Erika Soldi, A. Tiley, R. O’Hanlon, B. Murphy, T. Hodkinson
ABSTRACT:The common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is one of the most important native tree species in Ireland but is threatened by the spread of ash dieback (also known as Chalara disease). The disease is caused by the fungal pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, which is decimating ash in Europe. The first part of this review summarises the scientific discoveries on H. fraxineus, focusing on its origin and infection cycle as well as its impact on Irish forestry. In addition to directly damaging ash, the action of H. fraxineus makes ash trees more vulnerable to attack by other opportunistic secondary pathogens, which accelerate their death. Ireland, as an island, has a natural barrier which slows the spread of pathogens compared to many other countries in the European mainland, but the threat of further pathogen introduction remains real and likely. The second part of this review focuses on the spread of other pathogens of ash, and on their incidence and importance in Ireland.
{"title":"Ash Dieback and Other Pests and Pathogens of Fraxinus on the Island of Ireland","authors":"Erika Soldi, A. Tiley, R. O’Hanlon, B. Murphy, T. Hodkinson","doi":"10.1353/bae.2022.0007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bae.2022.0007","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:The common ash (Fraxinus excelsior) is one of the most important native tree species in Ireland but is threatened by the spread of ash dieback (also known as Chalara disease). The disease is caused by the fungal pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, which is decimating ash in Europe. The first part of this review summarises the scientific discoveries on H. fraxineus, focusing on its origin and infection cycle as well as its impact on Irish forestry. In addition to directly damaging ash, the action of H. fraxineus makes ash trees more vulnerable to attack by other opportunistic secondary pathogens, which accelerate their death. Ireland, as an island, has a natural barrier which slows the spread of pathogens compared to many other countries in the European mainland, but the threat of further pathogen introduction remains real and likely. The second part of this review focuses on the spread of other pathogens of ash, and on their incidence and importance in Ireland.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"47 1","pages":"122 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82500162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"New survey of Clare Island. Volume 9: Birds ed. by T.K. Kelly (review)","authors":"J. Furphy","doi":"10.1353/bae.2022.0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bae.2022.0009","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":" 2","pages":"143 - 144"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72381620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) have considerable environmental, cultural and economic value on the island of Ireland. However, the species is currently succumbing to widespread damage from the invasive fungal pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (T. Kowalski) Baral, Queloz and Hosoza, which has swept across Europe. This pathogen is the causal agent of ash dieback disease, an infection with symptoms that were initially reported in Poland in the early 1990s. Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has since spread across Europe and now largely matches the natural distribution of F. excelsior. The first detection of the disease on the island of Ireland was in 2012 at a forestry plantation in Co. Leitrim, although it is unknown when the disease was first introduced onto the island. The pathogen has now been detected in all 26 counties in Ireland and 6 counties in Northern Ireland, and it is considered too difficult to eradicate. Management of the impact of the disease is now of vital importance. Considerable research efforts have been made internationally to understand the biology of H. fraxineus and to develop management strategies against it. This review provides an update of current knowledge of H. fraxineus biology and epidemiology. It explores examples of mitigation techniques that have been trialled in Europe, in order to identify strategies that may be feasible for disease management at a local level on the island of Ireland. Finally, five key avenues of research are outlined that have the potential to provide breakthroughs in methods to protect valuable F. excelsior resources.
