Arthropod Structure & Development最新文献_第4页

A non-invasive method for sexing all castes of Prorhinotermes flavus (Blattodea: Psammotermitidae) using external morphology 一种利用外部形态对黄斑白蚁进行性别鉴定的无创方法

IF 1.3 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-10-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101489

Wan-Jen Li , Yi-Ning Chiu , Hauchuan Liao , Hou-Feng Li

Sex identification in termites is crucial for understanding caste development, colony organization, and reproductive strategies. Traditional methods, such as dissection and staining, are invasive and may damage specimens. In this study, a non-invasive method was developed to identify the sex of Prorhinotermes flavus (Bugnion and Popoff). The sternite morphology of all six castes, alate, neotenic, nymph, pseudergate, soldier, and larva, could be categorized into two groups. Micro-CT analyses revealed sex-specific gonadal structures in alates, neotenics, and nymphs, and their corresponding sex-specific sternite morphology was confirmed. Rearing trials were conducted to observe pseudergates molting into neotenics and soldiers, and larvae molting into pseudergates. Since the sex-specific sternite morphology of neotenics is known, we are able to confirm the sex of pseudergates, and consequently, that of soldiers and larvae. Our findings show that male alates and neotenics possess a visible ninth abdominal sternite with distinct styli. In female alates and neotenics, the seventh sternite completely covers the eighth and ninth sternites, and the styli are absent. In male pseudergates, soldiers, and nymphs, the ninth sternite with styli is also clearly visible, while in females, the seventh sternite partially covers the eighth and ninth sternites. Male larvae can be identified by the presence of bristles on the posterior margin of the eighth abdominal sternite, whereas in female larvae, these bristles are absent. This study presents the first comprehensive, non-invasive method for sexing all castes of P. flavus, enabling more precise research on caste development and social interactions in termite colonies.

白蚁的性别鉴定是理解种姓发展、群体组织和繁殖策略的关键。传统的方法，如解剖和染色，是侵入性的，可能会损坏标本。本研究建立了一种非侵入性鉴定黄喙白蚁（Bugnion and Popoff）性别的方法。所有6个等级的胸骨形态，即腭形、幼形、若虫、假门、战士和幼虫，可分为两类。显微ct分析显示，alates， neotenics和若虫的性腺结构具有性别特异性，其相应的胸骨形态也具有性别特异性。通过饲养试验，观察假幼虫蜕皮成幼体和战士，以及幼虫蜕皮成假幼虫。由于已知新生儿的性别特异性胸骨形态，我们能够确认假门的性别，从而确定士兵和幼虫的性别。我们的研究结果表明，雄性幼崽和幼崽具有明显的第九腹骨，具有明显的柱头。在雌鸟和幼鸟中，第7胸骨完全覆盖第8和第9胸骨，花柱缺失。在男性假门、士兵和仙女中，带有柱头的第九胸骨也清晰可见，而在女性中，第七胸骨部分覆盖第八和第九胸骨。雄性幼虫可以通过在第八腹部胸骨后缘上的刚毛来识别，而雌性幼虫则没有这些刚毛。本研究提出了第一个全面的、非侵入性的黄斑白蚁所有种姓的性别测定方法，使白蚁群体中种姓发展和社会互动的研究更加精确。

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引用次数: 0

Sexual dimorphism in the sensory system of Myrmilla capitata (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae), a bee-attacking velvet ant with both sexes apterous 一种雌雄无翅的攻蜂丝绒蚁（膜翅目：无翅丝绒蚁科）感觉系统的两性二态性

IF 1.3 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-10-23 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101479

Alessandro Borsotti , Federico Ronchetti , Marcello Romano , Paolo Gabrieli , Giovanni Naro , Carlo Polidori

