical speech content across three languages of varying listener proficiency. Behaviorally, familiar language discrimination elicited faster responses and higher accuracy. Neurally, bilateral insula and anterior cingulate cortex activation during different-speaker trials intensified as language familiarity decreased. The left rostrolateral prefrontal cortex was specifically engaged for unfamiliar voice discrimination and sensitive to speaker identity. Conjunction and representational similarity analyses across languages revealed engagement of voice-selective, cognitive control, and semantic processing regions, with high cross-language neural representational similarity specifically localized to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus. These findings provide the evidence under speech-content-matched conditions demonstrating that speaker discrimination relies on both acoustic voice processing regions and cognitive control networks implementing top-down modulation, the intensity of which is inversely proportional to language familiarity level.

语言熟悉度显著调节说话者歧视，听者在熟悉语言和不熟悉语言时表现出更好的表现。为了解决先前研究中语音内容声学的混淆，本fMRI研究使用不同听者熟练程度的三种语言的相同语音内容来研究这种效应背后的认知和神经机制。在行为上，熟悉的语言辨别引起了更快的反应和更高的准确性。神经上，在不同说话者的实验中，双侧脑岛和前扣带皮层的激活随着语言熟悉程度的降低而增强。左侧前额叶外侧皮层特别参与不熟悉的声音识别和说话人身份敏感。跨语言的连接和表征相似性分析揭示了语音选择、认知控制和语义处理区域的参与，高度的跨语言神经表征相似性特别定位于右侧背外侧前额叶皮层和左侧额下回。这些发现为语音内容匹配条件下的说话者识别提供了证据，表明说话者识别依赖于声学语音处理区域和实施自上而下调制的认知控制网络，其强度与语言熟悉程度成反比。

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引用次数: 0

The influence of individual differences in language experience on lexical stress cue-weighting: native and non-native listeners 语言经验的个体差异对词汇重音线索权重的影响：母语和非母语听者

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-11-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105674

Annie C. Gilbert , Claire T. Honda , Louis Friedland-Yust , Cassandra Sorin , Shari R. Baum

Learning to process the prosody of a second language can be challenging, particularly when the languages present different prosodic structures, as is the case for English and French. Although previous studies suggested that French listeners are unable to process lexical stress, more recent work suggests that they can, although they might assign a different weight to F0 and duration as stress cues compared to native listeners. To determine if this is the case, forty-two English-French bilinguals participated in two experiments investigating the impact of individual differences in language experience on F0 and duration weight when perceiving lexical stress. Interestingly, participants’ language experience could predict the weight assigned to F0 and duration as cues to lexical stress in the behavioral task from Experiment 1, but not the event-related potentials of Experiment 2. Together, these results suggest that prosodic learning involves learning to assign the (language-specific) appropriate weight to non-language-specific acoustic-prosodic cues.

学习处理第二语言的韵律是具有挑战性的，特别是当两种语言呈现不同的韵律结构时，就像英语和法语的情况一样。尽管之前的研究表明，法语听众无法处理词汇重音，但最近的研究表明，他们可以，尽管与母语听众相比，他们可能对F0和持续时间作为重音线索的权重不同。为了确定这种情况是否属实，42名英法双语者参加了两个实验，调查在感知词汇重读时，语言经验的个体差异对F0和持续时间权重的影响。有趣的是，参与者的语言经验可以预测实验1中F0的权重和作为词汇压力线索的持续时间，但不能预测实验2的事件相关电位。总之，这些结果表明韵律学习包括学习为非语言特定的声学韵律线索分配适当的权重（特定于语言）。

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引用次数: 0

The late frontal positivity reflects incremental mental model updating: Graded predictability effects during authentic text reading 后额叶正性反映了心智模式的渐进式更新：真实文本阅读的分级可预测性效应

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-11-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105667

Weiqi Wang , Lin Chen , Charles Perfetti

High word predictability facilitates the access and integration of word meaning, indicated by a reduced N400 effect. However, whether word predictability affects later phases of reading comprehension (mental model updating), as assessed by a late positivity, remains unsettled. Some studies suggest that unexpected but plausible words increase positivity in frontal regions, while others do not. To gain clarity on this issue, we used two-sentence passages from The New York Times articles that do not contain implausible words. Using a language model with a transformer architecture, we assessed the predictability (surprisal) of each word in these texts on a continuous scale. Linear mixed-effects modeling of the EEG dataset (Chen et al., 2025) showed that higher word predictability reduced N400 in central-parietal regions, whereas lower predictability increased late positivity in frontal regions. These findings suggest that word predictability has a graded effect on late frontal positivity, reflecting mental model updating.

