Biological Psychology最新文献_第4页

Modulation of anticipatory brain activity as a function of action complexity. 预期性脑活动作为动作复杂性功能的调节。

IF 2.7 3区医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Biological Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108959

Andrea Casella, BiancaMaria Di Bello, Merve Aydin, Stefania Lucia, Francesco Di Russo, Sabrina Pitzalis

Stimulus-driven actions are preceded by preparatory brain activity that can be expressed by event-related potentials (ERP). Literature on this topic has focused on simple actions, such as the finger keypress, finding activity in frontal, parietal, and occipital areas detectable up to two seconds before the stimulus onset. Little is known about the preparatory brain activity when the action complexity increases, and specific brain areas designated to achieve movement integration intervene. This paper aims to identify the time course of preparatory brain activity associated with actions of increasing complexity using ERP analysis and a visuomotor discrimination task. Motor complexity was manipulated by asking nineteen volunteers to provide their response by simply pressing a key or by adding to the keypress arm extensions alone, or in combination with a standing step (involving the whole body). Results showed that these actions of increasing levels of complexity appear to be associated with different patterns of preparatory brain activity in which the found components were differently modulated. The simple keypress was characterized by the prominent motor excitatory preparation in premotor areas paralleled by the largest prefrontal inhibitory/attentional control. Reaching presented a dominant parietal preparation confirming the role of these integration areas in reaching actions toward a goal. Stepping was characterized by localized activity in the bilateral dorsomedial parieto-occipital areas attributable to sensory readiness, for the approaching stimulus. In conclusion, the brain can optimally anticipate any stimulus-driven action modulating the activity in the brain areas specialized in the preparation of that action type.

在刺激驱动的行为之前，大脑会有预备活动，而预备活动可以通过事件相关电位（ERP）来表达。关于这一主题的文献主要集中在简单的动作上，如手指按键，在刺激开始前两秒钟就可以检测到额叶、顶叶和枕叶区域的活动。当动作复杂性增加时，大脑的预备活动知之甚少，而特定的大脑区域被指定为实现运动整合的干预。本文旨在利用ERP分析和视觉运动辨别任务来确定与日益复杂的动作相关的预备脑活动的时间过程。通过要求19名志愿者通过简单地按下一个键或在按键时单独增加手臂伸展，或结合站立的步骤（涉及整个身体）来提供他们的反应，从而控制运动的复杂性。结果表明，这些增加复杂性水平的行为似乎与不同的预备脑活动模式有关，其中发现的成分被不同地调节。简单按键的特点是运动前区有明显的运动兴奋准备，并伴有最大的前额叶抑制/注意控制。到达呈现出主要的顶叶准备，证实了这些整合区域在达到目标行动中的作用。行走的特征是双侧背内侧顶枕区局部活动，这是由于对接近的刺激的感觉准备。总之，大脑可以最理想地预测任何刺激驱动的动作，调节大脑中专门负责准备这种动作类型的区域的活动。

{"title":"Modulation of anticipatory brain activity as a function of action complexity.","authors":"Andrea Casella, BiancaMaria Di Bello, Merve Aydin, Stefania Lucia, Francesco Di Russo, Sabrina Pitzalis","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108959","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Stimulus-driven actions are preceded by preparatory brain activity that can be expressed by event-related potentials (ERP). Literature on this topic has focused on simple actions, such as the finger keypress, finding activity in frontal, parietal, and occipital areas detectable up to two seconds before the stimulus onset. Little is known about the preparatory brain activity when the action complexity increases, and specific brain areas designated to achieve movement integration intervene. This paper aims to identify the time course of preparatory brain activity associated with actions of increasing complexity using ERP analysis and a visuomotor discrimination task. Motor complexity was manipulated by asking nineteen volunteers to provide their response by simply pressing a key or by adding to the keypress arm extensions alone, or in combination with a standing step (involving the whole body). Results showed that these actions of increasing levels of complexity appear to be associated with different patterns of preparatory brain activity in which the found components were differently modulated. The simple keypress was characterized by the prominent motor excitatory preparation in premotor areas paralleled by the largest prefrontal inhibitory/attentional control. Reaching presented a dominant parietal preparation confirming the role of these integration areas in reaching actions toward a goal. Stepping was characterized by localized activity in the bilateral dorsomedial parieto-occipital areas attributable to sensory readiness, for the approaching stimulus. In conclusion, the brain can optimally anticipate any stimulus-driven action modulating the activity in the brain areas specialized in the preparation of that action type.</p>","PeriodicalId":55372,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"108959"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142792368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Investigating the properties of fMRI-based signature of recognizing one's own face. 研究基于fmri的人脸识别特征的特性。

IF 2.7 3区医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Biological Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 Epub Date: 2024-12-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108960