The insect sensory system was extensively explored in the aculeate Hymenoptera. However, there are entire lineages with only a few studies on the topic, limiting our understanding on its evolution. Here, we studied the sensory system in females and males of the bee-attacking velvet ant Myrmilla capitata, which belongs to a previously neglected family of ectoparasitoid wasps (Mutillidae). Through a Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis, we first described the M. capitata sensory systems. We then tested the hypothesis that males and females may diverge in some traits even if both are apterous and confined in the same restricted area (host bee nesting site), likely as an adaptation to the divergent stimuli they respond to (hosts for females, sexual partners for males). Despite males being larger than females, many of the analyzed traits were sexually dimorphic after having taken into account size difference. Females had slightly lower ommatidial density (worsen resolution) but larger ommatidia (better light capture) than males, which also displayed three small ocelli. The antennal flagellum harbour overall 12 types of sensilla: placoid sensilla (SP), coeloconic sensilla (SCo), sensilla campaniformia (SA), trichoid sensilla (ST) (a total of six types) and basiconic sensilla (SBa) (a total of three types). Some of the ST types and SBa types were found exclusively in either females or males, while both total ST density and SP density and size (better olfaction) were higher in females. Our results preliminarily indicate that males may take advantage of a better visual trait related with acuity to detect females, while females may more heavily rely on odours to detect the host.

对膜翅目昆虫的感觉系统进行了广泛的研究。然而，在整个谱系中，对这一主题的研究很少，限制了我们对其进化的理解。本研究研究了攻蜂绒蚁（Myrmilla capitata）雌雄的感觉系统，该蚁属于一个以前被忽视的外寄生蜂科（残蜂科）。通过扫描电镜分析，我们首次描述了M. capitata的感觉系统。然后，我们测试了这样一个假设，即雄性和雌性可能在某些特征上存在差异，即使它们都是无翼的，并且被限制在同一个受限区域（宿主蜜蜂筑巢地点），这可能是为了适应它们对不同刺激的反应（雌性是宿主，雄性是性伴侣）。尽管雄性比雌性大，但考虑到体型差异后，许多被分析的性状都是两性二态的。雌虫的小眼密度比雄虫略低（分辨率较差），但小眼较大（光捕获较好），且有3个小眼。触角鞭毛共有12种类型的感受器：placoid sensilla （SP）、coloconic sensilla （SCo）、campaniformia sensilla （SA）、trichoid sensilla (ST)（共6种）和basiconic sensilla (SBa)（共3种）。一些ST型和SBa型只存在于雌性和雄性中，而总ST密度和SP密度和大小（更好的嗅觉）在雌性中都更高。我们的研究结果初步表明，雄性可能利用与敏锐度相关的更好的视觉特征来识别雌性，而雌性可能更多地依赖于气味来识别宿主。

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引用次数: 0

Anatomy of the light organ of the glow-worm Arachnocampa flava (Diptera; Keroplatidae) 黄光蜘蛛（Arachnocampa flava）发光器官的解剖（双翅目；角蛾科）

IF 1.3 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-09-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101488

Hamish R. Charlton, David J. Merritt

In dipteran glow-worms (genus Arachnocampa) bioluminescence is produced by cells of the Malpighian tubules. Light is used to lure prey into sticky webs secreted by the larvae. Larvae can regulate the intensity of the emitted light so neural control of the glow is likely, either acting directly on the light-emitting cells or through regulation of oxygen access to the light organ. Here we describe the innervation, musculature, and tracheal supply in relation to the three-dimensional structure of the light organ, cryptonephridial complex and hindgut using serial section light microscopy and micro computed tomography (μCT). We also use video macrophotography to observe light emission in live larvae. Tracing of trachea in serial sections showed no structures that could actively restrict air supply to the mass of trachea termed the reflector. A bilateral pair of nerves lie alongside the Malpighian tubules and give rise to branches that innervate the hindgut and musculature. A network of muscles surround the light organ. A cryptonephridial complex anterior to the light organ is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath. The fact that the cryptonephridial complex is a plesiomorphic trait in Keroplatidae, the majority of which are not bioluminescent, suggests that the light organ is evolutionarily derived from the complex. We also propose that the cryptonephridial complex has a water conservation function in Arachnocampa because the larvae are potentially water-restricted. The three-dimensional reconstruction of the light organ provides morphological context for ongoing investigations of the biochemistry of light production and the physiological regulation of light output.

