Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.666
Wootae Kim, Jeong-Ho Ko, Il-Suek Koh, Ki-Woong Bae
This study applies the reaction theorem to efficiently calculate the interference between antennas. Conventional methods to calculate the interference between antennas required a full-wave analysis when the distance or position between the antennas was changed, increasing the analysis time. By utilizing the reaction theorem for the antenna interference calculations, the individual antennas can be analyzed using the full-wave analysis, and environmental effects, such as antenna placement and platform, can be considered using the reaction theorem. The reaction theorem was applied to formulate the antenna interference problem. The proposed scheme was validated by comparing the results computed utilizing the reaction theorem and those computed by full-wave analysis of the coupling between blade and wire dipole antennas. The effect of the conducting plates was considered by applying the image theory. Finally, the coupling between two array antennas was considered. The array comprised vertical infinitesimal dipoles. Two arrays were placed on the neighboring faces of the integrated mast structure and the reaction between the arrays was calculated as a function of the main beam direction.
{"title":"Application of the Reaction Theorem to Calculate the Coupling between Array Antennas on an Integrated Mast","authors":"Wootae Kim, Jeong-Ho Ko, Il-Suek Koh, Ki-Woong Bae","doi":"10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.666","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.666","url":null,"abstract":"This study applies the reaction theorem to efficiently calculate the interference between antennas. Conventional methods to calculate the interference between antennas required a full-wave analysis when the distance or position between the antennas was changed, increasing the analysis time. By utilizing the reaction theorem for the antenna interference calculations, the individual antennas can be analyzed using the full-wave analysis, and environmental effects, such as antenna placement and platform, can be considered using the reaction theorem. The reaction theorem was applied to formulate the antenna interference problem. The proposed scheme was validated by comparing the results computed utilizing the reaction theorem and those computed by full-wave analysis of the coupling between blade and wire dipole antennas. The effect of the conducting plates was considered by applying the image theory. Finally, the coupling between two array antennas was considered. The array comprised vertical infinitesimal dipoles. Two arrays were placed on the neighboring faces of the integrated mast structure and the reaction between the arrays was calculated as a function of the main beam direction.","PeriodicalId":55817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135736260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.651
Seoung Ju Kim, Ji-Eun Han, Kyung-Hyun Oh, Dongho Kim
This paper proposes a highly efficient and compact cube antenna that can reconfigure its polarization using artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) side walls. Fabry-Perot (FP) resonance condition was employed along with cavity resonance condition to maximize antenna gain. To calculate cavity modes affected by AMC reflection phases, conventional formulas were modified. Consequently, it became feasible to control polarization by forming TE101 mode for vertical polarization or TE011 mode for horizontal polarization. A conventional microstrip patch antenna was used as a feeding antenna, with a 45° rotated patch, and the AMC reflection phase was adjusted appropriately to radiate the desired polarization. The developed antenna measured 0.48 λ×0.48 λ×0.47 λ and exhibited a remarkable improvement in aperture efficiency, reaching 141 %, compared to the conventional FPC antenna.
{"title":"Polarization Reconfigurable Compact and Highly Efficient Cube Antenna","authors":"Seoung Ju Kim, Ji-Eun Han, Kyung-Hyun Oh, Dongho Kim","doi":"10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.651","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.651","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a highly efficient and compact cube antenna that can reconfigure its polarization using artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) side walls. Fabry-Perot (FP) resonance condition was employed along with cavity resonance condition to maximize antenna gain. To calculate cavity modes affected by AMC reflection phases, conventional formulas were modified. Consequently, it became feasible to control polarization by forming TE101 mode for vertical polarization or TE011 mode for horizontal polarization. A conventional microstrip patch antenna was used as a feeding antenna, with a 45° rotated patch, and the AMC reflection phase was adjusted appropriately to radiate the desired polarization. The developed antenna measured 0.48 λ×0.48 λ×0.47 λ and exhibited a remarkable improvement in aperture efficiency, reaching 141 %, compared to the conventional FPC antenna.","PeriodicalId":55817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135736281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.683
Ki-Hong Lee, Myeong-Hoon Jo, Yong-Wook Kwon, Seong-Ho Sim, Ki-Won Lee
As of July 2020, the United States’ Identification Friend or Foe Identifier (IFF) stopped operating the 40-year-old secrecy algorithm Mode-4. Following its termination, Mode 5, which provides improved security performance, jamming response, and GPS location information, has been applied. Herein, we present the function design of the IFF system and the procedures, contents, and test results related to the AIMS PO (Air traffic control radar Beacon system, identification friend or foe, Mark XII/XIIA, systems program office) certification test for the IFF system within the CSR (coastal surveillance radar)-II system. The AIMS certification test, including the stability and interface verification of the CSR-II system with a Mode 5 function, was performed, and the certification letter was received from the US AIMS PO. We present the procedure and practical knowledge of the CSR-II mode 5 platform certification test for reducing business risk when developing a weapon system using Mode 5 and present an excellent test case for platform certification acquisition.