较高的词语可预测性促进了词义的获取和整合，这表现在N400效应的降低上。然而，词汇可预见性是否会影响阅读理解的后期阶段（心智模型更新），如后期积极性评估，仍未定论。一些研究表明，意想不到但看似合理的词语会增加大脑额叶区域的积极性，而另一些则不会。为了澄清这个问题，我们从《纽约时报》的文章中引用了两句话，其中没有包含令人难以置信的词语。使用具有转换体系结构的语言模型，我们在连续尺度上评估了这些文本中每个单词的可预测性（surprisal）。脑电数据集的线性混合效应建模（Chen etal ., 2025）表明，较高的单词可预测性降低了中央顶叶区域的N400，而较低的可预测性增加了额叶区域的后期正性。这些发现表明，单词可预见性对脑额叶后期积极性有分级影响，反映了心智模型的更新。

引用次数: 0

The longitudinal interplay of print exposure and auditory brain responses in the prediction of reading skills 印刷品暴露与听觉脑反应在阅读技能预测中的纵向相互作用。

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105671

Ariane Tretow , Daria Khanolainen , Jarmo Hämäläinen , Minna Torppa , Paavo H.T. Leppänen

Auditory brain responses’ longitudinal interplay with print exposure and their predictive effects on reading skills were examined in a sample followed from age 4 to 10 years. Print exposure was represented by parent–child shared reading and children’s independent print exposure, whereas speech and non-speech stimuli were used to evoke brain responses (N250). We also examined the roles of familial risk (parental dyslexia) and parental education in the path models. The results suggested significant links between print exposure and brain responses to speech. A reciprocal association existed between independent print exposure and brain responses to speech, whereas unidirectional path was found from non-speech brain responses to independent print exposure. Independent print exposure in turn predicted subsequent reading fluency. Increased Parent-child shared reading at the onset of formal literacy schooling was associated with more negative brain responses to speech stimuli. Family risk for dyslexia predicted poorer reading accuracy and fluency, and the effect did not run via print exposure or brain responses. These results suggest significant longitudinal associations between brain responses to auditory stimuli, print exposure, and reading outcomes implicating evidence for the brain-environment association. The precise underlying mechanisms require further investigation.

在4岁至10岁的样本中，研究人员检查了听觉大脑反应与印刷品接触的纵向相互作用及其对阅读技能的预测作用。印刷品暴露表现为亲子共享阅读和儿童独立印刷品暴露，而言语和非言语刺激则用来唤起大脑反应（N250）。我们还研究了家庭风险（父母阅读障碍）和父母教育在路径模型中的作用。研究结果表明，接触印刷品与大脑对言语的反应之间存在显著联系。独立的印刷品暴露与大脑对言语的反应之间存在反向关系，而非言语的大脑对独立印刷品暴露的反应存在单向关系。独立的印刷品暴露反过来预测了随后的阅读流畅性。在正式的识字教育开始时，亲子共同阅读的增加与大脑对言语刺激的消极反应有关。患有阅读障碍的家庭风险预示着较差的阅读准确性和流畅性，而且这种影响并不通过印刷品或大脑反应来体现。这些结果表明，大脑对听觉刺激、印刷品暴露和阅读结果的反应之间存在显著的纵向关联，为大脑-环境关联提供了证据。确切的潜在机制需要进一步研究。

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引用次数: 0

White matter topological organization of reading network correlates with phonological awareness in Chinese adults 成人阅读网络白质拓扑组织与语音意识的关系。

