Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.15547//ast.2023.02.013
V. Marutsova
Abstract. The purpose of the present study was to establish the biochemical and pathohistological changes in Holstein cows with subclinical and clinical form of ketosis. A total of 47 Holstein cows from 1st to 4th lactation were included in the study. Blood samples were obtained from all animals for determination of β-hydroxybutyrate (ВНВА, mmol/l), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA, mmol/l), glucose (Gl, mmol/l), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT, U/l), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT, U/l) and total bilirubin (Tb, µmol/l). The cows were divided into three groups depending on their physiological condition: pregnant, recently calved and lactating. The cows from the three groups were classified as healthy (control, n=24, BHBA<1.2 mmol/L), affected with subclinical ketosis (SCK, n=15, BHBA from 1.2 to 2.6 mmol/l) and with clinical ketosis (CK, n=8, BHBA>2.6 mmol/l) depending on their blood BHBA levels. The pathohistological investigations were done after autopsy of cows diagnosed with clinical ketosis. The blood levels of NEFA in cows of the three groups with SCK were statistically significantly elevated vs control groups, while in cows with CK – decreased, vs both controls and SCK. The levels of glucose decreased, while the activities of ASAT, ALAT and Tb levels were increased in cows with SCK and CK ketosis vs controls. Histological studies revealed karyolysis, karyorrhexis, cellular vacuolation in hepatocytes, as well as necrotic changes and fatty dystrophy of the liver and kidneys in cows with clinical ketosis.
{"title":"Methodology for monitoring biochemical changes in Holstein cows with ketosis","authors":"V. Marutsova","doi":"10.15547//ast.2023.02.013","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15547//ast.2023.02.013","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The purpose of the present study was to establish the biochemical and pathohistological changes in Holstein cows with subclinical and clinical form of ketosis. A total of 47 Holstein cows from 1st to 4th lactation were included in the study. Blood samples were obtained from all animals for determination of β-hydroxybutyrate (ВНВА, mmol/l), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA, mmol/l), glucose (Gl, mmol/l), aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT, U/l), alanine aminotransferase (ALAT, U/l) and total bilirubin (Tb, µmol/l). The cows were divided into three groups depending on their physiological condition: pregnant, recently calved and lactating. The cows from the three groups were classified as healthy (control, n=24, BHBA<1.2 mmol/L), affected with subclinical ketosis (SCK, n=15, BHBA from 1.2 to 2.6 mmol/l) and with clinical ketosis (CK, n=8, BHBA>2.6 mmol/l) depending on their blood BHBA levels. The pathohistological investigations were done after autopsy of cows diagnosed with clinical ketosis. The blood levels of NEFA in cows of the three groups with SCK were statistically significantly elevated vs control groups, while in cows with CK – decreased, vs both controls and SCK. The levels of glucose decreased, while the activities of ASAT, ALAT and Tb levels were increased in cows with SCK and CK ketosis vs controls. Histological studies revealed karyolysis, karyorrhexis, cellular vacuolation in hepatocytes, as well as necrotic changes and fatty dystrophy of the liver and kidneys in cows with clinical ketosis.","PeriodicalId":55762,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48586632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.15547//ast.2023.02.015
R. Bazitov, M. Mihaylova, G. Ganchev
Abstract. Maize is the most widely spread energy source used in rations for farm animals and poultry, especially in countries in America, Southern Europe and Asia, where maize grain is the main cereal used for feed. The quality of maize grain is formed under the influence of several interrelated factors. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of different rates of nitrogen fertilization on the chemical composition and energy value of maize grain grown under irrigation conditions in non-ruminants. The study was conducted in the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute – Stara Zagora under irrigation conditions on cinnamon-meadow soil with maize for grain, medium late hybrid LG 35.36 with density of crops – 70000 plants per hectare. The study includes the following four treatments of fertilization: 1 experimental variant N0P80K60 – non-fertilizer control, 2 experimental variant N100P80K60 – fertilization with 100 kg N.ha-1, 3 experimental variant N150P80K60 – fertilization with 150 kg N.ha-1 and 4 experimental variant N200P80K60 – fertilization with 200 kg N.ha-1. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied during the vegetation of the crop in phase 3-5 leaf, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in rates 80 kg P2O5.ha-1 and 60 kg K2O.ha-1 in the main tillage. During the vegetation of the maize, pre-irrigation humidity of 80-85% of field capacity (FC) was maintained by 3 waterings. As the fertilization rate increases, the crude protein content in the maize grain also grows up. During the treatment with the highest fertilizer rate of 200 kg N.ha-1, 9.5% per 1 kg of dry matter (DM) was obtained, followed by the treatment with 150 kg N.ha-1 – with a value of 9.1% per 1 kg of dry matter. The content of crude fiber in the grain of maize with increasing fertilization rate decreases, being the smallest in the treatment with rate 100 kg N.ha-1 – 0.8% per 1 kg of dry matter. The fertilization rate does not have a significant effect on the content of digestible and metabolite energy in corn grain grown under irrigated conditions in pigs and poultry.
