Brain and Language最新文献

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Language mixing in people with aphasia: A cross-linguistic analysis using the 4M model 失语症患者的语言混合：使用4M模型的跨语言分析

IF 2.1 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105616

Aviva Lerman , Alina Bihovsky , Natalia Meir , Michal Ben-Shachar , Mira Goral

Language mixing (LM) is common among individuals who speak two or more languages. LM in healthy multilingual individuals has been studied extensively, often by applying the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) and the 4M model, both developed by Myers-Scotton and colleagues. Our study examined LM in multilingual people with aphasia (PWA), to determine: (1) frequency of LM in the first-acquired language (L1) and later-acquired languages (L2/L3); (2) whether the 4M model accounts for LM patterns; and (3) how language-specific characteristics affect LM.

Narratives produced by 18 multilingual PWA (English-Hebrew; English-Spanish, English-Hebrew-Spanish and Russian-Hebrew speakers) with and without agrammatism were analyzed using the 4M model. More LM was observed in L2 contexts compared to L1 in participants with agrammatism, yet in participants without agrammatism no differences were found between L1 and L2. The patterns of LM in target and non-target languages were similar across L1 and L2: content morphemes were more likely to be embedded into the matrix language, aligning with previous research on healthy multilingual controls. Differences were found between the types of LM across the four studied languages.

Our findings indicate that multilingual PWA mix languages in a typical manner, similar to neurotypical multilingual individuals, aligning with the predictions of the 4M model. Furthermore, in multilingual PWA, as in healthy multilingual people, differences in LM across languages are related to the morphological richness of the matrix language and the congruency of the languages involved in LM. Clinically, based on our results, LM can be encouraged as a communication aid.

语言混合（LM）在讲两种或两种以上语言的个体中很常见。健康的多语言个体的语言学习已经得到了广泛的研究，通常是通过使用矩阵语言框架（MLF）和4M模型，这两种模型都是由Myers-Scotton及其同事开发的。本研究对多语失语症患者（PWA）的LM进行了检测，以确定：(1)在第一习得语言（L1）和后习得语言（L2/L3）中LM的频率；(2) 4M模型是否考虑了LM模式；(3)语言特征对LM的影响。由18个多语种PWA(英语-希伯来语；使用4M模型对英语-西班牙语、英语-希伯来语-西班牙语和俄语-希伯来语使用者进行了分析。在有语法障碍的参与者中，L2语境中的LM比L1语境中更多，而在没有语法障碍的参与者中，L1语境和L2语境之间没有差异。目标语言和非目标语言的LM模式在第一语言和第二语言中相似：内容语素更有可能嵌入到矩阵语言中，这与先前关于健康多语言对照的研究一致。在四种被研究的语言中，LM的类型存在差异。我们的研究结果表明，多语言PWA以典型的方式混合语言，类似于神经典型的多语言个体，与4M模型的预测一致。此外，在多语PWA中，与健康的多语人群一样，不同语言的LM差异与矩阵语言的形态学丰富度和LM中涉及的语言的一致性有关。在临床上，根据我们的结果，LM可以作为一种交流辅助工具加以鼓励。

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引用次数: 0

Bilingual advantage for memory of events: Why now you see it, now you don’t? 双语对事件记忆的优势：为什么你现在看到了，现在看不到？

IF 2.1 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-07-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105615

Luna Filipović

One of the most important findings in relation to bilingual memory has been that of shared conceptual representation and memory storage. The paper in the original volume that is being honoured here was by Jeanette Altarriba. The present contribution shares and celebrates the themes discussed in that paper, and in the spirit of the current special issue, it also highlights something new about bilingual memory that we know now and that we did not know then. The original discussions are extended by shifting the focus onto a less researched domain, namely how multiple factors of language typology, balanced vs. unbalanced proficiency and dual language activation affect bilingual memory for events. This review paper demonstrates that when it comes to the bilingual advantage for memory of witnessed events, it is very much a case of now you see it, now you don’t, and we explain the reasons behind the different outcomes.