摘要:白蜡树(Fraxinus spp.)在爱尔兰岛具有重要的环境、文化和经济价值。然而，该物种目前正受到侵袭性真菌病原体Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (T. Kowalski) Baral, Queloz和Hosoza的广泛破坏，该病原体席卷了整个欧洲。这种病原体是白蜡枯梢病的致病因子，这种感染的症状最初于1990年代初在波兰报告。从那以后，fraxineus已经遍布欧洲，现在在很大程度上与F. excelsior的自然分布相匹配。爱尔兰岛首次发现这种疾病是在2012年，地点是莱特里姆郡的一个森林种植园，但尚不清楚这种疾病是何时首次传入爱尔兰岛的。目前在爱尔兰所有26个郡和北爱尔兰6个郡都发现了这种病原体，人们认为这种病原体很难根除。管理这种疾病的影响现在至关重要。国际上已经进行了大量的研究工作，以了解黄精蜱的生物学和制定针对它的管理策略。本文综述了目前关于黄纹嗜血杆菌生物学和流行病学的最新研究进展。它探讨了在欧洲试用的缓解技术实例，以便确定在爱尔兰岛地方一级可能可行的疾病管理战略。最后，概述了五个关键的研究途径，这些研究途径有可能在保护宝贵的黄芪资源的方法上提供突破。
{"title":"Living with the Impact of Ash Dieback Disease – Local Mitigation Practices Against Hymenoscyphus Fraxineus on the Island of Ireland","authors":"A. Tiley, R. O’Hanlon","doi":"10.1353/bae.2022.0006","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bae.2022.0006","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Ash trees (Fraxinus spp.) have considerable environmental, cultural and economic value on the island of Ireland. However, the species is currently succumbing to widespread damage from the invasive fungal pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (T. Kowalski) Baral, Queloz and Hosoza, which has swept across Europe. This pathogen is the causal agent of ash dieback disease, an infection with symptoms that were initially reported in Poland in the early 1990s. Hymenoscyphus fraxineus has since spread across Europe and now largely matches the natural distribution of F. excelsior. The first detection of the disease on the island of Ireland was in 2012 at a forestry plantation in Co. Leitrim, although it is unknown when the disease was first introduced onto the island. The pathogen has now been detected in all 26 counties in Ireland and 6 counties in Northern Ireland, and it is considered too difficult to eradicate. Management of the impact of the disease is now of vital importance. Considerable research efforts have been made internationally to understand the biology of H. fraxineus and to develop management strategies against it. This review provides an update of current knowledge of H. fraxineus biology and epidemiology. It explores examples of mitigation techniques that have been trialled in Europe, in order to identify strategies that may be feasible for disease management at a local level on the island of Ireland. Finally, five key avenues of research are outlined that have the potential to provide breakthroughs in methods to protect valuable F. excelsior resources.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"32 1","pages":"67 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85406019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Caroline M. McKeon, Alain Finn, M. Long, I. Donohue, Y. Buckley
ABSTRACT:A major component of Earth's dry surface is human-managed grassland, making the relationships among management actions, grassland biodiversity and ecosystem services of great ecological interest. Common management practices—fertiliser addition and large herbivore grazing—influence grassland diversity and productivity. The Nutrient Network, a distributed research effort, investigates these relationships across grasslands at a global scale. The Burren contains internationally important grasslands with high biodiversity maintained by traditional farming practices. Using six years of data from the Slieve Carran Nutrient Network site, we examine the effects of fertilisation and large mammal herbivory on plant diversity and biomass in a unique Irish context. We find 1) fertiliser addition and herbivore exclusion both decrease diversity and increase biomass, and 2) independent of our experimental treatments, biomass increased throughout the study. Our findings on treatment effects align with results from the wider Nutrient Network experiment. Additionally, the increase in biomass during the study is consistent with an abandonment effect. This research shows twin pressures of agricultural intensification and abandonment of traditional management practises detrimentally impact Burren grassland biodiversity. This is relevant to future management decisions, as biodiversity provides key ecosystem services in the Burren, including supporting tourism that contributes to local economies.