摘要玉米是农场动物和家禽口粮中使用最广泛的能源，尤其是在美国、南欧和亚洲国家，玉米是用作饲料的主要谷物。玉米籽粒的品质是在多种相关因素的影响下形成的。本研究的目的是确定不同氮肥用量对非反刍动物在灌溉条件下种植的玉米籽粒的化学成分和能量值的影响。这项研究是在农业研究所的试验田——Stara Zagora——在灌溉条件下，在肉桂草甸土壤上进行的，玉米为谷物，中后期杂交LG 35.36，作物密度为每公顷70000株。本研究包括以下四种施肥处理：1种试验变体N0P80K60–无肥对照，2种试验变体N100P80K60-100 kg N.ha-1施肥，3种试验变体N1 50P80K60 150 kg N.ha-施肥，4种试验变体N200P80K60-200 kg N.ha-2施肥。在作物植被期施用氮肥，施用量为3-5叶，在主耕中施用磷钾肥，施用量分别为80kg P2O5.ha-1和60kg K2O.ha-1。在玉米种植期间，灌溉前的湿度通过3次浇水保持在田间容量（FC）的80-85%。随着施肥量的增加，玉米籽粒中的粗蛋白质含量也随之增加。在最高施肥量为200 kg N.ha-1的处理过程中，每1 kg干物质（DM）可获得9.5%的产量，其次是150 kg N.ha-1-的处理，每1公斤干物质可获得9.1%的产量。玉米籽粒粗纤维含量随着施肥量的增加而降低，在每1kg干物质施用100kg N.ha-1–0.8%的处理中含量最小。施肥率对猪和家禽在灌溉条件下种植的玉米籽粒中可消化能量和代谢产物能量的含量没有显著影响。
{"title":"Influence of nitrogen fertilization on the energy value of maize grain in non-ruminants","authors":"R. Bazitov, M. Mihaylova, G. Ganchev","doi":"10.15547//ast.2023.02.015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15547//ast.2023.02.015","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Maize is the most widely spread energy source used in rations for farm animals and poultry, especially in countries in America, Southern Europe and Asia, where maize grain is the main cereal used for feed. The quality of maize grain is formed under the influence of several interrelated factors. The aim of the study is to determine the effect of different rates of nitrogen fertilization on the chemical composition and energy value of maize grain grown under irrigation conditions in non-ruminants. The study was conducted in the experimental field of the Agricultural Institute – Stara Zagora under irrigation conditions on cinnamon-meadow soil with maize for grain, medium late hybrid LG 35.36 with density of crops – 70000 plants per hectare. The study includes the following four treatments of fertilization: 1 experimental variant N0P80K60 – non-fertilizer control, 2 experimental variant N100P80K60 – fertilization with 100 kg N.ha-1, 3 experimental variant N150P80K60 – fertilization with 150 kg N.ha-1 and 4 experimental variant N200P80K60 – fertilization with 200 kg N.ha-1. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied during the vegetation of the crop in phase 3-5 leaf, and phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in rates 80 kg P2O5.ha-1 and 60 kg K2O.ha-1 in the main tillage. During the vegetation of the maize, pre-irrigation humidity of 80-85% of field capacity (FC) was maintained by 3 waterings. As the fertilization rate increases, the crude protein content in the maize grain also grows up. During the treatment with the highest fertilizer rate of 200 kg N.ha-1, 9.5% per 1 kg of dry matter (DM) was obtained, followed by the treatment with 150 kg N.ha-1 – with a value of 9.1% per 1 kg of dry matter. The content of crude fiber in the grain of maize with increasing fertilization rate decreases, being the smallest in the treatment with rate 100 kg N.ha-1 – 0.8% per 1 kg of dry matter. The fertilization rate does not have a significant effect on the content of digestible and metabolite energy in corn grain grown under irrigated conditions in pigs and poultry.","PeriodicalId":55762,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42707387","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.15547/ast.2023.02.016
K. A. Oyinlola, F. Odujebe, A. Ajibare, Dorcas K. Oriolowo, G. E. Ogunleye, E. Odebunmi, Muinat Olanike Kazeem
Abstract. This study aimed to assess the composition of wastewater from the Oyo Central Abattoir and its possible impact on the surrounding groundwater (wells) in Onidundu community as users use them for economic and recreational purposes without being fully aware of the hazard the water can cause. For this purpose, wastewater and groundwater were analyzed for seven physicochemical parameters, verified by standard methods and compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards. All physicochemical parameters evaluated were within acceptable limits, except for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total dry matter (TS) and hardness in some of the water sources. Three microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Citrobacter sp. and Klebsiella sp.) were isolated and identified by standard