在双翅目萤火虫（蛛形目属）中，生物发光是由马氏小管细胞产生的。光被用来引诱猎物进入幼虫分泌的粘网。幼虫可以调节发出的光的强度，因此可能是神经控制发光，要么直接作用于发光细胞，要么通过调节氧气进入发光器官。在这里，我们用连续切片光学显微镜和微计算机断层扫描（μCT）描述了神经支配、肌肉组织和气管供应与光器官、隐肾复合体和后肠三维结构的关系。我们还使用视频微距摄影观察活幼虫的发光情况。气管的连续切片示踪显示没有结构，可以主动限制空气供应到气管的质量称为反射器。一对双侧神经位于马氏小管旁边，并产生分支，支配后肠和肌肉组织。肌肉网围绕着光器官。光器官前的隐肾复合体被结缔组织鞘所包围。隐眼复合体是角斑蝶科的一种多形特征，其中大部分不发光，这表明光器官是由该复合体进化而来。我们还提出，隐肾复合体在蛛形目中具有保水功能，因为幼虫可能受到水分限制。光器官的三维重建为正在进行的光产生的生物化学和光输出的生理调节的研究提供了形态学背景。

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引用次数: 0

An overview of campaniform sensilla arrangement and location on hexapod legs 六足动物腿上钟形感受器的排列和位置综述

IF 1.3 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-08-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101477

Ruben G.F. Eich, Jane I. Lemmen, Brian Saltin, Alexander Blanke

Campaniform sensilla (CS) are mechano-sensors in the cuticle of insects which are able to detect cuticle deformation. On insect legs, CS play a role in the modulation of locomotion behavior because they provide feedback on cuticle bending. The presence and location of these sensors on the legs across insects is virtually unknown except for a few classical model species such as Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera), Periplaneta americana (Blattodea), Carausius morosus (Phasmatodea) and a few others. We studied representatives of all insect orders, except Strepsiptera, regarding the morphology, location, and arrangement of CS on their legs to infer whether (i) CS location and arrangement is phylogenetically structured, (ii) there is any variation in CS morphology in relation to leg function, and (iii) CS morphology and arrangement is fundamentally different between holo- and hemimetabolous insects. We found enormous variation in all three aspects studied here - CS morphology, location, and arrangement - with no tangible phylogenetic structure or any distinction between holo- and hemimetabolous insects. Moreover, species from orders which are commonly considered to walk only for very short distances such as Odonata or Raphidioptera showed high quantities of CS on their legs compared to orders which are commonly considered to have “good” walking abilities such as Coleoptera or Diptera. We could also find putative CS on the coxa in Odonata, Dermaptera, Plecoptera, Orthoptera, Mantophasmatodea, Grylloblattodea, Embioptera, Blattodea, Hymenoptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, and Mecoptera which contradicts a common paradigm that CS occur only from the trochanter towards more distal leg segments. With its high variability, it appears that CS location and arrangement evolves according to the particular ecological and neurophysiological niche of each species with no phylogenetic constraints and a rather high adaptivity instead. Our study provides a baseline for future studies on CS function in insects with different ecological niches.

