Pub Date : 2025-03-01DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2024.101402
Robin James Smith
Ostracods are tiny bivalved crustaceans, which have colonised almost all aquatic ecosystems. Their extensive fossil record, stretching back to the Ordovician, attests to their remarkable success, in part due to their calcitic carapace - a hard bivalved shell that can enclose the rest of the body for protection against unfavourable environmental conditions. However, the carapace, and the requirement for the limbs to fit within it, has resulted in a reduced number of limbs, which in turn show evidence of reduction from a biramous crustacean limb. Consequently, ostracod limbs are characterized by limited features and homoeomorphy, hindering our understanding of their evolution. Studies of ontogenetic development can offer additional insights into how ostracod limbs have evolved. For instance, there are at least four developmental pathways to a seven-segmented antennule in adults, which is significant for taxonomic classifications and phylogenetic analyses. Ontogenetic data can also identify possible plesiomorphic and apomorphic characters for the group, thereby testing phylogenetic and taxonomic frameworks. This review focuses on the Podocopa, the largest of the two extant subclasses, and explores how studying limb development during ontogeny can provide insights into the evolution of the group.
{"title":"Development and morphology of podocopan ostracod limbs (Crustacea) – A review","authors":"Robin James Smith","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2024.101402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2024.101402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ostracods are tiny bivalved crustaceans, which have colonised almost all aquatic ecosystems. Their extensive fossil record, stretching back to the Ordovician, attests to their remarkable success, in part due to their calcitic carapace - a hard bivalved shell that can enclose the rest of the body for protection against unfavourable environmental conditions. However, the carapace, and the requirement for the limbs to fit within it, has resulted in a reduced number of limbs, which in turn show evidence of reduction from a biramous crustacean limb. Consequently, ostracod limbs are characterized by limited features and homoeomorphy, hindering our understanding of their evolution. Studies of ontogenetic development can offer additional insights into how ostracod limbs have evolved. For instance, there are at least four developmental pathways to a seven-segmented antennule in adults, which is significant for taxonomic classifications and phylogenetic analyses. Ontogenetic data can also identify possible plesiomorphic and apomorphic characters for the group, thereby testing phylogenetic and taxonomic frameworks. This review focuses on the Podocopa, the largest of the two extant subclasses, and explores how studying limb development during ontogeny can provide insights into the evolution of the group.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 101402"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143508313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-27DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101423
Quentin Andreotti , Caio Santos Nogueira , Luis Miguel Pardo , Fernando José Zara
Recent phylogenetic studies revealed close relationships between several families of Heterotremata crabs. In this context, we describe the spermatozoal ultrastructure in several Aethridae, Menippidae, Calappidae, Parthenopidae, Cancridae, and Leucosiidae species to elucidate the evolution of spermatozoal characters. The spherical spermatophore in all Heterotremata studied here have a clear wall or pellicle. Spermatozoal results indicate that the fingerprint-like acrosome ray zone is a synapomorphy among these closely related families, including Menippidae, while the parallel acrosome ray zone is an autapomorphy occurring in Portunidae. The striations in the subopercular material are also a synapomorphic character for all studied families while absence is a homoplastic trait and apomorphic to Parthenopidae and Cancridae. Moreover, our results indicate a sharing of certain spermatozoal traits between Aethridae and Portunidae and in the Menippidae Menippe nodifrons. In Cancridae and Parthenopidae, the perforate operculum is a homoplastic character while the perforatorial chamber penetrating the operculum is the main synapomorphy of Cancridae. In Calappidae and Portunidae, the absence of the inner acrosome zone is an apomorphy. The presence of a broad thin, three-layered, operculum filled with a granular matrix is a synapomorphy of the Parthenopidae. Finally, in Leucosiidae, the inner acrosome zone positioned at the mid-point of the acrosome vesicle and the presence of a peculiar type of periopercular rim are a synapomorphy of the group. Overall, our ultrastructural findings align with recent phylogenetic analyses conducted within the Heterotremata clade, providing complementary support and reinforcing the value of spermatozoal ultrastructure as a tool in phylogenetic studies, as it demonstrates clear potential for resolving taxonomic issues.
