Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology最新文献_第2页

The effect of soil depth on stoichiometry was greater than that of elevation in Abies georgei var. Smithii forest in Southeastern Tibet, China

IF 1.3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-12-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2024.104053

Si-jie Zhu , Jiang-rong Li , Bo Zhang , Fang-wei Fu , Liang-na Guo

High-frigid forest soil, as one of the most vulnerable terrestrial carbon reservoirs, exhibits a considerable sensitivity to climate change, potentially influencing soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) cycles significantly. However, the specific and quantitative impacts of elevation gradients on these soil stoichiometric parameters are yet to be fully elucidated and constitute the primary research objectives of this study. In this study, we investigated stoichiometric characteristics at soil depths of 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm, and along gradients of elevation at 3500 m, 3900 m, and 4300 m a.s.l. In Abies georgei var. Smithii forest at the Sygera Mountains of southeastern Tibet. The results showed that: (1) Soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) exhibited U-shaped changes with the increase in elevation, ranging from 53.14 to 70.73 g kg⁻¹, 2.78–3.32 g kg⁻¹, 0.41–0.62 g kg⁻¹, the content of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N) in soil was not significantly different at different elevations; (2) The contents of ammonium nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N), available phosphorus (AP) and available nitrogen (AN) in surface soil were the highest at different elevations; (3) Soil C:N showed a U-shaped change trend with the increase in elevation, while C:P and N:P decreased with the increase in elevation, and the ranges of C:N, C:P and N:P were 18.50–21.65, 116.69–156.38 and 5.47–7.70, respectively; (4) The soil depth had a more pronounced influence on C:N compared to elevation, whereas the elevation factor significantly impacted both C:P and N:P to a greater extent; (5) The soil of the Sygera Mountains is nitrogen-rich but phosphorus-restricted. These findings contribute to our understanding of the macroecological pattern of C:N:P in High-frigid forest ecosystems and provide valuable basic data support for forest management and conservation in this region in the future.

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引用次数: 0

How is the community of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi composed and ordered in phytophysiognomies in the transition between cerrado (savanna) and amazon biomes?

IF 1.3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-12-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2024.104054

Maristela Volpato , Eliane Maria Ribeiro da Silva , Marcos Gervasio Pereira , Fábio Henrique Della Justina do Carmo , Lucas Medeiros Fagundes

Given the ecological complexity of the transition region between the Cerrado and Amazon biomes and the importance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) as a soil biological component, the knowledge of the communities of these fungi in different phytophysiognomies of a biome is important for biodiversity conservation. This study aimed to identify and compare AMF communities between areas of Savanna Forested (SF) and Submontane Evergreen Seasonal Forest (SESF) in the transition region between the Cerrado and Amazon in the state of Mato-Grosso (Brazil). This region is one of the most extensive savanna-forest transitions in the world. By analyzing the relationships between soil attributes and phytophysiognomies, we demonstrated that the composition of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi community was similar among phytophysiognomies. However, there was a difference in total abundance of spores, which was higher in SF than SESF. The main factors related to total spore abundance were land surface temperature (positively) and silt content (negatively), whereas for mycorrhizal fungal species richness, the main factor was the phosphorus content of the litter (negatively). In terms of species, Glomus clavisporum, Glomus glomerolatum, and Glomus sp. Were associated with vegetation-related attributes.

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引用次数: 0

The effect of desert annual plant decomposition on soil microbial community

IF 1.3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-12-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2024.104051

Sherman Chen, Vainberg Noy, Doniger Tirza, Steinberger Yosef

Desert ecosystems are characterized by harsh abiotic conditions with low annual rainfall, unpredictable in time, frequency, and dispersion. In such a system, the soil microflora should fulfill its biological and functional role by decomposing plant organic matter. This study evaluated the effect of annual-plant decomposition on soil microbial community composition and functional diversity. We assumed that the microbial functional diversity values would be related to the amount of lignin litter content.