G G Knyazev, A N Savostyanov, A V Bocharov, A E Saprigyn, E A Levin

Multivariate pattern analysis has revolutionized the field of neuroimaging. Many hope it will help elucidate how mental states are encoded in brain activity, though others caution that such optimism may be premature. In this study, we sought to identify an fMRI-based signature of a relatively simple but basic feeling of recognizing one's own face (SFRS), and to examine its properties. The fMRI data were acquired while participants attempted to recognize themselves in images of morphed faces. A series of binary classifications ('self' vs. 'not self') showed that the localization of most prognostic areas is consistent with published results based on univariate analysis. SFRS response classified between 'self' and 'not self' with 100 % accuracy and could accurately predict the morphing stages of presented face images. Mediation analyses showed that SFRS response acted as a mediator between the proportions of self in images and the decision to accept a given image as self. The relative insensitivity of SFRS to spatial smoothing and comparable predictive performance of a small subset of randomly selected voxels allow us to conclude that the information necessary to distinguish between the two mental states must be derived from the whole brain, and that this information is spatially smooth.

多元模式分析已经彻底改变了神经成像领域。许多人希望这将有助于阐明精神状态是如何在大脑活动中编码的，尽管其他人警告说，这种乐观可能为时过早。在这项研究中，我们试图识别一种基于fmri的相对简单但基本的识别自己脸的感觉（SFRS），并研究其特性。fMRI数据是在参与者试图从变形的面部图像中识别自己时获得的。一系列的二元分类（“自我”vs“自我”）。“非自我”)表明，大多数预后区域的定位与基于单变量分析的已发表结果一致。SFRS反应在“自我”和“非自我”之间的分类准确率为100%，可以准确预测所呈现的人脸图像的变形阶段。中介分析表明，SFRS反应在图像中自我的比例和接受给定图像作为自我的决定之间起中介作用。SFRS对空间平滑的相对不敏感，以及一小部分随机选择的体素的可比较预测性能，使我们得出结论，区分两种心理状态所需的信息必须来自整个大脑，并且这些信息在空间上是平滑的。

{"title":"Investigating the properties of fMRI-based signature of recognizing one's own face.","authors":"G G Knyazev, A N Savostyanov, A V Bocharov, A E Saprigyn, E A Levin","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108960","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108960","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multivariate pattern analysis has revolutionized the field of neuroimaging. Many hope it will help elucidate how mental states are encoded in brain activity, though others caution that such optimism may be premature. In this study, we sought to identify an fMRI-based signature of a relatively simple but basic feeling of recognizing one's own face (SFRS), and to examine its properties. The fMRI data were acquired while participants attempted to recognize themselves in images of morphed faces. A series of binary classifications ('self' vs. 'not self') showed that the localization of most prognostic areas is consistent with published results based on univariate analysis. SFRS response classified between 'self' and 'not self' with 100 % accuracy and could accurately predict the morphing stages of presented face images. Mediation analyses showed that SFRS response acted as a mediator between the proportions of self in images and the decision to accept a given image as self. The relative insensitivity of SFRS to spatial smoothing and comparable predictive performance of a small subset of randomly selected voxels allow us to conclude that the information necessary to distinguish between the two mental states must be derived from the whole brain, and that this information is spatially smooth.</p>","PeriodicalId":55372,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychology","volume":" ","pages":"108960"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142796612","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Visual mismatch negativity is more than the sum of microsequences 视觉错配负性不仅仅是微序列的总和。

IF 2.7 3区医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Biological Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108956

Lili Kővári , Petia Kojouharova , Zsófia Anna Gaál , István Czigler

Visual mismatch negativity (vMMN), the difference between the event-related potentials (ERPs) to repeated (standard) events and changing (deviant) events, can be caused either by diminished activity to the repeated ones (stimulus-specific adaptation, SSA), increased activity to the new ones, or both effects. To determine which of these effects contribute to the emergence of vMMN, we investigated the effect of repetition on visual ERPs. To this end, we measured electrical brain activity to task-irrelevant stimuli both in case of stimulus onset (continuously present objects, ON-events) and stimulus offset (frequently or infrequently disappearing parts of the objects, OFF-events). We examined ERPs to changing events (“deviants”), first and second repetitions (“standards”) and to changing events preceded by one, two or three different events in non-oddball (50 % deviant frequency) sequences along with ERPs to similar deviant and standard events in oddball (12,5 % deviant frequency) sequences. The absence of exogenous N1 adaptation (i.e., adaptation of the negativity in the range of putative deviant minus standard difference) in non-oddball sequences coupled with the emergence of vMMN in oddball sequences proves that vMMN can be considered more than pure stimulus-specific adaptation effect.