procedures. Water Quality Index (WQI) and Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI) were applied to assess water quality. The WQI values ranged from 1.06 to 2.30, while the CPI score ranged from 1.02 to 1.82 among the sampled water sources. Those indices classify the waters as moderately polluted and excellent, respectively, but also due to the high numbers (0.86 × 105 CFU/mL to 4.84 × 105 CFU/mL) of pathogenic microorganisms due to microbial pollution, the analyzed water samples are not suitable for drinking, aquaculture and other household activities. Waste treatment in slaughterhouses, well water intended for domestic use, dug deep and away from waste disposal sites, are recommended to prevent possible hazards to the environment and public health.
{"title":"Assessment of the impact of wastewater from an abattoir in Oyo state on groundwater in Onidundu community, Nigeria","authors":"K. A. Oyinlola, F. Odujebe, A. Ajibare, Dorcas K. Oriolowo, G. E. Ogunleye, E. Odebunmi, Muinat Olanike Kazeem","doi":"10.15547/ast.2023.02.016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15547/ast.2023.02.016","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This study aimed to assess the composition of wastewater from the Oyo Central Abattoir and its possible impact on the surrounding groundwater (wells) in Onidundu community as users use them for economic and recreational purposes without being fully aware of the hazard the water can cause. For this purpose, wastewater and groundwater were analyzed for seven physicochemical parameters, verified by standard methods and compared with World Health Organization (WHO) standards. All physicochemical parameters evaluated were within acceptable limits, except for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total dry matter (TS) and hardness in some of the water sources. Three microorganisms (Escherichia coli, Citrobacter sp. and Klebsiella sp.) were isolated and identified by standard procedures. Water Quality Index (WQI) and Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI) were applied to assess water quality. The WQI values ranged from 1.06 to 2.30, while the CPI score ranged from 1.02 to 1.82 among the sampled water sources. Those indices classify the waters as moderately polluted and excellent, respectively, but also due to the high numbers (0.86 × 105 CFU/mL to 4.84 × 105 CFU/mL) of pathogenic microorganisms due to microbial pollution, the analyzed water samples are not suitable for drinking, aquaculture and other household activities. Waste treatment in slaughterhouses, well water intended for domestic use, dug deep and away from waste disposal sites, are recommended to prevent possible hazards to the environment and public health.","PeriodicalId":55762,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48863503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.15547/ast.2023.02.014
F. Takim, J. Falola-Olasunkanmi, O. Osatuyi, I. Garuba
Abstract. This study analyses the floristic composition of field weeds recorded at the University of Ilorin Teaching and Research Farm (008° 27’ 23.9’N and 004° 39’ 42.9’E) in the southern Guinea savannah of Nigeria during the 2019 – 2021 growing seasons. The area is characterized by a bimodal rainfall pattern with an average annual rainfall of 1227.85 mm and sandy loam soil (plinthustaffs). The experiment was set up as a randomized complete block design and repeated three times in a field that had been continuously maize-cropped for 10 years. Treatments were pre-emergence applications of atrazine, metolachlor, and primextra at the rate of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 kg a.i.ha-1 and Weedy Check. Maize was sown and maintained using the recommended agronomic practices for ecology. Weed species composition was estimated using four continuous sample quadrats (0.5 m2) at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after sowing. The weed flora consisted of 48% broadleaves, grasses 45%, and 7% sedges. Between 2019 and 2021 there was a gradual shift from the predominant annual broadleaves to induced annual grasses and a reduction in the floristic composition of the weed community by approximately 2 – 28%. Fifteen (15) weed species were predominant and the most stable weed species were Richardia scabra, Digitaria horizontalis and Digitaria sanguinalis. This requires finding an ideal weed control option that controls the negative impact of agricultural weeds on crop after yield while maintaining a diverse weed community.