钟形感受器（CS）是昆虫角质层中的机械传感器，能够检测角质层的变形。在昆虫腿上，CS在运动行为的调节中起作用，因为它们提供角质层弯曲的反馈。除了一些经典的模式物种，如黑腹果蝇（双翅目）、美洲大蠊（扁蝽科）、墨背卡拉克（Phasmatodea）和其他一些物种外，这些传感器在昆虫腿上的存在和位置实际上是未知的。我们研究了除链翅目外的所有昆虫目的代表，关于CS在其腿上的形态、位置和排列，以推断(i) CS的位置和排列是否具有系统发育结构，（ii） CS的形态是否与腿部功能有关，以及（iii） CS的形态和排列在全代谢昆虫和半代谢昆虫之间存在根本差异。我们发现在这里研究的所有三个方面- CS形态，位置和排列-都有巨大的差异，没有明显的系统发育结构或全代谢和半代谢昆虫之间的任何区别。此外，与通常被认为具有“良好”行走能力的目（如鞘翅目或双翅目）相比，通常被认为只能行走很短距离的目（如蛇翅目或蛇翅目）的物种在腿上显示出大量的CS。我们还可以在翅翅目、皮翅目、翅翅目、直翅目、螳螂目、灰翅目、蜂翅目、蜂翅目、膜翅目、大翅目、神经翅目、鞘翅目和鞘翅目的髋部发现假定的棘突，这与通常认为棘突只发生在股骨粗端到更远的腿段的观点相矛盾。由于其高度的变异，CS的位置和排列似乎是根据每个物种特定的生态和神经生理位而进化的，没有系统发育的限制，具有较高的适应性。本研究为进一步研究不同生态位昆虫的CS功能提供了基础。

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引用次数: 0

Complete cycle of receptacle development in parasitic barnacle, Parasacculina pilosella (Van Kampen and Boschma, 1925) (Rhizocephala: Polyascidae) 寄生藤壶，Parasacculina pilosella （Van Kampen and Boschma, 1925）中花托发育的完整循环（根头目：多囊科）

IF 1.3 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-08-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101476

Olga V. Yurchenko, Darya D. Golubinskaya, Alexander V. Kalachev, Olga M. Korn

The complete cycle of receptacle development in the parasitic barnacle Parasacculina pilosella (Van Kampen and Boschma, 1925) (Rhizocephala: Polyascidae) was studied by light and electron microscopy. This rhizocephalan has two globular receptacles located outside the visceral sac. Two variants of development of the receptacles from the same externa were observed: (1) with both receptacles fertile and (2) with one of them (usually larger one) fertile and the other sterile. The presence of the second fertile receptacle probably extends the breeding season in P. pilosella. The following stages in the development of the fertile receptacle were identified: trichogon-free, trichogon-containing, early, middle, late, and degenerating. The sterile receptacle that has not received a trichogon, continued to develop and, after reaching the middle stage, atrophied. The cell types composing the receptacle wall (accessory, large female, polygonal, small-sized, and sheath cells) and the meshwork formed by the intercellular matrix were examined in detail. The accessory cells that separated spermatogenic and large female cells were probably derived from the trichogon which implanted cells of both germ and somatic lines. Globular and tubular receptacles had different fine organizations. Globular receptacles, as well as tubular ones, lacked morphological structures separating female and male organisms. Further studies, involving a larger number of other rhizocephalan species, are needed to clarify whether the receptacle ultrastructure can be useful in resolving taxonomic issues.

用光镜和电镜研究了寄生藤壶（rhizocephae: Polyascidae）（Parasacculina pilosella, Van Kampen and Boschma, 1925）的完整花筒发育周期。这根头茎有两个位于内脏囊外的球形花托。从同一外部观察到两种不同的花托发育：(1)两个花托都可育；(2)其中一个（通常较大）可育而另一个不育。第二个可育容器的存在可能延长了毛茛的繁殖季节。可育花托发育的阶段分为无毛蝗、含毛蝗、早期、中期、晚期和退化阶段。未接受毛状体的无菌容器，继续发育，到达中期后萎缩。详细观察了构成花托壁的细胞类型（副细胞、大雌细胞、多角形细胞、小细胞和鞘细胞）和细胞间基质形成的网状结构。分离生精细胞和大雌细胞的附属细胞可能来源于同时植入胚系和体细胞的毛滴虫。球状和管状花托有不同的细组织。球状花托和管状花托缺乏区分雌雄生物的形态结构。需要进一步的研究，包括更多的其他根头蕨物种，来澄清花托的超微结构是否可以用于解决分类问题。

