Arthropod Structure & Development最新文献_第4页

Copulatory mechanics in ghost spiders (Amaurobioidinae, Anyphaenidae) reveals an independent regressive evolution of a key genital trait through functional replacement 鬼蜘蛛（Amaurobioidinae, Anyphaenidae）的交配机制揭示了一种通过功能替代实现的关键生殖器特征的独立回归进化

IF 1.7 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-04-08 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101442

Dante Poy , Luis N. Piacentini , Peter Michalik , Shou-Wang Lin , Leonel A. Martínez , Martín J. Ramírez

During evolution, the morphology of animal organs can vary drastically, such as the reduction or loss of structures. This phenomenon is recurrent in the male copulatory organs of many spiders, where structures that are usually well-developed, are missing or vestigial in some taxa. One example is the retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) of the male pedipalp of the most diverse lineage of spiders, the RTA clade. It frequently performs a key function during genital coupling, which is the first and main mechanical engagement during genital coupling (i.e., primary locking). However, in several lineages the RTA is either lost or reduced, raising questions on how genital coupling is achieved in these taxa, and what are the potential drivers for the regression of the RTA. To address these questions, we used the subfamily Amaurobioidinae (Anyphaenidae) as a model and studied the genital mechanics of nine species with different degrees of RTA size. Genital coupling was reconstructed using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) data of cryofixed mating pairs, revealing that, except for a species with a prominent RTA, primary locking is solely achieved by inserting the conductor (a male genital sclerite) into one of the female copulatory openings. Our phylogenetic analyses indicate that the RTA has been independently lost or reduced six times in Amaurobioidinae, and that at least one functional replacement of the RTA by the conductor has occurred within the subfamily. We hypothesize that the use of the conductor for primary locking replaced the primary function of the RTA, allowing its repeated regressions.

在进化过程中，动物器官的形态会发生巨大的变化，比如结构的减少或丧失。这种现象在许多蜘蛛的雄性交配器官中反复出现，在某些分类群中，通常发育良好的结构缺失或退化。一个例子是最多样化的蜘蛛谱系，即RTA分支的雄性肢肢的后外侧胫突（RTA）。它经常在生殖器耦合期间执行关键功能，这是生殖器耦合期间的第一个和主要机械接合（即主锁定）。然而，在一些谱系中，RTA要么丢失要么减少，这就提出了生殖偶联是如何在这些分类群中实现的问题，以及RTA回归的潜在驱动因素是什么。为了解决这些问题，我们以麻麻亚科（麻麻科）为模型，研究了9个RTA大小不同的物种的生殖机制。利用冷冻固定交配对的微计算机断层扫描（micro-CT）数据重建生殖器耦合，发现除了RTA突出的物种外，主要锁定仅通过将导体（雄性生殖器硬石）插入雌性交配口之一来实现。我们的系统发育分析表明，RTA在Amaurobioidinae中已经独立丢失或减少了6次，并且在该亚家族中至少发生了一次RTA被导体的功能替代。我们假设使用导体进行主锁定取代了RTA的主要功能，允许其重复回归。

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引用次数: 0

The cuticle of Agnostina (basal Euarthropoda) was three-layered 底真节肢动物Agnostina的角质层为三层

IF 1.7 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-04-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101447

Elena B. Naimark , Stanislav Yu Chaika

The cuticle of four Agnostina families is notably complex, challenging the previously proposed one-layer model. It consists of three distinct layers, with the outer layer being significantly thicker than the middle and inner layers; two upper layers are laminated. The inner layer is very thin and rests on a base of fibrils arranged in a rhomboidal mesh. Comparative analysis suggests that during evolution, the middle and inner layers have decreased in thickness, leaving the outer layer relatively thick. These distinctive structural features are possibly associated with miniaturization of agnostines. Their cuticle resembles that of chelicerates more than that of crustaceans.