摘要本研究分析了尼日利亚几内亚南部稀树草原伊洛林大学教学与研究农场（008°27'23.9'N和004°39'42.9'E）在2019-2021生长季节记录的田间杂草的区系组成。该地区的特点是双峰降雨模式，年平均降雨量为1227.85毫米，为沙壤土（plinthusstaff）。该实验以随机完全区组设计的方式进行，并在连续种植玉米10年的田地中重复进行三次。处理是以1.5、2.5和3.5 kg a.i.ha-1的速率在羽化前施用阿特拉津、甲草胺和primextra，并进行杂草检查。玉米采用推荐的生态学农艺措施进行播种和维护。在播种后3、6、9和12周，使用四个连续样本象限（0.5 m2）估计杂草物种组成。杂草区系由48%的阔叶植物、45%的草和7%的莎草组成。2019年至2021年间，主要的一年生阔叶草逐渐转变为诱导的一年生草，杂草群落的区系组成减少了约2-28%。十五（15）种杂草占主导地位，最稳定的杂草种类是粗糙里查迪亚、水平洋地黄和血洋地黄。这需要找到一种理想的杂草控制方案，在保持多样化杂草群落的同时，控制农业杂草对作物产量的负面影响。
{"title":"Diversity and composition of weed species in a continuously grown maize field treated with selected pre-emergence herbicides","authors":"F. Takim, J. Falola-Olasunkanmi, O. Osatuyi, I. Garuba","doi":"10.15547/ast.2023.02.014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15547/ast.2023.02.014","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This study analyses the floristic composition of field weeds recorded at the University of Ilorin Teaching and Research Farm (008° 27’ 23.9’N and 004° 39’ 42.9’E) in the southern Guinea savannah of Nigeria during the 2019 – 2021 growing seasons. The area is characterized by a bimodal rainfall pattern with an average annual rainfall of 1227.85 mm and sandy loam soil (plinthustaffs). The experiment was set up as a randomized complete block design and repeated three times in a field that had been continuously maize-cropped for 10 years. Treatments were pre-emergence applications of atrazine, metolachlor, and primextra at the rate of 1.5, 2.5, and 3.5 kg a.i.ha-1 and Weedy Check. Maize was sown and maintained using the recommended agronomic practices for ecology. Weed species composition was estimated using four continuous sample quadrats (0.5 m2) at 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks after sowing. The weed flora consisted of 48% broadleaves, grasses 45%, and 7% sedges. Between 2019 and 2021 there was a gradual shift from the predominant annual broadleaves to induced annual grasses and a reduction in the floristic composition of the weed community by approximately 2 – 28%. Fifteen (15) weed species were predominant and the most stable weed species were Richardia scabra, Digitaria horizontalis and Digitaria sanguinalis. This requires finding an ideal weed control option that controls the negative impact of agricultural weeds on crop after yield while maintaining a diverse weed community.","PeriodicalId":55762,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41394534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.15547/ast.2023.02.012
Abdulsalam Mosobalaje Murtadha, S. Adetoro, K. Shittu
Abstract. Enhancement of okra fruit production requires identification of genotypes with promising seed yield attributes, thus multivariate techniques were employed to reveal genetic and morphological attributes of sixteen diverse okra lines during wet and dry seasons in 2019 at Teaching and Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Osun State University, Ejigbo Campus. Seeds were sown in single-row plots of 5 m long, spaced 0.70 m apart and 0.50 m within on sandy loam soil in a randomized complete block design. The dry season crop was supported by the application of 12 mm water weekly. Data collected on growth and seed traits were subjected to the General Linear Model (GLM), principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2018). The petiole color was scored according to IPGRI (1991) square root transformed prior to the analysis. Results showed highly significant lines, season, and their interactions for almost all traits. Four PCAs accounted for 85.77% and the first two PCA captured 51% of the total variations. Both PCA and cluster analysis grouped the lines into four and revealed the potentials of SAHARI F1, NGB01197, and LD-88 for high seed yield. It is concluded that these lines can be incorporated into okra yield improvement program.