{"title":"IFF Function Design and Mode 5 AIMS Certification Test for CSR-II","authors":"Ki-Hong Lee, Myeong-Hoon Jo, Yong-Wook Kwon, Seong-Ho Sim, Ki-Won Lee","doi":"10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.683","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.683","url":null,"abstract":"As of July 2020, the United States’ Identification Friend or Foe Identifier (IFF) stopped operating the 40-year-old secrecy algorithm Mode-4. Following its termination, Mode 5, which provides improved security performance, jamming response, and GPS location information, has been applied. Herein, we present the function design of the IFF system and the procedures, contents, and test results related to the AIMS PO (Air traffic control radar Beacon system, identification friend or foe, Mark XII/XIIA, systems program office) certification test for the IFF system within the CSR (coastal surveillance radar)-II system. The AIMS certification test, including the stability and interface verification of the CSR-II system with a Mode 5 function, was performed, and the certification letter was received from the US AIMS PO. We present the procedure and practical knowledge of the CSR-II mode 5 platform certification test for reducing business risk when developing a weapon system using Mode 5 and present an excellent test case for platform certification acquisition.","PeriodicalId":55817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135736265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.696
Jun Heo, Yong Bae Park
In tropo-scatter communication, the transmission loss is greatly influenced by the distance between antennas and the scattering angle, which is determined based on the elevation angle of the antennas. As the scattering angle increases, the transmission loss also increases by approximately 10 dB. Therefore, it is advantageous to minimize the scattering angle when establishing a communication link. However, when implementing tropo-scatter communication in South Korea, maintaining a low scattering angle can be challenging due to terrain constraints. To address this issue, this paper proposes a method for establishing a communication link that circumvents elevated terrain by adjusting the azimuth angle of the antenna. The analysis considered the total transmission loss, which includes the additional loss resulting from azimuth angle distortion and the gain achieved by reducing the scattering angle. Through optimization of the antennas located in Seoul and Busan, it was possible to reduce the scattering angle by approximately 6.36°, resulting in an average reduction in scattering loss of approximately 7.16 dB.
{"title":"Tropo-Scatter Loss Optimization Considering Deviation in the Antenna Azimuth Angle for a Tropo-Scatter Communication System","authors":"Jun Heo, Yong Bae Park","doi":"10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.696","url":null,"abstract":"In tropo-scatter communication, the transmission loss is greatly influenced by the distance between antennas and the scattering angle, which is determined based on the elevation angle of the antennas. As the scattering angle increases, the transmission loss also increases by approximately 10 dB. Therefore, it is advantageous to minimize the scattering angle when establishing a communication link. However, when implementing tropo-scatter communication in South Korea, maintaining a low scattering angle can be challenging due to terrain constraints. To address this issue, this paper proposes a method for establishing a communication link that circumvents elevated terrain by adjusting the azimuth angle of the antenna. The analysis considered the total transmission loss, which includes the additional loss resulting from azimuth angle distortion and the gain achieved by reducing the scattering angle. Through optimization of the antennas located in Seoul and Busan, it was possible to reduce the scattering angle by approximately 6.36°, resulting in an average reduction in scattering loss of approximately 7.16 dB.","PeriodicalId":55817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135736269","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.657
Jung-Ho Lee, Young-Gi Hong, Wan-Soo Nah
In previous studies, the effects of CM active EMI and DM active EMI filters were analyzed. This study aims to experimentally confirm the CM and DM reduction effects by combining the previously researched CM active EMI and DM active EMI filters in SMPS for TV power supplies. After applying the active EMI filter combined with CM and DM, the effects were confirmed by comparing the S21 transfer characteristics. The reduction of the CM and DM noise components was confirmed through PSIM simulation applying the entire SMPS circuit. The increase in the leakage current owing to the capacitor component applied to the active EMI filter was experimentally measured, and the power consumed by the active EMI filter was applied. In addition, the power supply method of the active EMI filter was designed and applied such that the standby power remained unaffected.