四个Agnostina家族的角质层非常复杂，挑战了先前提出的单层模型。它由三个不同的层组成，外层明显比中间层和内层厚；上面两层是层压的。内层非常薄，以菱形网状排列的原纤维为基础。对比分析表明，在演化过程中，中间层和内层厚度逐渐减小，外层相对较厚。这些独特的结构特征可能与不可知论的小型化有关。它们的角质层与其说像甲壳类动物，不如说是像螯足类动物。

引用次数: 0

Tyrosine hydroxylase- and serotonin-immunoreactive neurons in the thoracic ganglia of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis 东方果蝇背小实蝇胸椎神经节中酪氨酸羟化酶和血清素免疫反应神经元

IF 1.7 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101444

Tao Lin, Liyun He

The thoracic ganglia (TG) of insects are essential neural centers responsible for regulating behaviors such as flight and courtship. These ganglia control thoracic muscle movements through the release of biogenic amines, such as dopamine and serotonin, which modulate motor functions and behavioral outputs. The Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), is a major agricultural pest characterized by strong flight and reproductive capabilities. These traits enable rapid dispersal and population establishment, posing significant threats to crop production. Elucidating the neural mechanisms of flight and mating behaviors in B. dorsalis is crucial for developing effective pest management strategies. However, the functional roles of biogenic aminergic neurons in the TG of this species remain poorly understood. This study aimed to elucidate the role of biogenic amines in regulating flight and courtship behavior by employing immunohistochemical techniques using tyrosine hydroxylase (TH, a rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine biosynthesis) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antibodies. Using confocal laser scanning microscopy, we analyzed and identified TH immunoreactive (TH-ir) and 5-HT immunoreactive (5-HT-ir) neurons in the TG. Their axonal projections were reconstructed in three dimensions. We identified 10 5-HT-ir and 10 TH-ir neurons. These neurons were primarily distributed in the ventral regions of the TG, located between adjacent neuromeres. The 5-HT-ir neurons exhibited extensive projections throughout the TG with a bilateral projection pattern. In contrast, TH-ir neurons displayed more restricted projection areas. Notably, the cell bodies and axonal projections of these two neuron types were entirely independent, with no co-localization observed. This study provides a comprehensive map of putative dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in the TG of B. dorsalis, laying a foundation for future research on their roles in behavioral regulation.

昆虫的胸神经节（TG）是调节飞行、求偶等行为的重要神经中枢。这些神经节通过释放生物胺来控制胸肌运动，如多巴胺和血清素，它们调节运动功能和行为输出。东方果蝇（Bactrocera dorsalis, Hendel）是一种主要的农业害虫，具有很强的飞行和繁殖能力。这些特性使其能够迅速扩散和种群建立，对作物生产构成重大威胁。阐明背家蝇飞行和交配行为的神经机制对制定有效的害虫防治策略具有重要意义。然而，生物胺能神经元在该物种TG中的功能作用仍然知之甚少。本研究旨在通过免疫组织化学技术，利用酪氨酸羟化酶（TH，多巴胺生物合成中的限速酶）和5-羟色胺（5-羟色胺，5-HT）抗体，阐明生物胺在调节飞行和求爱行为中的作用。使用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜，我们分析并鉴定了TG中TH免疫反应（TH-ir）和5-HT免疫反应（5-HT-ir）神经元。对其轴突投影进行三维重建。我们鉴定了10个5-HT-ir和10个TH-ir神经元。这些神经元主要分布在TG的腹侧区域，位于相邻神经粒之间。5-HT-ir神经元在整个TG中表现出广泛的双侧投射模式。相比之下，TH-ir神经元显示出更有限的投射区域。值得注意的是，这两种神经元类型的细胞体和轴突突起完全独立，未观察到共定位。本研究提供了dorsalis TG中可能存在的多巴胺能和血清素能神经元的完整图谱，为进一步研究它们在行为调节中的作用奠定了基础。

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引用次数: 0

The morphology of integumental brochosomes in Cicadellidae (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) 蝉科被膜小体的形态研究（半翅目：蝉科）

IF 1.7 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101445

Kewei Lyu, Yalin Zhang

Brochosomes, secretory microstructures composed of protein-lipid compounds, are synthesized in the Malpighian tubules of leafhoppers (Cicadellidae). These specialized particles play essential biological roles, notably providing hydrophobic protection against environmental contaminants and self-generated honeydew residues.