关于双语记忆最重要的发现之一是共享概念表征和记忆存储。在这里被授予荣誉的原始卷中的论文是Jeanette Altarriba写的。本文分享并颂扬了那篇论文中讨论的主题，本着本期特刊的精神，它还强调了一些我们现在知道而当时不知道的关于双语记忆的新东西。最初的讨论被扩展到一个研究较少的领域，即语言类型、平衡与不平衡熟练程度和双重语言激活的多重因素如何影响事件的双语记忆。这篇综述论文表明，当涉及到目击事件记忆的双语优势时，它在很大程度上是一个你现在看到了，现在你没有看到的情况，我们解释了不同结果背后的原因。

引用次数: 0

Modulating language and executive functions in bilingual aphasia with cerebellar tDCS: a case series 小脑tDCS调节双语失语症的语言和执行功能：一个案例系列

IF 2.1 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105617

Silke Coemans , Esli Struys , Kyrana Tsapkini , Vânia de Aguiar , Sebastiaan Engelborghs , Jean-Christophe Bier , Philippe Paquier , Stefanie Keulen

This case series explores the effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on language and executive functions in bilinguals with aphasia. We present seven Dutch-French bilingual participants diagnosed with Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA) or post-stroke aphasia, including one non-fluent variant PPA (nfvPPA), three logopenic variant PPA (lvPPA), one semantic variant PPA (svPPA), and two post-stroke non-fluent aphasia patients. 20 min of 2 mA anodal tDCS to the right posterolateral cerebellum was combined with speech and language therapy. We administered subtests of the Bilingual Aphasia Test, Boston Naming Test, Stroop, and Attention Network Tests. Cerebellar tDCS compared to sham led to greater enhancement of language recovery in both languages, and inhibitory control, providing evidence for the cerebellum’s role in both language and executive processes. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of cerebellar stimulation as a therapeutic tool in bilingual aphasia, with implications for future research and clinical interventions.

本病例系列探讨小脑经颅直流电刺激（tDCS）对双语失语症患者语言和执行功能的影响。我们报告了7名被诊断为原发性进行性失语症（PPA）或卒中后失语症的荷兰-法国双语参与者，包括1名非流利型PPA (nfvPPA)， 3名词性缺失型PPA (lvPPA)， 1名语义型PPA （svPPA）和2名卒中后非流利型失语症患者。对右小脑后外侧进行20分钟的2 mA淋巴结tDCS，并辅以言语治疗。我们进行了双语失语症测试、波士顿命名测试、Stroop测试和注意网络测试的子测试。与假手术相比，小脑tDCS在两种语言的语言恢复和抑制控制方面都有更大的增强，这为小脑在语言和执行过程中的作用提供了证据。我们的研究结果有助于更深入地了解小脑刺激作为双语失语症的治疗工具，对未来的研究和临床干预具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Mental simulation in bilingual and second language processing: New directions in the Competition Model 双语和第二语言加工中的心理模拟：竞争模型的新方向

IF 2.1 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-07-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105619

Helen Zhao , Norbert Vanek , Brian MacWhinney

引用次数: 0

Distinct and overlapping neural correlates of English L2 and coding learning in Chinese preschoolers: An fNIRS study 中国学龄前儿童英语第二语言与编码学习的不同和重叠的神经关联：一项fNIRS研究

IF 2.1 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-07-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105611

Jinfeng Yang , Dandan Wu , Keya Ding , Xinyi Dong , Jinwen Li , Hui Li

This fNIRS study investigated the neural correlates of English L2 vocabulary and coding learning in 51 Chinese-speaking preschoolers (28 boys; M _age = 5.78 years, SD _age = 0.92). We hypothesized that L2 vocabulary learning would engage language-related brain regions while Coding would activate visuospatial areas. Results revealed distinct activation patterns: L2 vocabulary learning elicited decreased activation in right prefrontal regions (BA10, BA46), potentially reflecting increased neural efficiency, while coding increased activation in left prefrontal and premotor areas (BA6, BA9, BA44), consistent with visuospatial and planning demands. Functional connectivity analyses revealed stronger interhemispheric connectivity during word learning. Chinese literacy skills negatively correlated with brain activation during L2 word learning, suggesting greater neural efficiency in children with stronger L1 skills. This relationship was less robust for Coding. These findings elucidate the distinct neural substrates of early language and coding acquisition and inform educational strategies.

本研究探讨了51名汉语学龄前儿童(男孩28名；M年龄= 5.78岁，SD年龄= 0.92)。我们假设二语词汇学习将涉及语言相关的大脑区域，而编码将激活视觉空间区域。结果显示了不同的激活模式：第二语言词汇学习引起右侧前额叶区域（BA10, BA46）的激活减少，可能反映了神经效率的提高，而编码引起左侧前额叶和运动前区域（BA6, BA9, BA44）的激活增加，与视觉空间和规划需求一致。功能连通性分析显示，在单词学习过程中，大脑半球间的连通性更强。汉语读写能力与第二语言词汇学习过程中的脑激活呈负相关，表明母语能力越强的儿童的神经效率越高。这种关系在编码中就不那么牢固了。这些发现阐明了早期语言和编码习得的不同神经基础，并为教育策略提供了信息。