{"title":"Multivariate analysis of seed yield and morphological characters of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) accessions","authors":"Abdulsalam Mosobalaje Murtadha, S. Adetoro, K. Shittu","doi":"10.15547/ast.2023.02.012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15547/ast.2023.02.012","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Enhancement of okra fruit production requires identification of genotypes with promising seed yield attributes, thus multivariate techniques were employed to reveal genetic and morphological attributes of sixteen diverse okra lines during wet and dry seasons in 2019 at Teaching and Research Farm, College of Agriculture, Osun State University, Ejigbo Campus. Seeds were sown in single-row plots of 5 m long, spaced 0.70 m apart and 0.50 m within on sandy loam soil in a randomized complete block design. The dry season crop was supported by the application of 12 mm water weekly. Data collected on growth and seed traits were subjected to the General Linear Model (GLM), principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis using the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 2018). The petiole color was scored according to IPGRI (1991) square root transformed prior to the analysis. Results showed highly significant lines, season, and their interactions for almost all traits. Four PCAs accounted for 85.77% and the first two PCA captured 51% of the total variations. Both PCA and cluster analysis grouped the lines into four and revealed the potentials of SAHARI F1, NGB01197, and LD-88 for high seed yield. It is concluded that these lines can be incorporated into okra yield improvement program.","PeriodicalId":55762,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49505272","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.15547/ast.2023.02.018
A. Ouaini, H. R. Yssaad, T. Nouri, A. Nani, S. Benouis
Abstract. Salinity and heavy metals pollution are the root causes of many environmental problems. This study aims to determine the effect of NaCl-induced salinity and Pb(NO3)2 on chlorophyll, proline content, and lead accumulation in shoots and roots of Atriplex canesens. Sowing was carried out in plastic pots (16 cm in diameter and 13.8 cm high) containing a mixture of sand/compost. The irrigation of plants was performed with distilled water and Hoagland nutrient solution. After four months of growth, the plants were subjected to either 0.50 or 3% of NaCl combined with 800, 1600, and 2400 ppm of Pb(NO3)2 for a duration of one month, then we performed biochemical and chemical analyses on the plants. Results showed that the combined influence of strong salinity and lead caused a reduction of chlorophyll and increased proline and lead accumulation in plant tissues. Lead significantly accumulated in the roots compared to the shoots of the plants.