This investigation systematically examined the integumental brochosomes morphology in 28 Cicadellidae species representing 12 subfamilies, using optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), supplemented by morphological data from 17 additional species extracted from published literature. The resultant comprehensive dataset encompassing 45 species revealed significant morphological divergence in the Hylicinae subfamily relative to other taxa. While most Cicadellidae subfamilies possess submicron-scale brochosomes (<1 μm) with characteristic reticulate surface patterning, Hylicinae specimens exhibited exceptional structural diversity.

Detailed analysis of 8 Hylicinae species identified 4 distinct brochosomes morphotypes classified by surface architecture: rugose, ruminate, foveate, and reticulate types, with foveate and reticulate predominating. Notably, interspecific variation persisted within morphological categories, manifesting through: (1) dimensional disparities in reticular unit size, (2) quantitative differences in surface depression density, (3) presence/absence of secondary granular protrusions, and (4) continuity patterns of surface ridges. These diagnostic structural features suggest brochosomes morphology may serve as both a phylogenetic marker and an adaptive trait reflecting ecological specialization within leafhopper lineages.

小体是由蛋白质-脂质化合物组成的分泌微结构，在叶蝉的马尔比氏小管中合成。这些特殊的颗粒起着重要的生物学作用，特别是提供疏水保护，防止环境污染物和自生成的蜜露残留物。利用光学和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对蝉科12个亚科28个种的被绒小体形态进行了系统的研究，并从已发表的文献中提取了另外17个种的形态资料。由此产生的包含45种的综合数据集显示，相对于其他分类群，Hylicinae亚科在形态上存在显著差异。虽然大多数蝉科亚科具有亚微米尺度的细粒体（<1 μm），具有典型的网状表面图案，但水蛭科标本表现出异常的结构多样性。通过对8种水蛭科植物的详细分析，鉴定出4种不同的染色体形态：褶皱型、反刍型、凹凹型和网状型，以凹凹型和网状型为主。值得注意的是，在形态类别中，种间变异持续存在，表现为：(1)网状单位大小的尺寸差异，(2)表面凹陷密度的数量差异，(3)次生颗粒突起的存在/缺失，以及(4)表面脊的连续性模式。这些诊断性结构特征表明，小体形态既可以作为系统发育标记，也可以作为反映叶蝉谱系生态专门化的适应性状。

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引用次数: 0

Innervation of the subgenual organ in the stick insect Trachyaretaon echinatus: Neuroanatomical differences within Oriophasmata (Phasmatodea) 竹节虫棘突的亚属器官神经支配：棘突目神经解剖学上的差异

IF 1.7 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-04-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101443

Johannes Strauß

Neuronal features including the nerve pattern are relatively conserved during evolution and are therefore useful for comparative studies. In stick insects (Phasmatodea), neuronal elements are rarely analysed for different groups. As the morphology of this group is characterised by convergent phenotypes, traits of the nervous system may provide additional information on phylogenetic relationships. Here, the innervation for a mechanosensory chordotonal organ, the subgenual organ in the proximal tibia, is documented by axonal tracing. For species of Neophasmatodea, previous studies showed an innervation for the subgenual organ with a single nerve branch in Occidophasmata (New World stick insects) compared to the Oriophasmata (Old World stick insects) where two separate nerve branches occur at the subgenual organ. Here, the innervation pattern is analysed in Trachyaretaon echinatus (Heteropterygidae: Obriminae), as Heteropterygidae are the sister-group to the remaining Oriophasmata. This species was chosen as representative of Heteropterygidae to test for a homogenous and thus likely conserved nerve pattern within Oriophasmata. The innervation of the subgenual organ shows a single nerve branch. Therefore, different innervation patterns occur within Oriophasmata. The innervation with one single nerve documented for T. echinatus is discussed as potentially plesiomorphic for Neophasmatodea.