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引用次数: 0

An Sp6-9 ortholog is expressed in developing legs in the tardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris 一种Sp6-9同源基因在水熊虫样足发育中表达

IF 1.3 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-08-13 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101471

Mandy Game , Frank W. Smith

Orthologs of the zinc finger transcription factor-coding gene Sp6-9 are expressed in developing appendages across Arthropoda and in Onychophora. Sp6-9 regulates appendage outgrowth in some arthropods by activating Distal-less (Dll) expression. This function has been proposed to represent an ancestral function of Sp6-9 for Arthropoda. Expression patterns of Sp6-9 and Dll in the onychophoran Euperapotoides kanangrensis suggest the conservation of this function in Onychophora. Here, we investigate Sp6-9 in the tardigrade Hypsibius exemplaris. We identified two Sp6-9 orthologs in this species. One ortholog, He-Sp6-9A, was expressed in the lateral ectoderm where legs develop before He-Dll. Later, both genes were expressed in limb buds at the earliest stages of outgrowth and were broadly expressed in developing legs throughout the remainder of development. Our results present the possibility that an ortholog of Sp6-9 regulates appendage outgrowth in Tardigrada, possibly by activating or maintaining expression of He-Dll. These results raise the possibility that this function was already present in the last common ancestor of Panarthropoda.

锌指转录因子编码基因Sp6-9的同源物在节肢动物和爪足动物的发育附属物中表达。Sp6-9通过激活远端-less （Dll）表达调控部分节肢动物附属物生长。该功能被认为是节肢动物Sp6-9的祖先功能。Sp6-9和Dll在kanangrensis中的表达模式表明该功能在onychophoran Euperapotoides kanangrensis中保留。在这里，我们研究了缓步动物Hypsibius exemplaris体内的Sp6-9。我们在该物种中鉴定了两个Sp6-9同源物。其中一个同源物He-Sp6-9A在He-Dll之前腿发育的外侧外胚层表达。后来，这两种基因在幼体生长的最早阶段在肢体芽中表达，并在发育的其余阶段广泛表达于发育中的腿。我们的研究结果表明，Sp6-9同源物可能通过激活或维持He-Dll的表达来调节缓步动物附属物的生长。这些结果提出了这种功能在全节肢动物最后的共同祖先身上已经存在的可能性。

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引用次数: 0

The role of hydraulic pressure in spider cheliceral function 水压在蜘蛛化学功能中的作用

IF 1.3 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101475

Hannah M. Wood , Jeffrey W. Shultz

Recent μCT-based surveys of spider chelicerae highlight a problematic aspect of skeletomuscular function, that is, the absence of extrinsic muscles capable of projecting the chelicerae outward or forward. Instead, all appear to generate an inward or rearward force. Previous work by comparative anatomists assigned antagonistic functions to sets of extrinsic muscles, but no anatomically distinct pivot points within a lever-based system were specified and do not appear to exist. These observations led us to revisit the problem and to propose a significant role for internal hydraulic pressure in cheliceral movement. The hydraulic hypothesis predicts that unimpeded increase in internal fluid pressure should result in inflation of basal membranes resulting in movement that could be resisted and manipulated by extrinsic cheliceral muscles. Experiments on freshly killed spiders showed that increased hydraulic pressure causes both rotational (adduction, levation, etc.) and translational (projection) movements at the cheliceral bases, movements that are synergistic with predatory strikes. This suggests that the co-option of hydraulics into cheliceral function may have increased cheliceral biting forces. Hydraulic function also allows for the basal cheliceral articulation to simultaneously produce both rotational and translational movement, a challenge for a lever-based fixed articulation. The co-option of hydraulics into additional tasks may have contributed to the evolutionary success of spiders, compared to their arachnid relatives that use hydraulics solely for locomotion.