{"title":"Influence of combined stress by salinity (NaCl) and heavy metals (Pb(NO3)2) on the proline, chlorophyll and lead accumulation in the tissues of the Atriplex canescens (Pursh ) Nutt.","authors":"A. Ouaini, H. R. Yssaad, T. Nouri, A. Nani, S. Benouis","doi":"10.15547/ast.2023.02.018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15547/ast.2023.02.018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. Salinity and heavy metals pollution are the root causes of many environmental problems. This study aims to determine the effect of NaCl-induced salinity and Pb(NO3)2 on chlorophyll, proline content, and lead accumulation in shoots and roots of Atriplex canesens. Sowing was carried out in plastic pots (16 cm in diameter and 13.8 cm high) containing a mixture of sand/compost. The irrigation of plants was performed with distilled water and Hoagland nutrient solution. After four months of growth, the plants were subjected to either 0.50 or 3% of NaCl combined with 800, 1600, and 2400 ppm of Pb(NO3)2 for a duration of one month, then we performed biochemical and chemical analyses on the plants. Results showed that the combined influence of strong salinity and lead caused a reduction of chlorophyll and increased proline and lead accumulation in plant tissues. Lead significantly accumulated in the roots compared to the shoots of the plants.","PeriodicalId":55762,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49353365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.15547/ast.2023.02.019
S. Pandova, D. Mihaylova, A. Popova, S. Savchovska, A. Zhivondov
Abstract. The present study tracks changes in the development of two native peach varieties (“Laskava” and “Evmolpiya”) from fruit formation to full ripening within five calendar weeks. In search for a non-destructive method for maturity assessment, the parameters firmness, color, size, weight, dry weight, ash content, and TSS values were evaluated. It was found that a 30% increase in size and a 1.8-2 times increase in weight occurred during the ripening period. The TSS data did not change radically, which shows that the main nutrients of the peach accumulate in the early stages of development. The color indicators change in the following trend: a decrease in the “L”, “h” and “b” values, and a tendency of increase in the “c” values. The stone size does not change drastically during the evaluation time. The moisture content also does not change significantly, although in the initial stage of fruit growth it cannot be characterized by juiciness. Firmness progressively decreases. The obtained results show grounds for the creation of a database of expected markers which may indicate the onset of maturity without the fruit being pulled from the tree or damaged.
{"title":"Dynamic biometric data, total soluble solids, ash content, firmness, and color characteristics of two peach varieties","authors":"S. Pandova, D. Mihaylova, A. Popova, S. Savchovska, A. Zhivondov","doi":"10.15547/ast.2023.02.019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15547/ast.2023.02.019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The present study tracks changes in the development of two native peach varieties (“Laskava” and “Evmolpiya”) from fruit formation to full ripening within five calendar weeks. In search for a non-destructive method for maturity assessment, the parameters firmness, color, size, weight, dry weight, ash content, and TSS values were evaluated. It was found that a 30% increase in size and a 1.8-2 times increase in weight occurred during the ripening period. The TSS data did not change radically, which shows that the main nutrients of the peach accumulate in the early stages of development. The color indicators change in the following trend: a decrease in the “L”, “h” and “b” values, and a tendency of increase in the “c” values. The stone size does not change drastically during the evaluation time. The moisture content also does not change significantly, although in the initial stage of fruit growth it cannot be characterized by juiciness. Firmness progressively decreases.\u0000The obtained results show grounds for the creation of a database of expected markers which may indicate the onset of maturity without the fruit being pulled from the tree or damaged.","PeriodicalId":55762,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42503466","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.15547/ast.2023.02.020
Y. Ivanova, R. Bozhilov, S. Ivanov
Abstract. This paper discusses the basic principles of operation of a controller intended to limit the electrical energy consumption. The energy consumer is controlled depending on the amount of energy used, the magnitude of the load current and the pre-set permissible twenty-four-hour limit of electricity. The following possible situations are covered: the consumer has used energy equal to or less than the limit set within a 24-hour period; the consumer has used up the entire energy limit in less than 24 hours; the current through the consumer periodically exceeds the pre-set current limit; and training the consumer to use energy wisely by applying sanctions – temporary disconnections of the power supply. The method for programming and configurating the controller by means of a specialized remote equation is shown.