视觉错配负性（vMMN）是指对重复（标准）事件和变化（偏差）事件的事件相关电位（ERPs）之间的差异，其原因可能是对重复事件的活动减弱（刺激特异性适应，SSA），也可能是对新事件的活动增加，或者是两种效应同时存在。为了确定是哪种效应导致了 vMMN 的出现，我们研究了重复对视觉 ERP 的影响。为此，我们测量了在刺激开始（持续出现的物体，ON-事件）和刺激偏移（物体频繁或不频繁消失的部分，OFF-事件）时与任务无关的刺激的脑电活动。我们研究了在非怪异球（50% 变异频率）序列中对变化事件（"怪异"）、第一次和第二次重复（"标准"）以及变化事件之前的一个、两个或三个不同事件的ERP，以及在怪异球（12.5% 变异频率）序列中对类似的怪异事件和标准事件的ERP。在非偏差球序列中没有外源性 N1 适应（即在假定偏差减去标准差异范围内的负性适应），而在奇数球序列中出现了 vMMN，这证明 vMMN 不只是纯粹的刺激特异性适应效应。

{"title":"Visual mismatch negativity is more than the sum of microsequences","authors":"Lili Kővári , Petia Kojouharova , Zsófia Anna Gaál , István Czigler","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108956","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108956","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Visual mismatch negativity (vMMN), the difference between the event-related potentials (ERPs) to repeated (standard) events and changing (deviant) events, can be caused either by diminished activity to the repeated ones (stimulus-specific adaptation, SSA), increased activity to the new ones, or both effects. To determine which of these effects contribute to the emergence of vMMN, we investigated the effect of repetition on visual ERPs. To this end, we measured electrical brain activity to task-irrelevant stimuli both in case of stimulus onset (continuously present objects, ON-events) and stimulus offset (frequently or infrequently disappearing parts of the objects, OFF-events). We examined ERPs to changing events (“deviants”), first and second repetitions (“standards”) and to changing events preceded by one, two or three different events in non-oddball (50 % deviant frequency) sequences along with ERPs to similar deviant and standard events in oddball (12,5 % deviant frequency) sequences. The absence of exogenous N1 adaptation (i.e., adaptation of the negativity in the range of putative deviant minus standard difference) in non-oddball sequences coupled with the emergence of vMMN in oddball sequences proves that vMMN can be considered more than pure stimulus-specific adaptation effect.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55372,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychology","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 108956"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142717668","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Anticipatory processing increases attentional biases to disgust faces in socially anxious individuals: Evidence from the N2pc and CDA 预期加工会增加社交焦虑者对厌恶面孔的注意偏差：来自 N2pc 和 CDA 的证据。

IF 2.7 3区医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Biological Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-11-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108901

Matt R. Judah , Nathan M. Hager , Hannah C. Hamrick , Evan J. White , Adam C. Mills , Danielle Taylor , Kristen Frosio , Jacob D. Kraft , DeMond M. Grant

Attentional biases to socially threatening facial expressions (anger, disgust) have been repeatedly observed in socially anxious individuals. These biases are thought to arise, in part, because anticipatory processing of social situations increases the salience of negative social cues. Additionally, self-focused attention on somatic symptoms of anxiety (e.g., heart rate) is thought to interfere with attentional bias. The goal of this study was to examine how anticipatory processing and self-focused attention affect attentional biases as reflected by reliable, temporally precise event-related potentials (ERPs), namely the N2pc and contralateral delay activity (CDA), which index selective attention and working memory maintenance, respectively. One-hundred forty undergraduate students at two collaborating universities completed a mentation task in which they were randomly assigned to engage in prompt-guided anticipatory processing or neutral distraction after being told that they would be evaluated during a social interaction with a researcher at the end of the study. Participants then completed a dot-probe task with disgust/neutral face pairs. To manipulate self-focused attention, the fixation cross was randomly rotated between (+) or (×), and participants were told that one of these indicated an increase in their heart rate. Probes appeared 800 ms after face stimulus offset so that the CDA could be measured. N2pc and CDA amplitude were larger in the anticipatory processing condition compared to distraction for socially anxious individuals, and this effect remained when controlling for depression. There was no effect involving self-focused attention. The results support anticipatory processing as an important process that affects attentional bias in socially anxious individuals.

在社交焦虑的人身上，人们多次观察到对社交威胁性面部表情（愤怒、厌恶）的注意偏差。出现这些偏差的部分原因被认为是对社交情境的预期处理增加了负面社交线索的显著性。此外，自我关注焦虑的躯体症状（如心率）被认为会干扰注意偏差。本研究的目的是通过可靠、时间上精确的事件相关电位（ERPs），即 N2pc 和对侧延迟活动（CDA），分别反映选择性注意和工作记忆的维持情况，研究预期加工和自我关注如何影响注意偏差。两所合作大学的 140 名本科生完成了一项心智任务，他们在被告知将在研究结束后与研究人员进行社交互动时接受评估后，被随机分配参与提示引导的预期加工或中性分心。然后，受试者完成一项恶心/中性面孔配对的点探测任务。为了操纵自我集中注意，固定十字架会在(+)或(×)之间随机旋转，参与者会被告知其中一个十字架表示他们的心率会增加。探针在人脸刺激偏移后 800 毫秒出现，以便测量 CDA。与分散注意力相比，社交焦虑者在预期加工条件下的 N2pc 和 CDA 振幅更大，在控制抑郁后，这种效应仍然存在。而自我关注则没有影响。研究结果表明，预期加工是影响社交焦虑者注意偏向的一个重要过程。