最近对蜘蛛螯肢的μ ct调查强调了骨骼肌功能的一个问题，即缺乏能够向外或向前投射螯肢的外部肌肉。相反，所有这些似乎都产生一种向内或向后的力量。比较解剖学家先前的工作将拮抗功能分配给外部肌肉组，但在基于杠杆的系统中没有指定解剖学上不同的枢轴点，似乎不存在。这些观察结果使我们重新审视这个问题，并提出内部液压在化学运动中的重要作用。水力假说预测，内部流体压力的无阻碍的增加会导致基底膜的膨胀，从而导致运动，这种运动可能被外部的化学肌肉所抵制和操纵。对刚被杀死的蜘蛛进行的实验表明，液压压力的增加会导致化学碱基的旋转（内收、上升等）和平动（投影）运动，这些运动与掠食性攻击协同作用。这表明，将液压系统加入到化学功能中可能会增加化学咬合力。液压功能还允许基础化学关节同时产生旋转和平移运动，这对基于杠杆的固定关节是一个挑战。与蜘蛛的蛛形纲亲戚只使用液压系统进行运动相比，蜘蛛在进化上的成功可能得益于液压系统的附加任务。

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引用次数: 0

Insights for the subtribal-level phylogenetic reconstructions in Paederinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae): a study on mesoventral plate with elements of comparative morphology 对拟蚊科（鞘翅目：拟蚊科）亚部落级系统发育重建的认识：中腹侧板的比较形态学研究

IF 1.3 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-08-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101473

Alexandra Tokareva , Dagmara Żyła

Morphological characters are one of the bases for describing any organismal group and comparative morphology plays an important role in taxonomy, systematics, and evolutionary research. Yet, in many groups, especially highly diverse, the terminology and homology of morphological structures are poorly understood. One of such examples is the mega-diverse group of animals, rove beetles (Staphylinidae), where comparative studies are very rare, both across the subfamilies and within them. In this paper, we present our results of morphological examination of mesoventral sclerotisation across different subtribes and genera of Paederinae, which is one of the most diverse rove beetle subfamily. Additionally, we compare them with several representatives of Staphylininae and Xantholininae. We revise morphological terminology for the mesoventral area in Paederinae and propose a hypothesis for character homologisation within Paederinae and across the listed subfamilies. Our results are based on examination of representatives of 157 Paederinae genera and the major groups are illustrated by schematic drawings and SEM scans. Additionally, we introduce new characters with potential importance for subtribal level phylogenetic reconstruction of Paederinae relationships. This is the first comprehensive review of the mesoventral area for the subfamily.

形态学特征是描述任何生物类群的基础之一，比较形态学在分类学、系统学和进化研究中起着重要作用。然而，在许多群体中，特别是高度多样化的群体中，形态学结构的术语和同源性知之甚少。其中一个例子就是种类繁多的动物群，花车甲虫（葡萄球菌科），在这个亚科之间和它们内部的比较研究非常罕见。在本文中，我们提出了我们的形态学检查结果在不同亚部落和属的Paederinae中腹硬化症，这是最多样化的罗非虫亚科之一。此外，我们还将它们与葡萄碱科和黄碱科的几个代表进行了比较。我们修订了Paederinae中腹侧区的形态学术语，并提出了Paederinae和所列亚科之间的特征同源性假设。我们的研究结果是基于对157个白蛉属代表的研究，主要类群通过示意图和扫描电镜进行了说明。此外，我们还引入了在亚部落水平上对拟羽科亲缘关系的系统发育重建具有潜在重要性的新性状。这是该亚科首次对中腹侧区进行全面的研究。

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引用次数: 0

An evo-devo perspective on terrestrial isopod respiratory organs 陆生等足类动物呼吸器官的进化视角

IF 1.7 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-07-24 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101470

Kian Long Tan, Antónia Monteiro

The evolution and diversification of respiratory structures enabled arthropods to colonize terrestrial habitats multiple times independently. One such group of ancestrally marine arthropods, the Isopods, successfully colonized freshwater and terrestrial habitats. The transition to land was facilitated by the evolution of novel respiratory organs on the abdomen, the pleopodal lungs, which either complemented or replaced the ancestral pleopodal gills. Here, we review the current understanding of terrestrial isopod respiratory structure evolution and development and explore its potential molecular basis. We hypothesize how pleopodal gills and lungs may share common developmental features and propose candidate genes for respiratory structure development. We propose that work in this area holds significant implications for our understanding of breathing structure evolution and physiology across the Arthropoda.