{"title":"Comparative spermatozoal ultrastructure in the crab clade Heterotremata (Decapoda: Brachyura): Evidence from a selection of species","authors":"Quentin Andreotti , Caio Santos Nogueira , Luis Miguel Pardo , Fernando José Zara","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2025.101423","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2025.101423","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Recent phylogenetic studies revealed close relationships between several families of Heterotremata crabs. In this context, we describe the spermatozoal ultrastructure in several Aethridae, Menippidae, Calappidae, Parthenopidae, Cancridae, and Leucosiidae species to elucidate the evolution of spermatozoal characters. The spherical spermatophore in all Heterotremata studied here have a clear wall or pellicle. Spermatozoal results indicate that the fingerprint-like acrosome ray zone is a synapomorphy among these closely related families, including Menippidae, while the parallel acrosome ray zone is an autapomorphy occurring in Portunidae. The striations in the subopercular material are also a synapomorphic character for all studied families while absence is a homoplastic trait and apomorphic to Parthenopidae and Cancridae. Moreover, our results indicate a sharing of certain spermatozoal traits between Aethridae and Portunidae and in the Menippidae <em>Menippe nodifrons</em>. In Cancridae and Parthenopidae, the perforate operculum is a homoplastic character while the perforatorial chamber penetrating the operculum is the main synapomorphy of Cancridae. In Calappidae and Portunidae, the absence of the inner acrosome zone is an apomorphy. The presence of a broad thin, three-layered, operculum filled with a granular matrix is a synapomorphy of the Parthenopidae. Finally, in Leucosiidae, the inner acrosome zone positioned at the mid-point of the acrosome vesicle and the presence of a peculiar type of periopercular rim are a synapomorphy of the group. Overall, our ultrastructural findings align with recent phylogenetic analyses conducted within the Heterotremata clade, providing complementary support and reinforcing the value of spermatozoal ultrastructure as a tool in phylogenetic studies, as it demonstrates clear potential for resolving taxonomic issues.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 101423"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143519610","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-20DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101422
Ying Lu , Yi Yang , Lu-Yao Yu , Hong-Bo Jin , Bing-Zhong Ren , Qi Chen
The fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea), a typical destructive invasive pest, has caused substantial damage to both the ecological environment and economy in China. H. cunea uses primarily its antennae to locate food and perceive pheromones through stimulation of olfactory receptor neurons. These receptor neurons project their axons into glomeruli within the antennal lobes, the primary olfactory center in the brain. The projection patterns of sensory antennal neurons into the antennal lobe and its precise structure have not been described so far. To decipher the primary organization behind olfactory recognition in H. cunea, this study employed synaptic antibody immunostaining, as well as mass staining of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), and computer-based reconstruction to establish a three-dimensional olfactory glomerular map of the moth's antennal lobes. A total of 74 male and 81 female antennal lobe glomeruli were identified, including 3 male-specific glomeruli (Macroglomerular complex, MGC) and 8 female-specific glomeruli (DL1-DL8). While the Cumulus (Cu) volume was largest in MGC, the differences in volume among dorsomedial anterior and dorsomedial posterior were minimal. These findings lay the groundwork for a better understanding of the olfactory anatomical organization in H. cunea.
{"title":"Glomerular organization of the antennal lobe in the fall webworm Hyphantria cunea (Drury, 1770)","authors":"Ying Lu , Yi Yang , Lu-Yao Yu , Hong-Bo Jin , Bing-Zhong Ren , Qi Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2025.101422","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2025.101422","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The fall webworm (<em>Hyphantria cunea</em>), a typical destructive invasive pest, has caused substantial damage to both the ecological environment and economy in China. <em>H. cunea</em> uses primarily its antennae to locate food and perceive pheromones through stimulation of olfactory receptor neurons. These receptor neurons project their axons into glomeruli within the antennal lobes, the primary olfactory center in the brain. The projection patterns of sensory antennal neurons into the antennal lobe and its precise structure have not been described so far. To decipher the primary organization behind olfactory recognition in <em>H. cunea</em>, this study employed synaptic antibody immunostaining, as well as mass staining of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), and computer-based reconstruction to establish a three-dimensional olfactory glomerular map of the moth's antennal lobes. A total of 74 male and 81 female antennal lobe glomeruli were identified, including 3 male-specific glomeruli (Macroglomerular complex, MGC) and 8 female-specific glomeruli (DL1-DL8). While the Cumulus (Cu) volume was largest in MGC, the differences in volume among dorsomedial anterior and dorsomedial posterior were minimal. These findings lay the groundwork for a better understanding of the olfactory anatomical organization in <em>H. cunea</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 101422"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143445308","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-19DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101409
Michael Weingardt , Feiyang Liang , Brendon E. Boudinot , Jörg U. Hammel , Bernhard L. Bock , Kazunori Yoshizawa , Rolf G. Beutel
While new fossil psocid taxa are described every year, the morphology is generally not studied and documented in sufficient detail, limiting our understanding of the character evolution in this order. A new fossil species of the genus Psyllipsocus from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber is described and its morphology reconstructed in detail using synchrotron-radiation micro-computed tomography (SR-μ-CT). We present the first cybertype of a Cretaceous fossil psocid. We also describe and discuss the putative evolution of previously unrecognized and underestimated exoskeletal characters for the suborder Trogiomorpha. Additionally, using our new observations, we critically evaluate the phylogeny of Trogiomorpha and the character evolution in this group. We also present a modified character matrix which we analyze using Bayesian inference and parsimony. Based on our results and previous studies we propose monophyletic Trogiomorpha s.l. (incl. †Brachyantennum) and Trogiomorpha s. str. (possibly incl. †Cormopsocidae), the latter comprising Prionoglarididae and monophyletic Spinaprocta. Spinaprocta contain Atropetae and Psyllipsocetae (incl. Psyllipsocus) as sister taxa. Some relationships on the genus level in Trogiomorpha are still strongly disputed and unclear. Here, we synonymize the extinct monotypic genus †Khatangia with Psyllipsocus and discuss the systematic position of †Sinopsyllipsocus, †Parapsyllipsocus, †Empheriopsis and †Concavapsocus. A key for all extinct species of Psyllipsocidae is provided.