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105666

Siyu Chen , Yueye Zhao , Xinyue Zhang , Jianyi Liu , Zi-Gang Huang , Jingjing Zhao

Previous studies have reported anomalies of white matter network connectivity in macroscale connectome in reading difficulties. However, evidence of how white matter connections of the reading network associated with phonological deficit in individuals with reading difficulties was rare. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between white matter topological organization of the reading network and phonological processing skills in 65 Chinese adults (37 good readers and 28 poor readers). Graph-theoretical metrics were employed to capture topological organization features of the reading network. Positive correlations were observed between extrinsic white matter connections from reading network nodes to non-reading-network nodes and phonological processing skills. Specifically, white matter connections between reading network nodes and hubs contributed most to the correlations with phonological awareness. Moreover, correlations appeared to be different in good and poor readers: positive correlations between white matter connections of the reading network and phonological awareness were significant only in good readers, but not in poor readers. Results suggest that the extrinsic white matter connectivity structure of the reading network supports phonological processing ability.

已有研究报道了阅读困难患者宏观连接体白质网络连接异常。然而，关于阅读网络的白质连接如何与有阅读困难的个体的语音缺陷相关的证据很少。本研究旨在探讨65名中国成人阅读网络白质拓扑组织与语音加工技能的关系（37名阅读良好者和28名阅读不良者）。采用图论度量来捕捉阅读网络的拓扑组织特征。阅读网络节点到非阅读网络节点的外在白质连接与语音加工技能呈正相关。具体来说，阅读网络节点和中枢之间的白质连接对语音意识的相关性贡献最大。此外，阅读能力好的读者和阅读能力差的读者之间的相关性有所不同：阅读网络的白质连接和语音意识之间的正相关性仅在阅读能力好的读者中显著，而在阅读能力差的读者中则不显著。结果表明，阅读网络的外在白质连接结构支持语音加工能力。

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引用次数: 0

Neurophysiological evidence of rapid holistic tone-based lexical access 基于快速整体音调的词汇获取的神经生理学证据。

IF 2.3 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-11-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105670

Renata Kochančikaitė , Yury Shtyrov , Merle Horne , Mikael Roll

Word accents are restricted by a word’s morphological structure but also distinguish lexical meanings in minimal pairs. We investigated how early tonal information carried by morphophonemic word accents influences rapid lexical access in native speakers. We also asked whether tone-bearing words are decomposed into morphemes and word accents, or retrieved holistically via full-form neural representations. Here, suffix morpheme and word accent tone were varied orthogonally to create valid and invalid combinations of tone and morphological structure/segmental information. These stimuli were presented in a passive oddball paradigm during an electroencephalography experiment, and mismatch negativity (MMN) responses were obtained.

Valid combinations elicited an early-onset lexical MMN, with main sources in the left middle posterior temporal lobe—an area implicated in lexical memory. Words with morphophonemic tones appear to have full-form lexical memory traces that join segmental and tonal information. As incorrect word accent tones impeded automatic lexical retrieval, we also conclude that word accents may function in a manner similar to lexical tones in distinguishing lexical meanings.

单词重音受单词形态结构的限制，但也能以最小对的形式区分词汇意义。我们研究了语素单词重音所携带的早期音调信息如何影响母语人士的快速词汇获取。我们还询问是否将带有音调的单词分解为语素和单词重音，或者通过完整形式的神经表征进行整体检索。在这里，词尾语素和单词重音的正交变化产生了有效和无效的音调和形态结构/分词信息的组合。这些刺激在脑电图实验中以被动古怪范式呈现，并获得错配负性（MMN）反应。有效的组合诱发了早发性词汇MMN，其主要来源是左后颞叶中部——一个与词汇记忆有关的区域。具有语素音调的单词似乎具有完整形式的词汇记忆痕迹，这些痕迹连接了片段和音调信息。由于不正确的单词重音阻碍了自动词汇检索，我们还得出结论，单词重音可能以类似于词汇音调的方式起着区分词汇意义的作用。

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引用次数: 0