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引用次数: 0

Parafoveally perceived orthographic cues facilitate foveal semantic processing: Evidence from event-related potentials 中央凹旁知觉的正字法线索促进中央凹语义加工：来自事件相关电位的证据

IF 2.1 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-07-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105609

Brian Nestor , Ayah Elaboudi , Sara Milligan , Elizabeth R. Schotter

Readers extract information from words viewed parafoveally, but it is unclear whether this processing is limited to orthography or if it extends to lexico-semantic content. In the current ERP study, we measured the N400 responses to words that were perceived parafoveally and/or foveally using the RSVP-with-flankers paradigm and a parafoveal masking manipulation. We compared anomalous orthographically related (neighbor) and unrelated (non-neighbor) words to expected words to determine whether the N400 responses were driven by orthographic and/or semantic processing. We observed a large parafoveal N400 effect in response to the non-neighbors (versus expected), and a smaller, later parafoveal N400 for neighbors, suggesting that the parafoveal response is largely orthographic in nature. We also observed a significant reduction in foveal N400 magnitude when non-neighbor words were previously visible parafoveally (but not for the foveal N400 response to neighbors), suggesting that facilitation of foveal processing is driven by parafoveal detection of orthographic violations.

读者从准中央观看的单词中提取信息，但尚不清楚这种处理是否仅限于正字法或是否扩展到词汇语义内容。在当前的ERP研究中，我们使用rsvp - withflankers范式和旁中央掩蔽操作测量了N400对旁中央和/或中央感知词的反应。我们将异常正字法相关（邻接）词和不相关（非邻接）词与期望词进行比较，以确定N400反应是否由正字法和/或语义处理驱动。我们观察到对非邻居的反应有一个大的旁中央凹N400效应（与预期相比），而对邻居的反应有一个小的，晚的旁中央凹N400，这表明在本质上，旁中央凹的反应很大程度上是正交的。我们还观察到，当非相邻词在中央凹旁可见时，中央凹N400的幅度显著降低（但对相邻词的中央凹N400反应不明显），这表明中央凹处理的促进是由中央凹旁对拼写错误的检测驱动的。

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引用次数: 0

Six advances in research on bilingualism 双语研究的六个进展

IF 2.1 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-07-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105614

Brian MacWhinney , Zhe Gao

In the 30 years since the publication of Cognitive Processing in Bilinguals (Harris, 1992), the study of cognitive processing in bilingual speakers has branched out in several new directions. Each of these new directions has involved advances in theories, conceptualizations, methods, and findings. The six new directions we will highlight are these:

1.
The shift from a focus on experiments with word lists to a focus on utterances,
2.
Relating models of human performance to Artificial Intelligence (AI) models,
3.
Understanding patterns of bilingual development across the lifespan,
4.
The effects of cross-language transfer,
5.
The shaping of bilingual cognition and age effects through social and motivational forces, and.
6.
New methods for in vivo online tracking of language learning.

自《双语者认知加工》（Cognitive Processing In Bilinguals, Harris, 1992）发表以来的30年里，对双语者认知加工的研究出现了几个新的方向。每一个新方向都涉及到理论、概念化、方法和发现方面的进步。我们将强调的六个新方向是：1。从关注单词列表实验到关注话语的转变。2 .将人类表现模型与人工智能（AI）模型相关联；3 .了解一生中双语发展的模式；5.跨语言迁移的影响；5 .社会和动机力量对双语认知的塑造及其年龄效应；语言学习的活体在线跟踪新方法。

引用次数: 0

Dissociating the time courses of age of acquisition effect and word frequency effect during Chinese spoken word production 解离汉语口语词汇产生过程中习得年龄效应和词频效应的时间过程

IF 2.1 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-07-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105618

Yuxi Zhou, Qingfang Zhang

Comprehension and production research robustly demonstrates a processing advantage of early-acquired and more frequent words than late-acquired and infrequent words separately. Because age of acquisition (AoA) and word frequency (WF) are correlated in nature, to what extent both factors jointly and independently affect speech production remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate underlying mechanisms behind AoA and WF effects in Chinese spoken word production with electrophysiological measures. We orthogonally manipulated AoA and WF to examine when and how these variables jointly affect spoken production. Results illustrated an interaction between AoA and WF in a time window of conceptual preparation (around 78–170 ms after picture onset) and subsequently an independent AoA effect at lexical selection (240–322 ms) and a WF effect at phonological encoding (462–566 ms). Our findings therefore provide supports for interactive and isolated origins for AoA and WF effects in speech production.