{"title":"Experimental Study of Active EMI Filters for the Reduction of EMI Passive Elements in SMPS for TV Power","authors":"Jung-Ho Lee, Young-Gi Hong, Wan-Soo Nah","doi":"10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.657","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.657","url":null,"abstract":"In previous studies, the effects of CM active EMI and DM active EMI filters were analyzed. This study aims to experimentally confirm the CM and DM reduction effects by combining the previously researched CM active EMI and DM active EMI filters in SMPS for TV power supplies. After applying the active EMI filter combined with CM and DM, the effects were confirmed by comparing the S21 transfer characteristics. The reduction of the CM and DM noise components was confirmed through PSIM simulation applying the entire SMPS circuit. The increase in the leakage current owing to the capacitor component applied to the active EMI filter was experimentally measured, and the power consumed by the active EMI filter was applied. In addition, the power supply method of the active EMI filter was designed and applied such that the standby power remained unaffected.","PeriodicalId":55817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science","volume":"94 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135736264","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.700
Byeong-Chan Lee, Jeong-Taek Lim, Jae-Eun Lee, Jae-Hyeok Song, Jeong-Taek Son, Joon-Hyung Kim, Min-Seok Baek, Jong-Seong Park, Eun-Gyu Lee, Choul-Young Kim
This paper presents the design of W-band Wilkinson power divider using 65 nm bulk CMOS process. In this design, the quarter-wavelength (λ/4) transmission line was replaced with a lumped element, and a CRC structure was applied to the isolation network circuit. In addition, a metal wall was installed between the two output lines to enhance isolation. This power divider had a maximum insertion loss of 1.93 dB and a minimum isolation of 13.3 dB in the 75~110 GHz band. The return loss was more than 7.2 dB, and the size of the core was 0.2×0.12 mm2.
{"title":"W-Band CMOS Wilkinson Power Divider","authors":"Byeong-Chan Lee, Jeong-Taek Lim, Jae-Eun Lee, Jae-Hyeok Song, Jeong-Taek Son, Joon-Hyung Kim, Min-Seok Baek, Jong-Seong Park, Eun-Gyu Lee, Choul-Young Kim","doi":"10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.700","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.700","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the design of W-band Wilkinson power divider using 65 nm bulk CMOS process. In this design, the quarter-wavelength (λ/4) transmission line was replaced with a lumped element, and a CRC structure was applied to the isolation network circuit. In addition, a metal wall was installed between the two output lines to enhance isolation. This power divider had a maximum insertion loss of 1.93 dB and a minimum isolation of 13.3 dB in the 75~110 GHz band. The return loss was more than 7.2 dB, and the size of the core was 0.2×0.12 mm2.","PeriodicalId":55817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science","volume":"376 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135735893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-01DOI: 10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.675
Kyung A Roh, Chang Hun Ha
The Active Protection System is a defense system that protects armored vehicles, such as tanks, from attacks by high-velocity projectiles such as anti-tank missiles, by actively neutralizing the projectile before it strikes the vehicle. Radars are essential for detecting and tracking threats approaching tanks at high speeds, and their tracking accuracy must be a few centimeters to precisely strike the target. However, when high-speed targets are tracked, range walk occurs owing to the target speed, resulting in a range tracking error proportional to the speed. In this study, we investigated a real-time speed compensation method by adjusting the NCO frequency in the signal pre-processing stage to secure the range tracking accuracy of radars suitable for active defense devices. To verify the performance of the algorithm, target signal simulation and signal processing were performed using MATLAB M&S. The final tracking performance was analyzed using CFAR and clustering for target detection and a Kalman filter-based tracking algorithm.
{"title":"High-Speed Target Velocity Compensation and Detection/Tracking Algorithm to Improve Detection/Tracking Accuracy for Active Protection System Radar","authors":"Kyung A Roh, Chang Hun Ha","doi":"10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.675","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.9.675","url":null,"abstract":"The Active Protection System is a defense system that protects armored vehicles, such as tanks, from attacks by high-velocity projectiles such as anti-tank missiles, by actively neutralizing the projectile before it strikes the vehicle. Radars are essential for detecting and tracking threats approaching tanks at high speeds, and their tracking accuracy must be a few centimeters to precisely strike the target. However, when high-speed targets are tracked, range walk occurs owing to the target speed, resulting in a range tracking error proportional to the speed. In this study, we investigated a real-time speed compensation method by adjusting the NCO frequency in the signal pre-processing stage to secure the range tracking accuracy of radars suitable for active defense devices. To verify the performance of the algorithm, target signal simulation and signal processing were performed using MATLAB M&S. The final tracking performance was analyzed using CFAR and clustering for target detection and a Kalman filter-based tracking algorithm.","PeriodicalId":55817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science","volume":"58 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135736266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.5515/kjkiees.2022.34.8.638
Jin-Ju Won
The interleaved mode has the effect of operating multiple modes simultaneously by operating two or more single modes in a time division using the agile beam steering capability of the AESA(active electronically scanned array) radar. During the air-to-ground/sea mode operation, the air-to-air mode is simultaneously operated for quick recognition and response to air threat targets. In this study, the processing unit was set differently according to the mode for an efficient interleaved mode. It is the design of the load-based beam operating algorithm that can maintain proper performance by designing to maintain a constant load. The resource usage of the proposed and existing algorithms was compared, and the flight test results were analyzed to verify the algorithm.