包括神经模式在内的神经元特征在进化过程中相对保守，因此对比较研究有用。在竹节虫（Phasmatodea）中，很少对不同群体的神经元成分进行分析。由于这一群体的形态特征是趋同表型，神经系统的特征可能为系统发育关系提供额外的信息。在这里，神经支配的机械感觉脊索器官，亚属器官在胫骨近端，被记录轴突示踪。对于Neophasmatodea的物种，先前的研究表明，在Occidophasmata（新世界竹节虫）中，亚属器官的神经支配只有一个神经分支，而在Oriophasmata（旧世界竹节虫）中，亚属器官有两个独立的神经分支。在这里，我们分析了棘尾蝶的神经支配模式，因为棘尾蝶科是其余Oriophasmata的姐妹类群。该物种被选为异翅蝶科的代表，以测试在Oriophasmata内的同质性，因此可能是保守的神经模式。亚属器官的神经支配表现为单一的神经分支。因此，棉孔内存在不同的神经支配模式。棘棘棘虫的单神经支配被认为是新棘虫的潜在多形神经支配。

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引用次数: 0

Structure and variability in the female genital atrium of Uropodina (Acari: Parasitiformes) 尾足螨（蜱螨目：寄生目）雌性生殖心房的结构和变异

IF 1.7 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101428

Jeremy Naredo , J. Orlando Combita-Heredia , Thomas van de Kamp , Marcus Zuber , Elias Hamann , Ma. Magdalena Vázquez , Hans Klompen

Primary and secondary sexual characters of Mesostigmata are often used in species descriptions and phylogenetic analyses. The use of these characters has been focused almost exclusively on external structures. Digital 3D reconstruction based on synchrotron X-ray microtomography (SR-μCT) data allowed a comparative investigation of the structure of an internal system, the female genital atrium, in the mite lineage Uropodina (Parasitiformes: Mesostigmata). Despite substantial variability in observed structures, a general model for the endogynium, vagina, and muscle structure has been generated using a combination of SR-μCT and light microscopy. Most of the variations are hypothesized as related to species recognition and/or manipulation of the endospermatophore. The recorded variability may have substantial phylogenetic value, as a previously unreported modification of the vagina appears to diagnose a substantial lineage of “higher” Uropodina. This set of observations also support the hypothesis that the large family Urodinychidae is polyphyletic. Overall, SR-μCT and 3D reconstruction turned out to be very helpful for studies on internal organ systems in these very small organisms, lessening the need for laborious dissections or extensive Transmission electron microscopy-based investigations.

中柱头属植物的主要和次要性别特征常用于物种描述和系统发育分析。这些字符的使用几乎完全集中在外部结构上。基于同步加速器x射线微断层扫描（SR-μCT）数据的数字三维重建，对尾足螨（寄生目：mesostimata）螨系内部系统——雌性生殖心房的结构进行了比较研究。尽管观察到的结构有很大的差异，但利用SR-μCT和光学显微镜的结合，已经产生了一个关于阴道内腔、阴道和肌肉结构的一般模型。大多数变异被假设为与物种识别和/或胚乳包的操作有关。记录的变异可能具有重要的系统发育价值，因为以前未报道的阴道修饰似乎可以诊断出“高级”尾足动物的实质性谱系。这组观察结果也支持了一个假设，即大的Urodinychidae家族是多种的。总的来说，SR-μCT和3D重建被证明对这些非常小的生物的内部器官系统的研究非常有帮助，减少了费力的解剖或广泛的透射电子显微镜研究的需要。

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引用次数: 0

Fine structure and adaptive variation of compound eyes in two species of infralittoral prawns (Palaemon, Caridea): New insights into imaging mechanisms of reflecting superposition eyes in decapod crustaceans 两种颌下对虾复眼的精细结构和适应性变化：十足甲壳类动物反射叠加眼成像机制的新见解

IF 1.7 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101440

Daniel Hamm , Stefan Richter , Carsten H.G. Müller

The main goal of this study has been to explore and compare the functional morphology and photoadaptive patterns of the compound eyes of two closely related prawn species both inhabiting different infralittoral visual environments. Using light and transmission electron microscopy we investigated light- and dark-adapted ommatidia of the light-resistant Palaemon elegans and the shade-preferring Palaemon xiphias. Ommatidia of both Palaemon species generally share the same cellular architecture, except for the irregular 8th retinula cell building up the distal rhabdom. This structure functions as UV-light receptor and potential light guide, providing dichroic vision and protection of the subjacent main (banded) rhabdom, formed by the remaining retinula cells 1–7, from harmful UV-radiation. As both the apical 4-lobe system of the 8th cell and the distal rhabdom are much stronger developed in P. elegans, we conclude that different light intensities in the respective photohabitats have led to noticeable micro-evolutionary adaptations at cellular level. In contrast, the main (banded) rhabdom, is capable of perceiving polarized light which is of special photo-ecological benefit for the diurnal P. elegans when populating shallow rock pools.