理解和产生研究有力地证明了早习和频繁词汇比晚习和不频繁词汇分别具有加工优势。由于习得年龄（AoA）和词频（WF）在本质上是相关的，这两个因素在多大程度上共同或单独影响语音产生尚不清楚。本研究旨在通过电生理手段探讨汉语口语词生成中AoA和WF效应的潜在机制。我们正交操纵AoA和WF来检查这些变量何时以及如何共同影响口语生产。结果表明，在概念准备的时间窗内（图像开始后78-170 ms）， AoA和WF之间存在相互作用，随后在词汇选择（240-322 ms）和语音编码（462-566 ms）中分别存在AoA和WF的独立作用。因此，我们的研究结果为语音产生中AoA和WF效应的交互和孤立起源提供了支持。

引用次数: 0

Effects of object familiarity on children’s silent gestures 物体熟悉度对儿童无声手势的影响

IF 2.1 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-07-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105612

Elena Nicoladis , Josiah Goetze

When gesturing (with or without speech) actions done with objects, young children and adults with apraxia often produce a body-part-as-object (BPO), like an extended finger for a toothbrush. In contrast, older children and neurotypical adults often produce an imagined object (IO), like pretending to hold a toothbrush. The purpose of this study was to test whether IOs are produced when children have a rich conceptual understanding of the functions of an object. If so, children should produce more IOs (relative to BPOs) with familiar than with unfamiliar objects. Children between three and five years old were asked to demonstrate what to do with either familiar or unfamiliar objects. As predicted, the children produced more IOs with familiar than unfamiliar objects. These results are consistent with the argument that children’s handshape when gesturing reflects the richness of their understanding. Developmental change likely occurs as children develop a rich understanding of many objects.

患有失用症的儿童和成人在用物体做手势（有或没有语言）时，通常会做出身体部位即物体（BPO）的动作，比如伸出手指拿牙刷。相比之下，大一点的孩子和神经正常的成年人经常会产生一个想象的物体（IO），比如假装拿着牙刷。本研究的目的是测试当儿童对物体的功能有丰富的概念性理解时是否会产生IOs。如果是这样，儿童在熟悉的物体上产生的io（相对于bpo）应该比不熟悉的物体多。三到五岁的孩子被要求演示如何处理熟悉或不熟悉的物体。正如预测的那样，孩子们对熟悉的物体比不熟悉的物体产生更多的IOs。这些结果与儿童在做手势时的手型反映他们理解的丰富程度的论点是一致的。当孩子们对许多事物有了丰富的理解时，可能会发生发展变化。

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Neural associations between fingerspelling, print, and signs: An ERP priming study with deaf readers 手印、手印和手语之间的神经联系：对失聪读者的ERP启动研究

IF 2.1 2区心理学 Q1 AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH-LANGUAGE PATHOLOGY

Brain and Language

Pub Date : 2025-07-04 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2025.105610

Brittany Lee , Sofia E. Ortega , Priscilla M. Martinez , Katherine J. Midgley , Phillip J. Holcomb , Karen Emmorey

Fingerspelling is a leading predictor of reading ability for deaf people who use a signed language, but few neuroimaging studies have examined how it supports reading. We used event-related potentials to investigate how fingerspelled words prime printed words. Twenty-four skilled deaf adult readers completed a Go/No-Go task while viewing printed English word targets following related and unrelated primes in one of three conditions: printed English words, American Sign Language (ASL) signs, and fingerspelled words. N400 priming effects were strong across all three conditions. Early N400 effects were similar for printed word primes and fingerspelled word primes, suggesting shared orthographic representations. Late N400 effects were strongest for printed word primes, reflecting less effortful processing when primes and targets were in the same printed modality. These findings provide evidence for cross-language and cross-modal priming between fingerspelled and printed words and underscore the importance of fingerspelling in developing word representations for skilled reading.

手指拼写是使用手语的聋人阅读能力的主要预测指标，但很少有神经影像学研究调查它是如何支持阅读的。我们使用事件相关电位来研究手指拼写单词对印刷单词的影响。24名熟练的成年聋人读者在观看相关或不相关启动词的印刷英语单词目标时，完成了一项Go/No-Go任务，该任务在三种条件下进行：印刷英语单词、美国手语（ASL）符号和手指拼写单词。N400的启动效应在三个条件下都很强。早期的N400效应对于打印单词启动词和拼写单词启动词是相似的，这表明有共同的正字法表征。后期N400效应在印刷单词启动词中最为强烈，这反映出当启动词和目标词处于相同的印刷模态时，加工的费力程度较低。这些发现为手写体单词和印刷体单词之间的跨语言和跨模态启动提供了证据，并强调了手写体单词在培养熟练阅读的单词表征方面的重要性。

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