We collected soil samples and plant litter of two annual plants, Avena wiestii and Reboudia pinnata, common in the Negev mountain area, Israel, during four seasons. Genetic characterization of the soil microbial community was carried out. Our results indicate that the presence of plant litter in the soil causes many changes in the size, composition, and diversity of a soil microbial community. Functional diversity values were affected by adjacency to litter in the four seasons. Soil and litter moisture and organic matter were affected by season and plant type. Soil and litter microbial biomass and respiration decreased as the decomposition process progressed. There was a decrease in the utilization of all four carbon groups when measuring the catabolic profile of the microbial community.

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引用次数: 0

Unveiling the association of mangrove flowering phenology on the dynamics of insect abundance

IF 1.3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-12-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2024.104052

Tania Chatterjee , Souparna Chakrabarty , Bulganin Mitra , Punarbasu Chaudhuri

Mangroves are ecologically unique ecosystems supporting large biodiversity. Climate change and anthropogenic interferences led to continuous decline of mangroves worldwide. Simultaneously, continuous decline in pollinators, have put these primarily insect-pollinated ecosystems under threat. Therefore, to understand seasonal and interannual variation in floral-visitor population, study of insect-visitor abundance in relation to flowering phenology is critical. In this context, present study (2022–2023) was conducted in the mangrove belt of Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India. We observed quantitative floral availability as flowering phenology of four dominant mangrove species: Avicennia marina, Avicennia officinalis, Aegiceras corniculatum, and Acanthus ilicifolius. We also examined the seasonal and interannual variation in insect abundance within the mangrove community via pan traps. To identify potential pollinator groups among insects from the pan traps, we studied foraging behaviour of these insect visitors separately. Finally, we investigated the relationship between floral availability and insect-visitor abundance.

In this study, a total 35 insect species of eight orders were collected across all pan traps, among which, 19 species were classified as potential pollinators. Hymenoptera was most abundant in pan trap captures, followed by Diptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera. Significantly higher insect abundance was observed during the peak flowering at community-level. There was no interannual variation in insect abundance between two years. This is the first comprehensive quantitative study identifying potential mangrove pollinators and demonstrating their positive relationship with floral availability, which affecting pollinator abundance. This also indicates that, steady supply of floral availability is required for maintaining the pollinator abundance in the community.

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引用次数: 0

Exploring the factors shaping the invertebrate community and habitat selection in a new Hotspot of Subterranean Biodiversity in South America

IF 1.3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-12-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2024.104043

Gabriel Augusto Silva Vaz , Marconi Souza-Silva , Alicia Helena Souza Rodrigues Ferreira , Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira

Caves serve as exceptional ecological models for studying the environmental factors that shape biological communities. However, there has been limited exploration into understanding how these environmental factors affect communities’ distribution and responses to habitat traits within the same cave system. To address this gap, we employed standardized sampling methodologies across two scales within a limestone cave located in the Brazilian semi-arid region (Pedro Cassiano cave). Our objective was to uncover how substrate characteristics and conditions may contribute to variations in the composition and richness of invertebrates (troglobitic and non-troglobitic). Furthermore, we aimed to comprehend the habitat selection of some troglobitic species. This particular cave hosts a rich fauna, with 21 obligate cave species (20 invertebrates and 1 fish), which positions it as new Hotspot of Subterranean Biodiversity (term used for caves that have 20 or more troglobitic species) in South America. Pedro Cassiano Cave has two separate tributary drainages that flow from its final section and merge into a single drainage system that exits through the cave entrance (resurgence). We observed that the distribution of non-troglobitic invertebrate richness differed when each tributary branch was analyzed independently, indicating that the distribution patterns of subterranean species can be complex. Microhabitat characteristics such as heterogeneity, the amount of sand, and the availability of trophic resources explained a significant portion of the invertebrate community distribution in this cave, although this influence was scale-dependent. Finally, we emphasized the urgency of conservation efforts for this important cave.