The ommatidial ultrastructure of both species is very similar in the dark-adapted state. Many traits support reflecting superposition: such as (1) square corneal facet and crystalline cone, (2) the clear zone along main rhabdoms, (3) a mirror layer established by interommatidial pigment cells, and (4) the proximal tapetum established by reflecting pigment cells below the rhabdom. During light-adaptation, a massive turnover and shift of both organelles or whole cell bodies along the ommatidial optical axis enables the use of functional apposition optics at daytime in both study species. Some major differences in light-adaptation patterns and the assumed efficiency of functional apposition can be explained by adaptations to different light habitats.

Our TEM study shows that shifting patterns of various pigment granules in interommatidial pigment cells, which occur over light adaptation, are species-specific. As a first measure to protect the main rhabdom from excessive light we identified the super-fast breakdown of a mirror layer around the cone's tip which is made of crystal granules and, thus, widens the aperture of ommatidia in superposition mode at night.

本研究的主要目的是探讨和比较生活在不同海下视觉环境的两种近亲对虾复眼的功能形态和光适应模式。利用光镜和透射电子显微镜研究了耐光秀丽古鳗和喜阴剑鳗的光适应和暗适应小眼。除了不规则的第8视网膜细胞形成远端横纹肌外，两种古蜥蜴的小眼通常具有相同的细胞结构。这种结构的功能是紫外线受体和潜在的光导，提供二色视觉和保护下主（带状）横纹肌，由剩余的视网膜细胞1-7组成，免受有害的紫外线辐射。由于线虫的第8细胞的顶端4叶系统和远端横纹肌的发育都要强得多，我们得出结论，在各自的光栖息地中，不同的光强度导致了细胞水平上明显的微进化适应。相比之下，主要（带状）横纹肌能够感知偏振光，这对于昼夜活动的秀丽隐杆线虫在浅岩池中生存时具有特殊的光生态效益。在黑暗适应状态下，两种植物的基质超微结构非常相似。许多特征支持反射叠加：如(1)正方形的角膜小面和晶状体，(2)沿主要横纹肌的透明区，(3)由间质色素细胞建立的镜像层，(4)横纹肌下方通过反射色素细胞建立的近端绒毡层。在光适应过程中，细胞器或整个细胞体沿母光轴的大量周转和移动使两个研究物种能够在白天使用功能对位光学。光适应模式的一些主要差异和功能匹配的假设效率可以通过对不同光生境的适应来解释。我们的透射电镜研究表明，在光适应过程中，间质色素细胞中各种色素颗粒的转移模式是物种特异性的。作为保护主要横纹线免受过度光照的第一个措施，我们确定了锥体尖端周围的镜面层的超快速分解，该层由晶体颗粒组成，因此在夜间以叠加模式扩大了横纹线的孔径。

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引用次数: 0

Sternal glands in Strumigenys ants Strumigenys蚂蚁的胸腺

IF 1.7 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-03-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101439

Chu Wang , Fu-Ya Chung , Chung-Chi Lin , Johan Billen

Strumigenys ants are characterized by an extraordinary developed exocrine system with 10 glands exclusively found in this genus. Making a survey of 18 species, we discovered two additional glands in workers and queens that are located underneath the anterior third of the 6th and 7th sternites. The epithelial glands are formed by cubic to cylindrical cells that have tortuous lateral cell membranes with interdigitations and apical septate junctions, smooth endoplasmic reticulum and apical microvilli. The glands occur in near proximity to the sting base and therefore may display fortifications to protect them against the sting movements during its extrusion and retraction. The external cuticle that covers the gland region displays small transverse grooves and transcuticular channels. The most developed glands were found in workers of the social parasite Strumigenys mutica, although the eventual link with social parasitism remains unclear. In workers of S. sauteri the glands are rudimentary or absent which may be related with prey capture in this species that occurs without use of the sting. Whereas sternal glands in other ants often produce trail pheromones, this role can be excluded in Strumigenys as trail following does not occur in this genus.