呼吸结构的进化和多样化使节肢动物能够多次独立地殖民陆地栖息地。其中一类祖先为海洋节肢动物的等足类动物成功地在淡水和陆地栖息地定居。腹部新的呼吸器官——多足肺的进化促进了向陆地的过渡，多足肺补充或取代了祖先的多足鳃。本文综述了目前对陆生等足动物呼吸结构进化和发育的认识，并探讨了其潜在的分子基础。我们假设多足鳃和肺可能具有共同的发育特征，并提出呼吸结构发育的候选基因。我们认为，在这一领域的工作对我们理解整个节肢动物的呼吸结构进化和生理学具有重要意义。

引用次数: 0

Comparative analysis of light spectra emitted by two firefly species: Luciola italica and Luciola pedemontana 两种萤火虫的光谱比较分析：Luciola italica和Luciola pedemontana

IF 1.7 3区农林科学 Q2 ENTOMOLOGY

Arthropod Structure & Development

Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101472

Tito Sacchi , Matteo Galli , Giuseppe Camerini

Light plays an important role in fireflies (Coleptera, Lampyridae) and emission spectra and signalling patterns are usually species specific. In Italy there are two species of fireflies belonging to the genus Luciola: Luciola italica and L. pedemontana. No information was available on the light spectrum emitted by L. italica in vivo; moreover, the only data obtained on L. pedemontana dated back more than 50 years and were obtained using outdated measurement equipment. To fill this gap, we studied the spectra of adult males and females of both species. Samples were collected from the western central Po floodplain. Adults were sampled in the early part of the night when they were engaged in mating activity. The next day they were brought to the laboratory and their light emission was analysed using a spectrometer. The maximum emission wavelength (λ max) ranged from 571.8 nm to 584.8 nm. The values of λ max emitted by females of L. italica (581.5±2.4) and L. pedemontana (575.9±2.6) were significantly different. The plots obtained from the light emission measurements show a clear asymmetry, with a shorter tail on the left and a positive skew on the right. As light spectra depend on the structure of luciferases, such differences may indicate ongoing changes in the molecular composition of these enzymes resulting from the genomic divergence of the two species. The spectra of L. italica and L. pedemontana fall in the yellow region and are comparable to those of other Luciola species living in eastern Asia.

光在萤火虫（鞘翅目，Lampyridae）中起着重要的作用，其发射光谱和信号模式通常具有物种特异性。在意大利，有两种属于Luciola属的萤火虫：Luciola italica和L. pedemontana。没有关于意大利乳杆菌在体内发射光谱的资料；此外，仅有的数据是50多年前的，而且使用的是过时的测量设备。为了填补这一空白，我们研究了这两个物种的成年雄性和雌性的光谱。样本采集自波河中西部漫滩。成年人在晚上早些时候进行交配活动时进行取样。第二天，他们被带到实验室，用光谱仪分析他们的光发射。最大发射波长（λ max）在571.8 ~ 584.8 nm之间。雌蜂发出的λ max值分别为581.5±2.4和575.9±2.6，差异有统计学意义。从光发射测量得到的图显示出明显的不对称，左边有一个较短的尾巴，右边有一个正斜。由于光谱取决于荧光素酶的结构，这种差异可能表明，由于两种物种的基因组差异，这些酶的分子组成正在发生变化。L. italica和L. pedemontana的光谱落在黄色区域，与生活在东亚的其他Luciola物种的光谱相当。

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