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引用次数: 0

Differences in foraging phenology dampen the impact of an invasive slug on ant-mediated seed dispersal of understory forest plants 觅食物候的差异抑制了入侵蛞蝓对林下植物抗媒介种子传播的影响

IF 1.3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-11-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2024.104041

K. Tan , R.A. Ines , C.M. Buono , Q. Evans , T.H.Q. Powell , K.M. Prior

Seed-dispersal mutualisms are important ecosystem functions that, if disrupted, influence plant fitness and community structure. Anthropogenic stressors such as invasive species and climate change may independently or synergistically influence animal-mediated seed dispersal. Aphaenogaster sp. ants are the primary dispersers of myrmecochorous plants that produce diaspores or seeds with lipid-rich appendages (elaiosomes) that make them attractive to ants in eastern North American forest understories. An invasive slug, Arion sp., damages diaspores by consuming elaiosomes, rendering seeds unattractive to ants. Here, in one forest site, we examine if slugs negatively affect seed dispersal by assessing interactions between seed-dispersing ants and invasive slugs on four species of myrmecochores that release diaspores at different times. We performed an exclusion experiment, excluding slugs and ants to diaspores on depots, when diaspores of four myrmecochore species were released from fruits. We also conducted a similar experiment presenting diaspores of all species at one time in the field and slug preference trials in the lab to determine if particular myrmecochore species are vulnerable to the invasive slug. We found that slugs did not reduce dispersal by ants despite slugs damaging diaspores. This was because peak ant and slug activity differed, with slugs damaging most diaspores of early-dehiscing Sanguinaria canadensis, and ants dispersing most diaspores of later-dehiscing Trillium grandiflorum. When diaspores were presented at the same time, ants and slugs preferred the same species, T. grandiflorum. While we did not find overlap in the phenology of ant and slug interactions in this study, phenological interactions are likely context-dependent. Thus, high-preference species may be vulnerable to invasive slugs if interacting species overlap in different contexts, including under climate change.

种子传播互性是重要的生态系统功能，如果被破坏，将影响植物适应性和群落结构。入侵物种和气候变化等人为压力源可能单独或协同影响动物介导的种子传播。在北美东部的森林林下，食蚜蚁是食蚜植物的主要传播者，这些食蚜植物产生具有富含脂质附属物（溶虫体）的孢子或种子，这使它们对蚂蚁具有吸引力。一种侵入性蛞蝓，Arion sp.，通过消耗种子体来破坏种子，使种子对蚂蚁没有吸引力。在这里，在一个森林站点，我们通过评估种子传播蚂蚁和入侵鼻涕虫在不同时间释放的四种myrmeco杂交种上的相互作用来研究鼻涕虫是否会对种子传播产生负面影响。我们对四种蜜桃属植物的孢子进行了排除实验，排除了蛞蝓和蚂蚁在贮藏库上的孢子。我们还进行了一个类似的实验，在野外同时展示了所有物种的多样性，并在实验室进行了蛞蝓偏好试验，以确定特定的myrmecochore物种是否容易受到入侵的蛞蝓的攻击。我们发现蛞蝓并没有减少蚂蚁的扩散，尽管它们破坏了扩散。这是因为蚂蚁和蛞蝓的峰值活性不同，蛞蝓破坏了早期开裂的加拿大血根（Sanguinaria canadensis）的大部分囊膜，而蚂蚁分散了后期开裂的桔梗（Trillium grandflorum）的大部分囊膜。当一水花同时出现时，蚂蚁和蛞蝓更倾向于同一种，T. grandflorum。虽然我们在这项研究中没有发现蚂蚁和蛞蝓相互作用的物候重叠，但物候相互作用可能依赖于环境。因此，如果相互作用的物种在不同的环境下重叠，包括在气候变化的情况下，高偏好物种可能容易受到入侵鼻涕虫的攻击。

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引用次数: 0

Ant utilization of tree trunks in relation to environmental factors in a temperate forest 温带森林中蚂蚁利用树干与环境因素的关系

IF 1.3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-11-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2024.104039