Strumigenys蚂蚁的特点是一个非常发达的外分泌系统，有10个腺体，只有在这个属中发现。通过对18个物种的调查，我们在工蚁和蚁后身上发现了两个额外的腺体，它们位于第6和第7胸骨前三分之一的下方。上皮腺由立方到圆柱形的细胞组成，这些细胞具有弯曲的外侧细胞膜，具有交错和顶端分隔连接，光滑的内质网和顶端微绒毛。腺体发生在刺基部附近，因此可能显示防御工事，以保护它们免受刺在挤压和收缩期间的运动。覆盖腺体区域的外角质层显示小的横向沟槽和经角质层的沟槽。最发达的腺体是在群居寄生虫Strumigenys mutica的工蜂中发现的，尽管与群居寄生的最终联系尚不清楚。在苏氏刺蝇的工蜂中，腺体是初级的或没有的，这可能与该物种在不使用刺的情况下捕获猎物有关。虽然其他蚂蚁的胸骨腺经常产生线索信息素，但在Strumigenys中可以排除这种作用，因为在该属中不发生线索跟踪。

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引用次数: 0

Observations on Luciola pedemontana (Coleoptera Lampyridae) male courtship 小夜蛾（鞘翅目）雄性求偶观察。

IF 1.7 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-03-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101426

Giuseppe Camerini

引用次数: 0

A supposedly bioluminescent species of cockroach that would not glow: A case of scientific fraud, erroneous observation or bacterial infection? 一种被认为会发光的蟑螂不会发光：是科学欺诈、错误观察还是细菌感染？

IF 1.7 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101438

Yuichi Oba , Victor Benno Meyer-Rochow

Two reports of the discovery of bioluminescent cockroach species from South America in 1999 and 2003 led to a flurry of speculation on the evolution of the species, the likely function of the light supposedly emitted by the males of the species, and in fact whether these cockroaches were bioluminescent at all. No spectral emission data or biochemical analyses of luciferins or luciferases were available and observations as well as video recordings of the cockroaches failed to record any evidence of an emission of light. Considering the case against the so-called glowspots being able to emit light, it was concluded that the conspicuous spots on the pronotum of the males could play a part in mate choice or serve as a warning signal. Our re-examination of the issue confirms that the spots do not emit light and that, barring the possibility of scientific fraud or confusing fluorescence with bioluminescence, individual cockroaches in the field might have been seen to glow due to an infection with a species of the cosmopolitan bacterial genus Photorhabdus. We were able to show that Photorhabdus luminescens bacteria can colonize specimens of the cockroach Blaptica dubia and there is no reason to doubt that other species of cockroaches could not also become infected by this luminescent insect pathogen.

1999年和2003年，两份关于在南美洲发现生物发光蟑螂的报告引发了一系列关于物种进化的猜测，该物种雄性发出的光的可能功能，以及这些蟑螂实际上是否具有生物发光性。没有荧光素或荧光素酶的光谱发射数据或生化分析，对蟑螂的观察和录像也没有记录到任何发光的证据。考虑到所谓的发光点能够发光的情况，得出的结论是，雄性前前额的显眼点可能在择偶中起作用，或者作为警告信号。我们对这个问题的重新检查证实，这些斑点不发光，并且，排除科学欺诈或将荧光与生物发光混淆的可能性，野外的个体蟑螂可能是由于感染了一种世界各地的细菌属Photorhabdus而发光的。我们能够证明光habdus luminescens细菌可以在蜚蠊Blaptica dubia的标本中定植，并且没有理由怀疑其他种类的蜚蠊也不会被这种发光昆虫病原体感染。

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引用次数: 0