{"title":"Anticipatory processing increases attentional biases to disgust faces in socially anxious individuals: Evidence from the N2pc and CDA","authors":"Matt R. Judah , Nathan M. Hager , Hannah C. Hamrick , Evan J. White , Adam C. Mills , Danielle Taylor , Kristen Frosio , Jacob D. Kraft , DeMond M. Grant","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108901","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108901","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Attentional biases to socially threatening facial expressions (anger, disgust) have been repeatedly observed in socially anxious individuals. These biases are thought to arise, in part, because anticipatory processing of social situations increases the salience of negative social cues. Additionally, self-focused attention on somatic symptoms of anxiety (e.g., heart rate) is thought to interfere with attentional bias. The goal of this study was to examine how anticipatory processing and self-focused attention affect attentional biases as reflected by reliable, temporally precise event-related potentials (ERPs), namely the N2pc and contralateral delay activity (CDA), which index selective attention and working memory maintenance, respectively. One-hundred forty undergraduate students at two collaborating universities completed a mentation task in which they were randomly assigned to engage in prompt-guided anticipatory processing or neutral distraction after being told that they would be evaluated during a social interaction with a researcher at the end of the study. Participants then completed a dot-probe task with disgust/neutral face pairs. To manipulate self-focused attention, the fixation cross was randomly rotated between (+) or (×), and participants were told that one of these indicated an increase in their heart rate. Probes appeared 800 ms after face stimulus offset so that the CDA could be measured. N2pc and CDA amplitude were larger in the anticipatory processing condition compared to distraction for socially anxious individuals, and this effect remained when controlling for depression. There was no effect involving self-focused attention. The results support anticipatory processing as an important process that affects attentional bias in socially anxious individuals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55372,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychology","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 108901"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142693901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Interpersonal distance affects advisors’ responses to feedback on their advice: Evidence from event-related potentials 人际距离影响顾问对其建议反馈的反应：事件相关电位的证据。

IF 2.7 3区医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Biological Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108894

Jin Li , Mei Li , Yu Sun , Guanfei Zhang , Wei Fan , Yiping Zhong

Advisors typically receive two types of feedback: whether their advice is accepted and benefits the advisee. However, the effect of interpersonal distance on advisors' feedback responses remains unexplored. Therefore, to examine this association, we used an advice-giving task in which participants acted as advisors to either friends or strangers through event-related potentials (ERP). Participants received feedback reflecting whether their advice was accepted or rejected and the advisee’s outcome (gains or losses). Participants’ electroencephalograms were recorded when receiving feedback. Results revealed that rejections from friends elicited stronger feedback-related negativity (FRN) than acceptances from friends. Furthermore, acceptances from friends triggered larger late positive components (LPCs) than rejections from friends. No such effects were observed when the advisee was a stranger. Moreover, a stronger FRN was observed for losses than gains when strangers accepted the advice; however, this difference was not observed when strangers rejected the advice. In addition, friends’ gains elicited a larger P300 than losses, regardless of whether friends accepted the advice; however, for strangers, this P300 difference was observed only when the advice was accepted. When strangers accepted the advice, gains elicited larger LPCs than losses; however, this difference was not observed when strangers rejected the advice. These results revealed that the interpersonal distance between people affected how they responded to feedback on advice. This was demonstrated by the neural responses related to expectations, motivational significance, and emotional arousal. It also suggests that the psychological processes by which interpersonal distance influences feedback processing change over the stages.

顾问通常会收到两类反馈：他们的建议是否被接受以及是否有利于被建议者。然而，人际距离对顾问反馈反应的影响仍未得到研究。因此，为了研究这种关联，我们使用了一个给出建议的任务，让参与者通过事件相关电位（ERP）扮演朋友或陌生人的顾问。参与者收到的反馈反映了他们的建议是否被接受或拒绝，以及被建议者的结果（收益或损失）。参与者在接受反馈时的脑电图被记录下来。结果显示，与接受朋友的建议相比，拒绝朋友的建议会引起更强的反馈相关负性（FRN）。此外，来自朋友的接受比来自朋友的拒绝引发更大的后期积极成分（LPC）。当被建议者是陌生人时，则没有观察到这种效应。此外，当陌生人接受建议时，与收益相比，损失的 FRN 更强；但当陌生人拒绝建议时，则没有观察到这种差异。此外，无论朋友是否接受建议，朋友的收益都比损失引起更大的 P300；然而，对于陌生人，只有当建议被接受时，才能观察到这种 P300 差异。当陌生人接受建议时，收益引起的 LPC 比损失大；然而，当陌生人拒绝建议时，就观察不到这种差异了。这些结果表明，人与人之间的距离会影响他们对建议反馈的反应。与期望、动机意义和情绪唤醒相关的神经反应证明了这一点。这也表明，人际距离影响反馈处理的心理过程会随着阶段的变化而变化。