{"title":"Twin Pressures of Intensification and Abandonment Negatively Impact Grassland Biodiversity in the Burren","authors":"Caroline M. McKeon, Alain Finn, M. Long, I. Donohue, Y. Buckley","doi":"10.1353/bae.2022.0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bae.2022.0008","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:A major component of Earth's dry surface is human-managed grassland, making the relationships among management actions, grassland biodiversity and ecosystem services of great ecological interest. Common management practices—fertiliser addition and large herbivore grazing—influence grassland diversity and productivity. The Nutrient Network, a distributed research effort, investigates these relationships across grasslands at a global scale. The Burren contains internationally important grasslands with high biodiversity maintained by traditional farming practices. Using six years of data from the Slieve Carran Nutrient Network site, we examine the effects of fertilisation and large mammal herbivory on plant diversity and biomass in a unique Irish context. We find 1) fertiliser addition and herbivore exclusion both decrease diversity and increase biomass, and 2) independent of our experimental treatments, biomass increased throughout the study. Our findings on treatment effects align with results from the wider Nutrient Network experiment. Additionally, the increase in biomass during the study is consistent with an abandonment effect. This research shows twin pressures of agricultural intensification and abandonment of traditional management practises detrimentally impact Burren grassland biodiversity. This is relevant to future management decisions, as biodiversity provides key ecosystem services in the Burren, including supporting tourism that contributes to local economies.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"488 1","pages":"123 - 136"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-11-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79989220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fahriye Zemheri-Navruz, N. Bulut, Y. Şenses, C. Uğuz
ABSTRACT:Nonylphenol (NP) is one of the major environmental endocrine disrupters that can cause oxidative damage. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) are powerful antioxidants that could offset the effects of NP and are compounds that should be taken daily. In this study, the potential effects of the separate and combined administration of NP (1 and 10 mg/L) and vitamins C and E (25 mg/L) on DNA damage and telomere fusion (TEFU) gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster, a model organism, were investigated over 40 days. For the NP-administered groups, DNA damage increased while vitamins C and E reduced these effects, especially those induced by a co-administered group of NP and vitamin E. Furthermore, telomerase and DNA damage-associated TEFU gene expression levels increased in the NP-administered groups compared to the control group, while they decreased in the vitamin C and E administered groups. Consequently, it was concluded that vitamin C and E prevents the negative effects of NP on DNA damage.
{"title":"Effect of Vitamins C and E On Nonylphenol–Induced Dna Damage and Tefu Gene Expression in Drosophila Melanogaster","authors":"Fahriye Zemheri-Navruz, N. Bulut, Y. Şenses, C. Uğuz","doi":"10.1353/bae.2022.0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bae.2022.0005","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Nonylphenol (NP) is one of the major environmental endocrine disrupters that can cause oxidative damage. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and vitamin E (α-tocopherol) are powerful antioxidants that could offset the effects of NP and are compounds that should be taken daily. In this study, the potential effects of the separate and combined administration of NP (1 and 10 mg/L) and vitamins C and E (25 mg/L) on DNA damage and telomere fusion (TEFU) gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster, a model organism, were investigated over 40 days. For the NP-administered groups, DNA damage increased while vitamins C and E reduced these effects, especially those induced by a co-administered group of NP and vitamin E. Furthermore, telomerase and DNA damage-associated TEFU gene expression levels increased in the NP-administered groups compared to the control group, while they decreased in the vitamin C and E administered groups. Consequently, it was concluded that vitamin C and E prevents the negative effects of NP on DNA damage.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"329 1","pages":"137 - 142"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76582997","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Anthropogenic global warming represents a serious threat to mountain forest ecosystems. For more than two decades studies have increasingly reported altitudinal range shifts in tree species in response to climate change. This paper is primarily addressed to ecologists with limited background on this topic and presents a review of the main studies investigating the impact of global warming on the upward migration of trees in high-mountain forests around the Mediterranean Basin. Various scientific databases were consulted, covering published literature between 2000 and 2021 that clearly indicate an upward shift of the main Mediterranean tree species (e.g. Pinus, Quercus, Abies and Fagus). From these studies, we retrieved 1) the status of the upward shift of tree species; 2) the main drivers of this shift; and 3) the most common assessment methods used. The results indicated that several tree species in the Mediterranean Basin are experiencing expansion and/or retraction at leading- and/or trailing-edges, respectively, although some are showing opposite movements or no changes. Climate warming and land-use changes are considered the main drivers of species range shifts. These shifts are frequently assessed through monitoring tree line changes along elevational gradients. Despite the considerable advances in these studies, there are large gaps for some Mediterranean tree species, which need particular attention.