{"title":"Load-Based Beam Operating Algorithm Design and Analysis of Test Results for the AESA Radar Interleaved Mode","authors":"Jin-Ju Won","doi":"10.5515/kjkiees.2022.34.8.638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2022.34.8.638","url":null,"abstract":"The interleaved mode has the effect of operating multiple modes simultaneously by operating two or more single modes in a time division using the agile beam steering capability of the AESA(active electronically scanned array) radar. During the air-to-ground/sea mode operation, the air-to-air mode is simultaneously operated for quick recognition and response to air threat targets. In this study, the processing unit was set differently according to the mode for an efficient interleaved mode. It is the design of the load-based beam operating algorithm that can maintain proper performance by designing to maintain a constant load. The resource usage of the proposed and existing algorithms was compared, and the flight test results were analyzed to verify the algorithm.","PeriodicalId":55817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135002468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.8.609
Minje Cho, Doyoon Kim, Jae-Sung Rieh
This study develops a 600-GHz band array detector in a 65-nm CMOS technology. The unit pixel detector is based on a common-gate differential pair integrated with an on-chip differential patch antenna. A detector array was completed by arranging 36 pixels in a 6×6 configuration and integrating switches for row/column selection and signal path. The array exhibited average responsivity and NEP (noise equivalent power) of 1,320 V/W and 114 pW/Hz0.5, respectively. Imaging experiments were conducted at approximately 600 GHz by utilizing the developed array detector.
{"title":"A 600-GHz CMOS Array Detector","authors":"Minje Cho, Doyoon Kim, Jae-Sung Rieh","doi":"10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.8.609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.8.609","url":null,"abstract":"This study develops a 600-GHz band array detector in a 65-nm CMOS technology. The unit pixel detector is based on a common-gate differential pair integrated with an on-chip differential patch antenna. A detector array was completed by arranging 36 pixels in a 6×6 configuration and integrating switches for row/column selection and signal path. The array exhibited average responsivity and NEP (noise equivalent power) of 1,320 V/W and 114 pW/Hz0.5, respectively. Imaging experiments were conducted at approximately 600 GHz by utilizing the developed array detector.","PeriodicalId":55817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135002472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-01DOI: 10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.8.591
Jin-yeong Jung, Byung-Sung Kim
This paper proposes a compact 4 × 4 Butler matrix (BM) with broadband characteristics within the 5G NR frequency range (3 GHz ~4.5 GHz). To achieve broadband performance, 3 dB broad-side coupler with optimal parameters was implemented, and the circuit was designed with a strip line based on the FR-4 four-layer structure to reduce the size. The average implementation loss was measured as −1.5 dB, and the reflection coefficient was measured as over 15 dB across the entire frequency range. Phase differences of −45°, 135°, −135°, and 45° were confirmed, with an average phase error of ±3°. When the antenna was mounted, beam steering angles were measured as 10.29° ± 1°, −32.41° ± 1.5°, 32.41° ± 1.1°, and −10.29° ± 2.5°. The size of the manufactured compact BM was 40×38.6×1.2 mm3, and it achieved a size reduction of 30% and a bandwidth improvement of 2.54 times compared with the legacy BM using the same frequency. Ansys HFSS was used to design and simulate the BM, and the results suggested that this wideband compact BM could be used for the miniaturization of 5G beamforming systems.
{"title":"Design of Miniaturized Broadband Butler Matrix for 5G Beamforming System","authors":"Jin-yeong Jung, Byung-Sung Kim","doi":"10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.8.591","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2023.34.8.591","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a compact 4 × 4 Butler matrix (BM) with broadband characteristics within the 5G NR frequency range (3 GHz ~4.5 GHz). To achieve broadband performance, 3 dB broad-side coupler with optimal parameters was implemented, and the circuit was designed with a strip line based on the FR-4 four-layer structure to reduce the size. The average implementation loss was measured as −1.5 dB, and the reflection coefficient was measured as over 15 dB across the entire frequency range. Phase differences of −45°, 135°, −135°, and 45° were confirmed, with an average phase error of ±3°. When the antenna was mounted, beam steering angles were measured as 10.29° ± 1°, −32.41° ± 1.5°, 32.41° ± 1.1°, and −10.29° ± 2.5°. The size of the manufactured compact BM was 40×38.6×1.2 mm3, and it achieved a size reduction of 30% and a bandwidth improvement of 2.54 times compared with the legacy BM using the same frequency. Ansys HFSS was used to design and simulate the BM, and the results suggested that this wideband compact BM could be used for the miniaturization of 5G beamforming systems.","PeriodicalId":55817,"journal":{"name":"Journal of the Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science","volume":"18 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135002475","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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