{"title":"Interpersonal distance affects advisors’ responses to feedback on their advice: Evidence from event-related potentials","authors":"Jin Li , Mei Li , Yu Sun , Guanfei Zhang , Wei Fan , Yiping Zhong","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108894","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108894","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advisors typically receive two types of feedback: whether their advice is accepted and benefits the advisee. However, the effect of interpersonal distance on advisors' feedback responses remains unexplored. Therefore, to examine this association, we used an advice-giving task in which participants acted as advisors to either friends or strangers through event-related potentials (ERP). Participants received feedback reflecting whether their advice was accepted or rejected and the advisee’s outcome (gains or losses). Participants’ electroencephalograms were recorded when receiving feedback. Results revealed that rejections from friends elicited stronger feedback-related negativity (FRN) than acceptances from friends. Furthermore, acceptances from friends triggered larger late positive components (LPCs) than rejections from friends. No such effects were observed when the advisee was a stranger. Moreover, a stronger FRN was observed for losses than gains when strangers accepted the advice; however, this difference was not observed when strangers rejected the advice. In addition, friends’ gains elicited a larger P300 than losses, regardless of whether friends accepted the advice; however, for strangers, this P300 difference was observed only when the advice was accepted. When strangers accepted the advice, gains elicited larger LPCs than losses; however, this difference was not observed when strangers rejected the advice. These results revealed that the interpersonal distance between people affected how they responded to feedback on advice. This was demonstrated by the neural responses related to expectations, motivational significance, and emotional arousal. It also suggests that the psychological processes by which interpersonal distance influences feedback processing change over the stages.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55372,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychology","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 108894"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142481539","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Supervised structure learning 有监督的结构学习

IF 2.7 3区医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Biological Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-10-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108891

Karl J. Friston , Lancelot Da Costa , Alexander Tschantz , Alex Kiefer , Tommaso Salvatori , Victorita Neacsu , Magnus Koudahl , Conor Heins , Noor Sajid , Dimitrije Markovic , Thomas Parr , Tim Verbelen , Christopher L. Buckley

This paper concerns structure learning or discovery of discrete generative models. It focuses on Bayesian model selection and the assimilation of training data or content, with a special emphasis on the order in which data are ingested. A key move—in the ensuing schemes—is to place priors on the selection of models, based upon expected free energy. In this setting, expected free energy reduces to a constrained mutual information, where the constraints inherit from priors over outcomes (i.e., preferred outcomes). The resulting scheme is first used to perform image classification on the MNIST dataset to illustrate the basic idea, and then tested on a more challenging problem of discovering models with dynamics, using a simple sprite-based visual disentanglement paradigm and the Tower of Hanoi (cf., blocks world) problem. In these examples, generative models are constructed autodidactically to recover (i.e., disentangle) the factorial structure of latent states—and their characteristic paths or dynamics.

本文涉及离散生成模型的结构学习或发现。它侧重于贝叶斯模型选择和训练数据或内容的同化，特别强调数据摄取的顺序。在随后的方案中，一个关键的举措是根据预期自由能对模型的选择进行先验。在这种情况下，预期自由能简化为受约束的互信息，其中的约束条件来自于对结果（即首选结果）的优先权。为了说明基本思想，我们首先使用所产生的方案在 MNIST 数据集上进行图像分类，然后使用一个简单的基于精灵的视觉解缠范例和河内塔（参见积木世界）问题，在发现具有动态性的模型这一更具挑战性的问题上进行了测试。在这些例子中，生成模型是自动构建的，以恢复（即分解）潜在状态的因子结构及其特征路径或动态。

{"title":"Supervised structure learning","authors":"Karl J. Friston , Lancelot Da Costa , Alexander Tschantz , Alex Kiefer , Tommaso Salvatori , Victorita Neacsu , Magnus Koudahl , Conor Heins , Noor Sajid , Dimitrije Markovic , Thomas Parr , Tim Verbelen , Christopher L. Buckley","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108891","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108891","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper concerns structure learning or discovery of discrete generative models. It focuses on Bayesian model selection and the assimilation of training data or content, with a special emphasis on the order in which data are ingested. A key move—in the ensuing schemes—is to place priors on the selection of models, based upon expected free energy. In this setting, expected free energy reduces to a constrained mutual information, where the constraints inherit from priors over outcomes (i.e., preferred outcomes). The resulting scheme is first used to perform image classification on the MNIST dataset to illustrate the basic idea, and then tested on a more challenging problem of discovering models with dynamics, using a simple sprite-based visual disentanglement paradigm and the Tower of Hanoi (cf., blocks world) problem. In these examples, generative models are constructed autodidactically to recover (i.e., disentangle) the factorial structure of latent states—and their characteristic paths or dynamics.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55372,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychology","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 108891"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142481540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Compensating for the mobile menace with extra effort: A pupillometry investigation of the mere presence effect of smartphones 用额外的努力来弥补手机的威胁：对智能手机单纯存在效应的瞳孔测量调查。