Kanata Sakaya Inoue , Kohei Nakatsuji , Satoshi Koyama , Yuta Kobayashi , Tomohiro Yoshida

Forests exhibit complex three-dimensional structures, wherein abiotic factors vary both vertically and horizontally. The interaction between organisms and these factors drives the remarkable biodiversity within forests. Tree trunks serve as vital conduits for organisms moving vertically within the forest, facilitating biodiversity maintenance. Organisms moving vertically through tree trunks in forests face varying abiotic conditions, which may enhance their resilience to long-term environmental changes. Despite numerous studies comparing canopy and ground communities, the distribution of organisms across multiple strata remains poorly understood. Here, we explore the correlation between the horizontal distribution of ants in a forest and environmental factors (topography, tree size, tree species), with a specific focus on their presence on tree trunks. Visual observations were conducted to document ant species richness on tree trunks, supplemented by pitfall traps to quantify soil arthropod biomass, serving as an indicator of protein availability. The results revealed that ant species richness on tree trunks varied based on topography and tree species, showing a positive correlation with tree size. However, no significant relationship emerged between soil arthropod biomass and ant richness on tree trunks. Furthermore, no discernible trend suggesting that certain species were less likely to co-occur was observed; instead, a tendency for some species to co-occur was found. These findings highlight the horizontal heterogeneity in the distribution of ants with respect to topography, tree species, and tree size within the forest.

森林呈现出复杂的三维结构，其中的非生物因素在纵向和横向上都各不相同。生物与这些因素之间的相互作用推动了森林内显著的生物多样性。树干是生物在森林中垂直移动的重要通道，有助于维持生物多样性。在森林中通过树干垂直移动的生物面临着不同的非生物条件，这可能会增强它们对长期环境变化的适应能力。尽管有大量研究对树冠和地面群落进行了比较，但人们对生物在多层中的分布仍然知之甚少。在这里，我们探讨了蚂蚁在森林中的水平分布与环境因素（地形、树木大小、树种）之间的相关性，特别关注它们在树干上的存在。我们通过目测来记录树干上的蚂蚁物种丰富度，并辅以坑式陷阱来量化土壤中节肢动物的生物量，以此作为蛋白质可用性的指标。结果显示，树干上的蚂蚁物种丰富程度因地形和树种而异，并与树木大小呈正相关。然而，土壤节肢动物生物量与树干上的蚂蚁丰富度之间没有明显关系。此外，也没有观察到某些物种不太可能共同出现的明显趋势；相反，发现了某些物种共同出现的趋势。这些发现凸显了森林中蚂蚁分布与地形、树种和树木大小有关的水平异质性。

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引用次数: 0

Understorey-nesting bird community responses to land use in the Korup National Park, an Afrotropical rainforest in South-Western Cameroon 喀麦隆西南部非洲热带雨林科鲁普国家公园林下鸟类群落对土地利用的反应

IF 1.3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-11-22 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2024.104040

Jean Tonleu , Noelline Tsafack , Kadiri S. Bobo , Sebastien Lhoumeau , Wilfried G.T. Lontchi , Cyrille L.T. Tanebang , Mpoame Mbida

Tropical forest biodiversity is under immense pressure due to a combination of global and local factors, including climate change and intensive land use. Birds play an important role in tropical forest ecosystems, contributing significantly to various ecosystem services. This study examined the impact of deforestation on the richness and abundance of understorey-nesting bird communities along a land-use intensification gradient in the peripheral zone of Korup National Park, Southwest Cameroon. We selected 30 sampling plots, each covering 4 ha, across five habitat types: near-primary forest, secondary forest, disturbed forest, cocoa/coffee plantations, and annual food crop fields. A total of 236 understorey bird nests were identified, representing 16 species. Our findings revealed that land use intensity significantly influenced bird species richness and abundance. Primary and secondary forests provided 75% of the nesting species and 71% of the nests. However, 19% of the species either appeared or increased in cocoa/coffee plantations and annual crop fields. Among the feeding groups, frugivores were the most sensitive group to deforestation. This study corroborates the adverse effects of forest destruction on birds communities and highlights the urgent need to address the rapid and extensive forest conversion occurring within Korup National Park. Allowing secondary forests to regenerate and preserving large patches of primary forest are essential strategies to help understorey-nesting bird communities mitigate the impacts of global changes.