{"title":"Upward Shifts of Species Range in mediterranean High-Mountain forests Under Current Climate change: A Review","authors":"Mariem Ben-Said","doi":"10.1353/bae.2022.0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bae.2022.0002","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Anthropogenic global warming represents a serious threat to mountain forest ecosystems. For more than two decades studies have increasingly reported altitudinal range shifts in tree species in response to climate change. This paper is primarily addressed to ecologists with limited background on this topic and presents a review of the main studies investigating the impact of global warming on the upward migration of trees in high-mountain forests around the Mediterranean Basin. Various scientific databases were consulted, covering published literature between 2000 and 2021 that clearly indicate an upward shift of the main Mediterranean tree species (e.g. Pinus, Quercus, Abies and Fagus). From these studies, we retrieved 1) the status of the upward shift of tree species; 2) the main drivers of this shift; and 3) the most common assessment methods used. The results indicated that several tree species in the Mediterranean Basin are experiencing expansion and/or retraction at leading- and/or trailing-edges, respectively, although some are showing opposite movements or no changes. Climate warming and land-use changes are considered the main drivers of species range shifts. These shifts are frequently assessed through monitoring tree line changes along elevational gradients. Despite the considerable advances in these studies, there are large gaps for some Mediterranean tree species, which need particular attention.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"18 1","pages":"39 - 52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87646092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Thyago Rodrigues do Carmo Brito, J. Aranha, A. Fernandes-Silva, Leovigildo Aparecido Costa Santos, Rui Manuel de Sousa Fragoso
ABSTRACT:Recently, there has been an increase in the number of supply chain Life Cycle Assessments, from local cultivation to the final product and its disposal. Globally, the soybean supply chain has expanded. In the 2019/20 season, Brazil was the largest producer and exporter of this commodity worldwide. Currently, LCA publications addressing the environmental impacts of the Brazilian soybean supply chain are scarce, and a review with multiple results is necessary. In the current paper, we performed a search on the 'Web of Knowledge' database using the following search strings: 'Soybean Life Cycle Assessment' and 'Soybean Supply Chain Brazil Assessment'. The search initially retrieved 335 papers. Screening of the identified studies eventually reduced the sample down to 27 relevant papers. We then extracted data that included diverse system boundaries, functional units, life cycle inventories, allocation, impact assessments, and LCA interpretations from each of the studies. Interestingly, the results showed that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change method and the environmental impact of greenhouse gas emissions appeared most (13 times each). Additionally, the SimaPro software was used in nine studies, and the cradle-to-grave concept was addressed in 15 publications. Furthermore, due to the use of various inputs, the agricultural phase has the most significant environmental impact on the soybean supply chain, followed by the transport phase.
摘要:近年来，从当地种植到最终产品及其处置，供应链生命周期评估的数量有所增加。在全球范围内，大豆供应链已经扩大。在2019/20年度，巴西是全球最大的棉花生产国和出口国。目前，LCA关于巴西大豆供应链环境影响的出版物很少，有必要进行多结果的审查。在本文中，我们使用以下搜索字符串在“Web of Knowledge”数据库中进行了搜索:“大豆生命周期评估”和“大豆供应链巴西评估”。搜索最初检索了335篇论文。筛选确定的研究最终将样本减少到27篇相关论文。然后，我们从每个研究中提取了包括不同系统边界、功能单元、生命周期清单、分配、影响评估和LCA解释在内的数据。有趣的是，结果显示，政府间气候变化专门委员会方法和温室气体排放对环境的影响出现最多(各13次)。此外，在9项研究中使用了SimaPro软件，在15篇出版物中讨论了从摇篮到坟墓的概念。此外，由于使用了各种投入，农业阶段对大豆供应链的环境影响最大，其次是运输阶段。
{"title":"A Review and Analysis of Life Cycle Assessment Tendencies in the Brazilian Soybean Supply Chain","authors":"Thyago Rodrigues do Carmo Brito, J. Aranha, A. Fernandes-Silva, Leovigildo Aparecido Costa Santos, Rui Manuel de Sousa Fragoso","doi":"10.1353/bae.2022.0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bae.2022.0003","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Recently, there has been an increase in the number of supply chain Life Cycle Assessments, from local cultivation to the final product and its disposal. Globally, the soybean supply chain has expanded. In the 2019/20 season, Brazil was the largest producer and exporter of this commodity worldwide. Currently, LCA publications addressing the environmental impacts of the Brazilian soybean supply chain are scarce, and a review with multiple results is necessary. In the current paper, we performed a search on the 'Web of Knowledge' database using the following search strings: 'Soybean Life Cycle Assessment' and 'Soybean Supply Chain Brazil Assessment'. The search initially retrieved 335 papers. Screening of the identified studies eventually reduced the sample down to 27 relevant papers. We then extracted data that included diverse system boundaries, functional units, life cycle inventories, allocation, impact assessments, and LCA interpretations from each of the studies. Interestingly, the results showed that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change method and the environmental impact of greenhouse gas emissions appeared most (13 times each). Additionally, the SimaPro software was used in nine studies, and the cradle-to-grave concept was addressed in 15 publications. Furthermore, due to the use of various inputs, the agricultural phase has the most significant environmental impact on the soybean supply chain, followed by the transport phase.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"39 1","pages":"53 - 65"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89622265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