{"title":"The first detailed morphological treatment of a Cretaceous psocid and the character evolution of Trogiomorpha (Insecta: Psocodea)","authors":"Michael Weingardt , Feiyang Liang , Brendon E. Boudinot , Jörg U. Hammel , Bernhard L. Bock , Kazunori Yoshizawa , Rolf G. Beutel","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2025.101409","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2025.101409","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>While new fossil psocid taxa are described every year, the morphology is generally not studied and documented in sufficient detail, limiting our understanding of the character evolution in this order. A new fossil species of the genus <em>Psyllipsocus</em> from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber is described and its morphology reconstructed in detail using synchrotron-radiation micro-computed tomography (SR-μ-CT). We present the first cybertype of a Cretaceous fossil psocid. We also describe and discuss the putative evolution of previously unrecognized and underestimated exoskeletal characters for the suborder Trogiomorpha. Additionally, using our new observations, we critically evaluate the phylogeny of Trogiomorpha and the character evolution in this group. We also present a modified character matrix which we analyze using Bayesian inference and parsimony. Based on our results and previous studies we propose monophyletic Trogiomorpha <em>s.l.</em> (incl. †<em>Brachyantennum</em>) and Trogiomorpha <em>s. str.</em> (possibly incl. †Cormopsocidae), the latter comprising Prionoglarididae and monophyletic Spinaprocta. Spinaprocta contain Atropetae and Psyllipsocetae (incl. <em>Psyllipsocus</em>) as sister taxa. Some relationships on the genus level in Trogiomorpha are still strongly disputed and unclear. Here, we synonymize the extinct monotypic genus †<em>Khatangia</em> with <em>Psyllipsocus</em> and discuss the systematic position of †<em>Sinopsyllipsocus</em>, †<em>Parapsyllipsocus</em>, †<em>Empheriopsis</em> and †<em>Concavapsocus</em>. A key for all extinct species of Psyllipsocidae is provided.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 101409"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143436854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-02-06DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2025.101414
Yue-Ling Wu, He-Hong Wang, Le-Le He, Bao-Zhen Hua
The larva is the feeding and growing stage of holometabolous insects that undergo complete metamorphosis. However, morphological variations among instars remain largely unknown for many insect groups, especially for the relict Mecoptera. Here, morphological variations among instars for the scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the first instar is distinguishable from the following instars by the presence of an egg burster in a brown patch on the frons. The second instar can be separated from the following instars by the cranial suture 2/5 rather than 1/2 as long as the head. The third instar is differentiated from the fourth instar by the annulated setae with microtricia rather than bald on the basal part. These results may provide new data for instar identification of Panorpidae larvae.
{"title":"Postembryonic development and morphological variations of larval instars in the scorpionfly Panorpa liui Hua (Mecoptera: Panorpidae)","authors":"Yue-Ling Wu, He-Hong Wang, Le-Le He, Bao-Zhen Hua","doi":"10.1016/j.asd.2025.101414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.asd.2025.101414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The larva is the feeding and growing stage of holometabolous insects that undergo complete metamorphosis. However, morphological variations among instars remain largely unknown for many insect groups, especially for the relict Mecoptera. Here, morphological variations among instars for the scorpionfly <em>Panorpa liui</em> Hua were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the first instar is distinguishable from the following instars by the presence of an egg burster in a brown patch on the frons. The second instar can be separated from the following instars by the cranial suture 2/5 rather than 1/2 as long as the head. The third instar is differentiated from the fourth instar by the annulated setae with microtricia rather than bald on the basal part. These results may provide new data for instar identification of Panorpidae larvae.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":55461,"journal":{"name":"Arthropod Structure & Development","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 101414"},"PeriodicalIF":1.7,"publicationDate":"2025-02-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143275897","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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