IF 2.7 3区医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Biological Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-10-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108893

S. Tabitha Steendam , Nicoleta Prutean , Fleur Clybouw , Joshua O. Eayrs , Nanne Kukkonen , Wim Notebaert , Ruth M. Krebs , Jan R. Wiersema , C. Nico Boehler

Previous research suggests that the mere presence of a smartphone can detrimentally affect performance. However, other studies failed to observe such detrimental effects. A limitation of existing studies is that no indexes of (potentially compensating) effort were included. Further, time-on-task effects have been unexplored. Here, we address these limitations by investigating the mere-presence effect of a smartphone on performance in two continuous-performance experiments (Experiment 1 using an n-back and a number judgement task at two difficulty levels, and Experiment 2 using a pure, challenging n-back task), measuring pupil size to assess invested effort, and taking into account time-on-task effects. Finally, contrary to previous studies that predominantly used between-subject designs, we utilized within-subject designs in both experiments. Contrary to expectations, Experiment 1 largely yielded no significant effects of smartphone presence on performance. Nonetheless, the presence of a smartphone triggered larger tonic pupil size in the more difficult task, and a more rapid decrease over time. Experiment 2 similarly failed to demonstrate smartphone effects on performance, but replicated the finding of larger tonic pupil size in the presence of a smartphone. In addition, tonic pupil size showed a slower decrease over time when a smartphone was present. In Experiment 2, we could furthermore look at phasic pupil size, which decreased over time in the absence of a phone but not in its presence. These findings suggest a complex relationship between smartphone presence, effort, and time-on-task, which does not necessarily express itself behaviorally, highlighting in particular the need to also explore potential contributions of (compensatory) effort.

以往的研究表明，智能手机的存在会对学习成绩产生不利影响。然而，其他研究未能观察到这种不利影响。现有研究的一个局限性是没有纳入（潜在的补偿性）努力指标。此外，任务时间的影响也未被探讨。在此，我们针对这些局限性，在两个连续表现实验中（实验一使用两种难度的n-back和数字判断任务，实验二使用纯粹的、具有挑战性的n-back任务）研究了智能手机仅仅存在对表现的影响，测量瞳孔大小以评估投入的努力，并考虑了任务中的时间效应。最后，与以往主要采用主体间设计的研究不同，我们在两个实验中都采用了主体内设计。与预期相反，实验 1 在很大程度上没有发现智能手机的存在对成绩的显著影响。尽管如此，在难度较高的任务中，智能手机的存在还是会导致瞳孔变大，并且随着时间的推移，瞳孔缩小的速度也会加快。实验 2 同样未能证明智能手机对成绩的影响，但重复了智能手机存在时瞳孔变大的结果。此外，当智能手机出现时，强直性瞳孔大小随着时间的推移减小得更慢。在实验 2 中，我们还可以进一步观察相位瞳孔大小，在没有手机的情况下，相位瞳孔大小会随着时间的推移而减小，而在有手机的情况下则不会。这些研究结果表明，智能手机的存在、努力和任务时间之间存在着复杂的关系，而这种关系并不一定会通过行为表现出来。

{"title":"Compensating for the mobile menace with extra effort: A pupillometry investigation of the mere presence effect of smartphones","authors":"S. Tabitha Steendam , Nicoleta Prutean , Fleur Clybouw , Joshua O. Eayrs , Nanne Kukkonen , Wim Notebaert , Ruth M. Krebs , Jan R. Wiersema , C. Nico Boehler","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108893","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108893","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Previous research suggests that the mere presence of a smartphone can detrimentally affect performance. However, other studies failed to observe such detrimental effects. A limitation of existing studies is that no indexes of (potentially compensating) effort were included. Further, time-on-task effects have been unexplored. Here, we address these limitations by investigating the mere-presence effect of a smartphone on performance in two continuous-performance experiments (Experiment 1 using an n-back and a number judgement task at two difficulty levels, and Experiment 2 using a pure, challenging n-back task), measuring pupil size to assess invested effort, and taking into account time-on-task effects. Finally, contrary to previous studies that predominantly used between-subject designs, we utilized within-subject designs in both experiments. Contrary to expectations, Experiment 1 largely yielded no significant effects of smartphone presence on performance. Nonetheless, the presence of a smartphone triggered larger tonic pupil size in the more difficult task, and a more rapid decrease over time. Experiment 2 similarly failed to demonstrate smartphone effects on performance, but replicated the finding of larger tonic pupil size in the presence of a smartphone. In addition, tonic pupil size showed a slower decrease over time when a smartphone was present. In Experiment 2, we could furthermore look at phasic pupil size, which decreased over time in the absence of a phone but not in its presence. These findings suggest a complex relationship between smartphone presence, effort, and time-on-task, which does not necessarily express itself behaviorally, highlighting in particular the need to also explore potential contributions of (compensatory) effort.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55372,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychology","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 108893"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142481538","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Timing matters in stress appraisal: The relationship between retrospective appraisal and stress responses 压力评估中的时机问题：回顾性评估与压力反应之间的关系