ABSTRACT:Despite the importance of lagg zones in the function and restoration of raised bog systems, there have been limited studies on their vegetation communities and environmental characteristics. Given their importance and lack of study, the vegetation in the near-intact lagg zone in the south-south-west of Carrownagappul Bog in Co. Galway was sampled along four transects in July 2020. Cluster analysis separated the vegetation, encompassing 97 species, into 5 vegetation types. There were affinities between these vegetation types and a range of Irish Vegetation Classification (IVC) bog, heath, grassland and fen communities, as well as two Habitats Directive Annex I habitat types, transition mires and alkaline fen. In addition, a population of the Annex II listed Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg, 1775)) was recorded from the area. In general, the vegetation communities reflected a gradient of increasing alkalinity, moisture and nutrient status from ombrotrophic raised bog to minerotrophic fen. The diversity of the vegetation over a small area and its near-natural conditions underscore the conservation significance of the lagg zone, and these findings accentuate the hydrological perspective that restoration of the lagg should, where possible, be a key element in raised bog restoration. The current lack of a characterisation of the lagg types found in Ireland is a barrier to developing a sound restoration and conservation management strategy.
{"title":"Plant Communities in the Gradient from Raised Bog to Fen in a Near-Intact Lagg Zone in Carrownagappul Bog, Ireland","authors":"W. Crowley, George F. Smith, F. Mackin","doi":"10.1353/bae.2022.0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bae.2022.0001","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT:Despite the importance of lagg zones in the function and restoration of raised bog systems, there have been limited studies on their vegetation communities and environmental characteristics. Given their importance and lack of study, the vegetation in the near-intact lagg zone in the south-south-west of Carrownagappul Bog in Co. Galway was sampled along four transects in July 2020. Cluster analysis separated the vegetation, encompassing 97 species, into 5 vegetation types. There were affinities between these vegetation types and a range of Irish Vegetation Classification (IVC) bog, heath, grassland and fen communities, as well as two Habitats Directive Annex I habitat types, transition mires and alkaline fen. In addition, a population of the Annex II listed Marsh Fritillary (Euphydryas aurinia (Rottemburg, 1775)) was recorded from the area. In general, the vegetation communities reflected a gradient of increasing alkalinity, moisture and nutrient status from ombrotrophic raised bog to minerotrophic fen. The diversity of the vegetation over a small area and its near-natural conditions underscore the conservation significance of the lagg zone, and these findings accentuate the hydrological perspective that restoration of the lagg should, where possible, be a key element in raised bog restoration. The current lack of a characterisation of the lagg types found in Ireland is a barrier to developing a sound restoration and conservation management strategy.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"2017 1","pages":"1 - 15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86775661","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
S. Ruas, Ruth Kelly, Karzan S. D. Ahmed, S. Maher, Ellen O'Hora, A. Volpato, D. Ó hUallacháin, M. Gormally, J C Stout, J. Moran
abstract:Some pollinator species found in agricultural areas are strongly dependent on surrounding areas of natural or semi-natural habitats to nest and/or forage. Landscape structure has been shown to influence pollinator communities and understanding how landscape structure affects farmland pollinators can improve Agri-Environment Schemes (AES). This study explored how landscape metrics affect the presence of pollinators associated with woody vegetation in farmland in the Republic of Ireland. Two study regions were selected, and pollinators were collected using pan traps placed in farm linear features. Hoverfly and bee species were selected based on their body size and association with woody vegetation. Relevant landscape structure metrics were extracted from around each trap and used to develop explanatory models for the abundance of pollinators. The total abundance of target species was relatively low but correlated with three explanatory variables: the connectivity of the linear feature to woodlands; the distance from the trap to the closest woodland; and edge density. Hoverfly and bee abundance data, when analysed separately, showed significant differences within regions. Results seem to indicate that incentivising the connectivity of farm linear features to surrounding woodland patches and increasing optimal habitat availability in agricultural landscapes could benefit woodland specialists. This information is helpful to improving AES design.