{"title":"Principles of operation of energy management controller","authors":"Y. Ivanova, R. Bozhilov, S. Ivanov","doi":"10.15547/ast.2023.02.020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15547/ast.2023.02.020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. This paper discusses the basic principles of operation of a controller intended to limit the electrical energy consumption. The energy consumer is controlled depending on the amount of energy used, the magnitude of the load current and the pre-set permissible twenty-four-hour limit of electricity. The following possible situations are covered: the consumer has used energy equal to or less than the limit set within a 24-hour period; the consumer has used up the entire energy limit in less than 24 hours; the current through the consumer periodically exceeds the pre-set current limit; and training the consumer to use energy wisely by applying sanctions – temporary disconnections of the power supply. The method for programming and configurating the controller by means of a specialized remote equation is shown.","PeriodicalId":55762,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43948835","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.15547/ast.2023.02.011
N. Tsenov, T. Gubatov, I. Yanchev
Abstract. In ecological field experiment involving common wheat varieties, several quality parameters were analyzed, which express different aspects of grain quality. Objective of the study was to establish in detail the main relations about the influence of the conditions (location and year) and their interaction with the genotype on each of the parameters, separately. The accepted hypothesis was that the growing conditions have a different strength and direction of effect on each parameter, which should ultimately be reflected in a unique way on the performance of each variety of the studied group. In four locations, which represent a sample of the main grain-producing regions of the country, twenty-four varieties of common winter wheat were investigated. Five indexes of grain quality were analyzed as follows: Sedimentation index (Zeleny); Deformation energy (W); P/L alveograph configuration ratio (P/L); Swelling index (G); Dough stability time (Dstab). All possible aspects of the interaction of genotype (GEN), environment (ENV) as well as the interaction between them (GEN*ENV) were investigated. Statistical approaches and methods that are specialized for this purpose were used. Each of the three main factors – “location”, “year” and “genotype” influenced the variation of the group of varieties through the changes of the conditions, independently and in combination with each other. In this combination of effects expressed as (GEN*ENV) the most essential role was the “location”. The established significant interaction caused an adequate (linear) and inadequate (non-linear) change of the varieties, relative to those of the conditions. For the majority of parameters, this change was mostly linear (PC1=70%), with the exception of the P/L (alveograph configuration ratio), where both effects had parity (PC1≈PC2-4). The environments in the locations during individual seasons had high degree of repeatability (H2=0.75 – 0.94), which allows a high degree of prediction of the values of each single parameter. All parameters were affected to varying degrees by the studied factors and the interaction between them. The influence of the conditions was relatively the strongest on the Dough stability time index (Dstab), and the Swelling index (G) was most closely related to the genetic predisposition of the variety. The effects of the interaction of the genotype with the environments (GEN*ENV) made up about 20-30% of the total variation of three of the parameters, for Deformation energy index (W) the effect reached 40%, and for the Dough stability time index (Dstab) it was only about 13%. The environments during the seasons were the cause of a dynamic change of the correlations between the yield and some of the parameters, in some of the locations studied. Probably, this was directly dependent on the specific combination between the levels of extraction and the level of a given parameter.
{"title":"Effect of genotype-environment interaction on some important quality parameters of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)","authors":"N. Tsenov, T. Gubatov, I. Yanchev","doi":"10.15547/ast.2023.02.011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15547/ast.2023.02.011","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. In ecological field experiment involving common wheat varieties, several quality parameters were analyzed, which express different aspects of grain quality. Objective of the study was to establish in detail the main relations about the influence of the conditions (location and year) and their interaction with the genotype on each of the parameters, separately. The accepted hypothesis was that the growing conditions have a different strength and direction of effect on each parameter, which should ultimately be reflected in a unique way on the performance of each variety of the studied group. In four locations, which represent a sample of the main grain-producing regions of the country, twenty-four varieties of common winter wheat were investigated. Five indexes of grain quality were analyzed as follows: Sedimentation index (Zeleny); Deformation energy (W); P/L alveograph configuration ratio (P/L); Swelling index (G); Dough stability time (Dstab). All