IF 2.7 3区医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Biological Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108892

Hongyu Chen , Xiaoyu Wang , Peishan Wang , Lei Zhan , Zheng Huang , Xianghong Sun , Liang Zhang

Background

Although psychosocial stressors are known to impact task performance and trigger neuroendocrine responses, the dynamic nature of the stress appraisal process is often neglected in research.

Goal

This study aims to explore whether self-reported appraisals at various time points can accurately represent an individual’s behavioral and physiological stress responses.

Methods

A total of 137 participants were recruited to induce individual stress states using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Self-reported appraisals were measured both before (anticipatory appraisal) and after the stressor (retrospective appraisal) to capture the dynamic process. Concurrently, participants' cortisol responses and task performances were documented.

Results

Findings indicate that anticipatory appraisal does not significantly reflect task performance. In contrast, retrospective appraisal is strongly associated with the performance of corresponding tasks. Regarding cortisol levels, significantly negative results of multiple regression analysis revealed that the retrospective appraisal of the speech task is the sole variable to represent the cortisol response under stress.

Discussion

The results highlight that retrospective appraisals could represent individuals’ behavioral and physiological responses to stressors more accurately than anticipatory appraisals. These findings provide empirical evidence for choosing the appropriate timing to acquire accurate self-reported appraisals and also help to build a mapping relationship between self-reported, behavioral, and physiological data.

背景虽然众所周知社会心理压力会影响任务的完成并引发神经内分泌反应，但压力评估过程的动态性质往往在研究中被忽视。方法共招募了 137 名参与者，利用特里尔社会压力测试（TSST）诱发个体压力状态。在压力源之前（预期评估）和之后（回顾评估）对自我评估进行测量，以捕捉动态过程。同时，记录了参与者的皮质醇反应和任务表现。结果表明，预期评估并不能显著反映任务表现。相反，回顾性评价与相应任务的表现密切相关。在皮质醇水平方面，多元回归分析的显著负值结果显示，对言语任务的回顾性评价是代表压力下皮质醇反应的唯一变量。这些发现为选择适当的时机获取准确的自我报告评估提供了实证证据，同时也有助于建立自我报告、行为和生理数据之间的映射关系。

{"title":"Timing matters in stress appraisal: The relationship between retrospective appraisal and stress responses","authors":"Hongyu Chen , Xiaoyu Wang , Peishan Wang , Lei Zhan , Zheng Huang , Xianghong Sun , Liang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108892","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108892","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Although psychosocial stressors are known to impact task performance and trigger neuroendocrine responses, the dynamic nature of the stress appraisal process is often neglected in research.</div></div><div><h3>Goal</h3><div>This study aims to explore whether self-reported appraisals at various time points can accurately represent an individual’s behavioral and physiological stress responses.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 137 participants were recruited to induce individual stress states using the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). Self-reported appraisals were measured both before (anticipatory appraisal) and after the stressor (retrospective appraisal) to capture the dynamic process. Concurrently, participants' cortisol responses and task performances were documented.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Findings indicate that anticipatory appraisal does not significantly reflect task performance. In contrast, retrospective appraisal is strongly associated with the performance of corresponding tasks. Regarding cortisol levels, significantly negative results of multiple regression analysis revealed that the retrospective appraisal of the speech task is the sole variable to represent the cortisol response under stress.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>The results highlight that retrospective appraisals could represent individuals’ behavioral and physiological responses to stressors more accurately than anticipatory appraisals. These findings provide empirical evidence for choosing the appropriate timing to acquire accurate self-reported appraisals and also help to build a mapping relationship between self-reported, behavioral, and physiological data.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55372,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychology","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 108892"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142442906","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Corrigendum to: “Neural mechanisms of inhibitory control in preadolescent irritability: Insights from the ABCD study” [Biological Psychology 192 (2024) 108856] 更正："青春期前易怒的抑制控制神经机制：来自 ABCD 研究的启示"[《生物心理学》192 (2024) 108856]。

IF 2.7 3区医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Biological Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108880

Alyssa J. Parker , Johanna C. Walker , Leslie S. Jordan , Yukari Takarae , Jillian Lee Wiggins , Lea R. Dougherty