{"title":"Does Landscape Structure Affect the Presence of Woodland Specialist Pollinators in Farmland? Implications for Agri-Environment Scheme Design","authors":"S. Ruas, Ruth Kelly, Karzan S. D. Ahmed, S. Maher, Ellen O'Hora, A. Volpato, D. Ó hUallacháin, M. Gormally, J C Stout, J. Moran","doi":"10.1353/bae.2022.0000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1353/bae.2022.0000","url":null,"abstract":"abstract:Some pollinator species found in agricultural areas are strongly dependent on surrounding areas of natural or semi-natural habitats to nest and/or forage. Landscape structure has been shown to influence pollinator communities and understanding how landscape structure affects farmland pollinators can improve Agri-Environment Schemes (AES). This study explored how landscape metrics affect the presence of pollinators associated with woody vegetation in farmland in the Republic of Ireland. Two study regions were selected, and pollinators were collected using pan traps placed in farm linear features. Hoverfly and bee species were selected based on their body size and association with woody vegetation. Relevant landscape structure metrics were extracted from around each trap and used to develop explanatory models for the abundance of pollinators. The total abundance of target species was relatively low but correlated with three explanatory variables: the connectivity of the linear feature to woodlands; the distance from the trap to the closest woodland; and edge density. Hoverfly and bee abundance data, when analysed separately, showed significant differences within regions. Results seem to indicate that incentivising the connectivity of farm linear features to surrounding woodland patches and increasing optimal habitat availability in agricultural landscapes could benefit woodland specialists. This information is helpful to improving AES design.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"416 1","pages":"17 - 37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-05-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75760785","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract:The nature-based solutions (NBS) approach views nature and natural processes as having a high potential to address societal challenges and sustainable development goals, whilst providing multiple co-benefits. It is an approach that offers a mechanism for mainstreaming climate-related issues into practice and policy. Concurrently, EU member states are struggling to comply with the objectives of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). This paper evaluates the application of NBS in addressing water-quality issues in the EU, using Ireland as a case study through a systematic review of the literature. This study found that there are many anecdotal examples of NBS in Ireland, although they are rarely identified as such in publications and official documents. However, a database was compiled of NBS identified during a systematic review of the literature. Existing research indicates the selected NBS of constructed wetlands (CWs), sustainable drainage systems (Suds) and NBS in the riparian zone can improve water quality, to varying degrees. Limited Irish-based research was available for Suds and NBS in the riparian zone. Reported co-benefits include cost-savings, enhanced biodiversity and ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and recreation. The potential for further implementation of the selected NBS in Ireland is significant.This is an Open Access Article under the terms of the Creative Commons attribution license, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Open Access funding provided by IReL.
{"title":"An evaluation of the potential applications of nature-based solutions for water quality protection: Ireland as a case study","authors":"Elaine Heneghan, Marcus Collier, M. Kelly-Quinn","doi":"10.3318/bioe.2021.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3318/bioe.2021.14","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract:The nature-based solutions (NBS) approach views nature and natural processes as having a high potential to address societal challenges and sustainable development goals, whilst providing multiple co-benefits. It is an approach that offers a mechanism for mainstreaming climate-related issues into practice and policy. Concurrently, EU member states are struggling to comply with the objectives of the Water Framework Directive (WFD). This paper evaluates the application of NBS in addressing water-quality issues in the EU, using Ireland as a case study through a systematic review of the literature. This study found that there are many anecdotal examples of NBS in Ireland, although they are rarely identified as such in publications and official documents. However, a database was compiled of NBS identified during a systematic review of the literature. Existing research indicates the selected NBS of constructed wetlands (CWs), sustainable drainage systems (Suds) and NBS in the riparian zone can improve water quality, to varying degrees. Limited Irish-based research was available for Suds and NBS in the riparian zone. Reported co-benefits include cost-savings, enhanced biodiversity and ecosystem services such as carbon sequestration and recreation. The potential for further implementation of the selected NBS in Ireland is significant.This is an Open Access Article under the terms of the Creative Commons attribution license, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Open Access funding provided by IReL.","PeriodicalId":55370,"journal":{"name":"Biology and Environment-Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy","volume":"21 1","pages":"147 - 162"},"PeriodicalIF":0.7,"publicationDate":"2022-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83222476","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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