在气候变化和土地密集使用等全球和地方因素的共同作用下，热带森林的生物多样性面临着巨大压力。鸟类在热带森林生态系统中扮演着重要角色，为各种生态系统服务做出了巨大贡献。本研究考察了喀麦隆西南部科鲁普国家公园外围地带森林砍伐对林下鸟类群落丰富度和丰度的影响。我们在近原始森林、次生林、受干扰森林、可可/咖啡种植园和一年生粮食作物田这五种栖息地类型中选择了 30 个采样点，每个采样点占地 4 公顷。共发现 236 个林下鸟巢，代表 16 个物种。我们的研究结果表明，土地利用强度对鸟类物种的丰富度和丰度有很大影响。原始森林和次生林提供了 75% 的筑巢物种和 71% 的鸟巢。然而，19%的物种出现或增加在可可/咖啡种植园和一年生作物田中。在觅食群体中，食俭动物是对森林砍伐最敏感的群体。这项研究证实了森林破坏对鸟类群落的不利影响，并强调了解决科鲁普国家公园内发生的快速、大面积森林转换问题的紧迫性。让次生林再生和保护大片原始森林是帮助林下鸟类群落减轻全球变化影响的基本策略。

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引用次数: 0

Climatic seasonality and dominant species drive the temporal dynamics in a lizard assemblage in the Arid Chaco - Monte ecotone 气候季节性和优势物种推动了干旱查科--蒙特生态区蜥蜴群的时间动态变化

IF 1.3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2024.104038

Rodrigo Gómez Alés , Franco Valdez Ovallez , Oscar A. Stellatelli , Ana E. Victorica Erostarbe , Rodrigo Nieva Cocilio , Ana P. Galdeano , Graciela M. Blanco , Juan Carlos Acosta

Lizard assemblages are dynamic, influenced by both seasonal climatic changes and intrinsic population shifts. Climate plays a crucial role in shaping lizard phenology, or the timing of their biological events, which critically affects the spatiotemporal structure of sympatric populations. Understanding how species richness and abundance fluctuate over time, and how these changes are influences by temporal factors, is essential for distinguishing between variations caused by unpredictable external factors and underlying natural changes. This study aimed to characterize lizard assemblage structure and dynamics, as well as species demographics, over three consecutive years within an Arid Chaco - Monte ecotone in central-western Argentina. We also sought to assess the effects of environmental drivers (e.g., temperature, precipitation) on assemblage and population dynamics. Monthly samples were taken using pitfall traps from October 2015 to May 2018 within the protected area of the Valle Fértil Multiple Use Reserve. We captured 1446 lizards, representing 12 species. Liolaemus chacoensis was dominant in the assemblage, followed by Teius teyou and Aurivela longicauda. Species richness and diversity varied seasonally, peaking during summer and autumn. The lizard assemblage exhibited activity throughout all seasons, with significant temporal niche overlap between species. Reproduction and activity in lizards were highly seasonal, primarily occurring in spring and summer, likely due to low winter temperatures and highly seasonal rainfall. Our study shows that climate seasonality and the demographics of the dominant species significantly influence the temporal dynamics of lizard assemblages in the Arid Chaco-Monte ecotone of Argentina.