引用次数: 0

The impact of threat of shock on memory for threat-irrelevant information: Evidence for a role of reduced semantic organization 休克威胁对威胁无关信息记忆的影响：证明语义组织减少的作用

IF 2.7 3区医学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES

Biological Psychology

Pub Date : 2024-09-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108877

Felicia M. Chaisson , Christopher R. Cox , Amber M. Alford , Lauryn M. Burleigh , Steven G. Greening , Heather D. Lucas

Research into the effects of acute anxiety on episodic memory has produced inconsistent findings, particularly for threat-neutral information. In two experiments, we tested the hypothesis that anxiety induced by threat of shock can interfere with the use of semantic-organizational processes that benefit memory. In Experiment 1, participants viewed and freely recalled two lists of semantically unrelated neutral words, one encoded in a threatening context (threat blocks) and one encoded without threat (safe blocks). As predicted, significantly fewer words were recalled during threat than safe blocks. Moreover, free recall patterns following threat blocks showed lower levels of semantic organization as assessed using a “path length” measurement that considers the semantic distance between pairs of consecutively recalled words. Both effects unexpectedly interacted with block order, such that they primarily reflected improved recall and increased semantic organization from the first to the second block in participants who received the threat block first. Experiment 2 used semantically related word lists to reduce potential impacts of task experience on semantic organization. Free recall was again less accurate and showed longer (less organized) path lengths for threat than safe blocks, and the path length effect no longer interacted with block order. Moreover, threat-induced changes to path lengths emerged as a mediator of the relation between physiological effects of threat (increased skin conductance) and reduced subsequent memory. These data point to semantic control processes as an understudied determinant of when and how acute anxiety impacts episodic memory.

关于急性焦虑对外显记忆影响的研究结果并不一致，尤其是对威胁中性信息的影响。在两个实验中，我们检验了这样一个假设：由惊吓威胁引起的焦虑会干扰有利于记忆的语义组织过程的使用。在实验一中，受试者观看并自由回忆两个语义无关的中性词列表，一个是在有威胁的语境中编码的（威胁区块），另一个是在没有威胁的语境中编码的（安全区块）。正如预测的那样，在威胁区块中回忆的词语明显少于安全区块。此外，威胁区块后的自由回忆模式显示出较低的语义组织水平，这是用 "路径长度 "测量法评估的，该测量法考虑了连续回忆的词对之间的语义距离。这两种效应出乎意料地与区块顺序相互影响，因此它们主要反映了先接受威胁区块的参与者从第一个区块到第二个区块的回忆能力提高和语义组织能力增强。实验 2 使用了语义相关的单词表，以减少任务经验对语义组织的潜在影响。与安全区块相比，威胁区块的自由回忆的准确性再次降低，并且显示出更长（组织性更差）的路径长度，而且路径长度效应不再与区块顺序相互影响。此外，威胁引起的路径长度变化成为威胁生理效应（皮肤电导增加）与后续记忆减少之间关系的中介。这些数据表明，语义控制过程是急性焦虑何时以及如何影响外显记忆的一个未被充分研究的决定因素。

{"title":"The impact of threat of shock on memory for threat-irrelevant information: Evidence for a role of reduced semantic organization","authors":"Felicia M. Chaisson , Christopher R. Cox , Amber M. Alford , Lauryn M. Burleigh , Steven G. Greening , Heather D. Lucas","doi":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108877","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.biopsycho.2024.108877","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Research into the effects of acute anxiety on episodic memory has produced inconsistent findings, particularly for threat-neutral information. In two experiments, we tested the hypothesis that anxiety induced by threat of shock can interfere with the use of semantic-organizational processes that benefit memory. In Experiment 1, participants viewed and freely recalled two lists of semantically unrelated neutral words, one encoded in a threatening context (threat blocks) and one encoded without threat (safe blocks). As predicted, significantly fewer words were recalled during threat than safe blocks. Moreover, free recall patterns following threat blocks showed lower levels of semantic organization as assessed using a “path length” measurement that considers the semantic distance between pairs of consecutively recalled words. Both effects unexpectedly interacted with block order, such that they primarily reflected improved recall and increased semantic organization from the first to the second block in participants who received the threat block first. Experiment 2 used semantically related word lists to reduce potential impacts of task experience on semantic organization. Free recall was again less accurate and showed longer (less organized) path lengths for threat than safe blocks, and the path length effect no longer interacted with block order. Moreover, threat-induced changes to path lengths emerged as a mediator of the relation between physiological effects of threat (increased skin conductance) and reduced subsequent memory. These data point to semantic control processes as an understudied determinant of when and how acute anxiety impacts episodic memory.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55372,"journal":{"name":"Biological Psychology","volume":"193 ","pages":"Article 108877"},"PeriodicalIF":2.7,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142332870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0