possible aspects of the interaction of genotype (GEN), environment (ENV) as well as the interaction between them (GEN*ENV) were investigated. Statistical approaches and methods that are specialized for this purpose were used. Each of the three main factors – “location”, “year” and “genotype” influenced the variation of the group of varieties through the changes of the conditions, independently and in combination with each other. In this combination of effects expressed as (GEN*ENV) the most essential role was the “location”. The established significant interaction caused an adequate (linear) and inadequate (non-linear) change of the varieties, relative to those of the conditions. For the majority of parameters, this change was mostly linear (PC1=70%), with the exception of the P/L (alveograph configuration ratio), where both effects had parity (PC1≈PC2-4). The environments in the locations during individual seasons had high degree of repeatability (H2=0.75 – 0.94), which allows a high degree of prediction of the values of each single parameter. All parameters were affected to varying degrees by the studied factors and the interaction between them. The influence of the conditions was relatively the strongest on the Dough stability time index (Dstab), and the Swelling index (G) was most closely related to the genetic predisposition of the variety. The effects of the interaction of the genotype with the environments (GEN*ENV) made up about 20-30% of the total variation of three of the parameters, for Deformation energy index (W) the effect reached 40%, and for the Dough stability time index (Dstab) it was only about 13%. The environments during the seasons were the cause of a dynamic change of the correlations between the yield and some of the parameters, in some of the locations studied. Probably, this was directly dependent on the specific combination between the levels of extraction and the level of a given parameter.","PeriodicalId":55762,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41508373","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.15547/ast.2023.02.017
A. Lyubenova, M. Nikolova, S. Slavov
Abstract. The inhibitory potential of Greek oregano extracts, fractions and essential oil on three economically important plant pathogens on soybean was examined. In vitro experiments were conducted to determine the effects of essential oil (EO), acetone exudate (AE), methanol extract (ME), and its polar (PF) and non-polar (NPF) fractions, originating from O. vulgare ssp. hirtum plants, on the mycelial growth of Phytophthora sojae, Pythium debarianum, and Alternaria alternata, which were isolated from diseased soybean plants. Seven variants: EO, AE, ME, PF, NPF at concentrations of 100 mg/ml, blank (with the solvent – DMSO) and control (without treatment) were performed with all isolates. The mycelial growth of P. sojae was inhibited to the greatest extent – over 95% reduction of growth under the impact of EO, ME, AE and NPF. In A. alternata variant there was also a high degree of growth inhibition – most pronounced in EO variant (97%) and least in ME variant (78%). The weakest inhibitory effect of the studied extracts was observed in P. debarianum – between 27% (NPF) and 36% (ME). In polar fraction treatments, growth enhancement was observed in P. sojae and A. alternata. Oregano essential oil, methanol extract, acetone exudate and non-polar fraction can be considered as promising candidate active compounds of potential biopesticide formulations for the control of soybean diseases.
{"title":"Inhibitory effect of Greek oregano extracts, fractions and essential oil on economically important plant pathogens on soybean","authors":"A. Lyubenova, M. Nikolova, S. Slavov","doi":"10.15547/ast.2023.02.017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15547/ast.2023.02.017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract. The inhibitory potential of Greek oregano extracts, fractions and essential oil on three economically important plant pathogens on soybean was examined. In vitro experiments were conducted to determine the effects of essential oil (EO), acetone exudate (AE), methanol extract (ME), and its polar (PF) and non-polar (NPF) fractions, originating from O. vulgare ssp. hirtum plants, on the mycelial growth of Phytophthora sojae, Pythium debarianum, and Alternaria alternata, which were isolated from diseased soybean plants. Seven variants: EO, AE, ME, PF, NPF at concentrations of 100 mg/ml, blank (with the solvent – DMSO) and control (without treatment) were performed with all isolates. The mycelial growth of P. sojae was inhibited to the greatest extent – over 95% reduction of growth under the impact of EO, ME, AE and NPF. In A. alternata variant there was also a high degree of growth inhibition – most pronounced in EO variant (97%) and least in ME variant (78%). The weakest inhibitory effect of the studied extracts was observed in P. debarianum – between 27% (NPF) and 36% (ME). In polar fraction treatments, growth enhancement was observed in P. sojae and A. alternata. Oregano essential oil, methanol extract, acetone exudate and non-polar fraction can be considered as promising candidate active compounds of potential biopesticide formulations for the control of soybean diseases.","PeriodicalId":55762,"journal":{"name":"Agricultural Science and Technology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44125121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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