蜥蜴种群是动态的，受到季节性气候变化和种群内在变化的影响。气候在形成蜥蜴物候学或其生物事件的时间方面起着至关重要的作用，这对同域种群的时空结构产生了关键影响。了解物种丰富度和丰度如何随时间波动，以及这些变化如何受到时间因素的影响，对于区分不可预测的外部因素引起的变化和潜在的自然变化至关重要。本研究旨在描述阿根廷中西部干旱查科--蒙特生态区连续三年的蜥蜴群结构和动态以及物种的人口统计学特征。我们还试图评估环境驱动因素（如温度、降水）对蜥蜴组合和种群动态的影响。从2015年10月到2018年5月，我们在Valle Fértil多用途保护区内使用坑式陷阱每月采集样本。我们捕获了 1446 只蜥蜴，代表 12 个物种。Liolaemus chacoensis在蜥蜴群中占主导地位，其次是Teius teyou和Aurivela longicauda。物种丰富度和多样性随季节变化，夏季和秋季达到高峰。蜥蜴群在所有季节都表现出活跃的活动，物种之间存在明显的时间生态位重叠。蜥蜴的繁殖和活动具有很强的季节性，主要发生在春季和夏季，这可能是由于冬季气温低和降雨季节性强的缘故。我们的研究表明，气候的季节性和优势物种的种群结构极大地影响了阿根廷干旱查科-蒙特生态区蜥蜴群的时间动态。

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引用次数: 0

Functional divergence exists in mucilage-mediated seed dispersal, but not in germination of myxospermic Lepidium campestre and Lepidium draba (Brassicaceae) 粘液介导的种子播散存在功能分化，但萌芽过程中的粘液分化与萌芽过程中的功能分化不同

IF 1.3 4区环境科学与生态学 Q3 ECOLOGY

Acta Oecologica-International Journal of Ecology

Pub Date : 2024-11-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2024.104042

Said Mohammed , Klaus Mummenhoff

The aim of this study was to compare the role of mucilage in seed dispersal and germination of the two closely related invasive weed species, Lepidium campestre and Lepidium draba. The study investigated the staining patterns of mucilage and its effects on seed germination, water uptake, dehydration, adherence to sand particles and dispersal by wind, water and animals following standard protocols. The mucilaginous seeds of L. campestre had a higher pectin and cellulose content than L. draba. This difference has a significant effect on water uptake and retention. The mucilage increased water uptake in both species, with L. campestre seeds absorbing significantly more water (836% compared to 75% in L. draba). Remarkably, the mucilage of both species had very little effect on seed germination. Significantly, the seeds of L. draba readily germinated under dry conditions, suggesting that this species may have developed different germination strategies. In addition, the seeds and fruits of L. draba showed a higher potential for dispersal via water and wind, whereas those of L. campestre adhered to animals. Further, L. campestre seeds showed significantly stronger adherence to sand particles (1872%) compared to those of L. draba (445%). This suggests that L. campestre seeds are more likely to disperse locally and possibly adhere to animals or soil particles. Our results suggest that mucilage produce by the two invasive weed species results in different methods of dispersal, which may help explain differences in their distribution patterns.

本研究的目的是比较粘液质在两种亲缘关系很近的入侵杂草--野营鹅掌楸（Lepidium campestre）和垂叶鹅掌楸（Lepidium draba）--的种子传播和萌发中的作用。研究按照标准方案调查了粘液的染色模式及其对种子萌发、吸水、脱水、附着在沙粒上以及通过风、水和动物散播的影响。L. campestre 的粘液种子果胶和纤维素含量高于 L. draba。这种差异对吸水和保水有很大影响。粘液增加了这两个物种的吸水率，其中 L. campestre 种子的吸水率明显更高（836%，而 L. draba 为 75%）。值得注意的是，两种植物的粘液对种子萌发的影响都很小。值得注意的是，L. draba 的种子在干燥条件下很容易萌发，这表明该物种可能已经形成了不同的萌发策略。此外，L. draba 的种子和果实通过水和风传播的可能性更大，而 L. campestre 的种子和果实则会粘附在动物身上。此外，L. campestre 种子对沙粒的附着力（1872%）明显强于 L. draba 种子（445%）。这表明，L. campestre 种子更有可能在当地扩散，并有可能粘附在动物或土壤颗粒上。我们的研究结果表明，这两种入侵杂草产生的粘液导致了不同的传播方式，这可能有助于解释它们分布模式的差异。

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引用次数: 0