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Carrier-Phase DNS of Ignition and Combustion of Iron Particles in a Turbulent Mixing Layer 铁颗粒在湍流混合层中点火和燃烧的载流相 DNS
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-02-08 DOI: 10.1007/s10494-023-00526-y
Tien Duc Luu, Ali Shamooni, Andreas Kronenburg, Daniel Braig, Johannes Mich, Bich-Diep Nguyen, Arne Scholtissek, Christian Hasse, Gabriel Thäter, Maurizio Carbone, Bettina Frohnapfel, Oliver Thomas Stein

Three-dimensional carrier-phase direct numerical simulations (CP-DNS) of reacting iron particle dust clouds in a turbulent mixing layer are conducted. The simulation approach considers the Eulerian transport equations for the reacting gas phase and resolves all scales of turbulence, whereas the particle boundary layers are modelled employing the Lagrangian point-particle framework for the dispersed phase. The CP-DNS employs an existing sub-model for iron particle combustion that considers the oxidation of iron to FeO and that accounts for both diffusion- and kinetically-limited combustion. At first, the particle sub-model is validated against experimental results for single iron particle combustion considering various particle diameters and ambient oxygen concentrations. Subsequently, the CP-DNS approach is employed to predict iron particle cloud ignition and combustion in a turbulent mixing layer. The upper stream of the mixing layer is initialised with cold particles in air, while the lower stream consists of hot air flowing in the opposite direction. Simulation results show that turbulent mixing induces heating, ignition and combustion of the iron particles. Significant increases in gas temperature and oxygen consumption occur mainly in regions where clusters of iron particles are formed. Over the course of the oxidation, the particles are subjected to different rate-limiting processes. While initially particle oxidation is kinetically-limited it becomes diffusion-limited for higher particle temperatures and peak particle temperatures are observed near the fully-oxidised particle state. Comparing the present non-volatile iron dust flames to general trends in volatile-containing solid fuel flames, non-vanishing particles at late simulation times and a stronger limiting effect of the local oxygen concentration on particle conversion is found for the present iron dust flames in shear-driven turbulence.

对湍流混合层中发生反应的铁颗粒尘埃云进行了三维载流子相位直接数值模拟(CP-DNS)。模拟方法考虑了反应气相的欧拉传输方程,并解决了所有尺度的湍流问题,而粒子边界层则采用拉格朗日点粒子框架为分散相建模。CP-DNS 采用了现有的铁粒子燃烧子模型,该模型考虑了铁氧化成 FeO 的过程,并考虑了扩散和动力学限制燃烧。首先,根据不同颗粒直径和环境氧气浓度的单个铁颗粒燃烧实验结果,对颗粒子模型进行了验证。随后,采用 CP-DNS 方法预测铁粒子云在湍流混合层中的点燃和燃烧。混合层的上层气流初始化为空气中的冷颗粒,而下层气流由反向流动的热空气组成。模拟结果表明,湍流混合诱发了铁颗粒的加热、点燃和燃烧。气体温度和氧气消耗量的显著增加主要发生在铁颗粒形成团块的区域。在氧化过程中,颗粒经历了不同的限速过程。虽然最初的颗粒氧化受动力学限制,但当颗粒温度升高时就会受扩散限制,在颗粒完全氧化状态附近会出现颗粒温度峰值。将本研究中的非挥发性铁屑火焰与含挥发性固体燃料火焰的一般趋势进行比较,发现本研究中的铁屑火焰在剪切驱动湍流中,在模拟时间较晚时颗粒不会消失,并且局部氧气浓度对颗粒转化的限制作用更强。
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引用次数: 0
The Influence of Source Froude Number and Turbulent Fluctuations on the Development of Turbulent Fountains in Stratified Ambient 源弗劳德数和湍流波动对分层环境中湍流喷泉发展的影响
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-02-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10494-024-00528-4
Luis G. Sarasúa, Daniel Freire Caporale, Nicasio Barrere, Arturo C. Marti

Turbulent fountains are widespread natural phenomena with numerous industrial applications. Extensive research has focused on the temporal evolution and maximum height of these fountains, as well as their dependence on Reynolds and Froude numbers. However, the lower boundary of the spreading flow attained by the mixture of the ejected fluid and the surrounding ambient fluid has received little attention. Here, we focus on the dependence of the lower boundary height on the characteristics of the fountain and demonstrate how to control it. Large Eddy simulations were carried out based on a Navier–Stokes solver which implements fully implicit 3D incompressible finite volume method with second-order accuracy in space and time using curvilinear coordinates, and validated with laboratory experiments. Our results present important implications for technological applications of turbulent fountains, particularly in protecting crops from frost. We discuss the potential of our results to improve the efficiency of such applications.

湍流喷泉是一种广泛存在的自然现象,在工业领域应用广泛。大量研究集中于这些喷泉的时间演变和最大高度,以及它们与雷诺数和弗劳德数的关系。然而,喷射流体与周围环境流体的混合物所形成的扩散流的下边界却很少受到关注。在此,我们将重点关注下边界高度与喷泉特性的关系,并演示如何对其进行控制。我们基于纳维-斯托克斯求解器进行了大涡流模拟,该求解器使用曲线坐标实现了空间和时间二阶精度的全隐式三维不可压缩有限体积法,并通过实验室实验进行了验证。我们的研究结果对湍流喷泉的技术应用具有重要意义,特别是在保护农作物免受霜冻方面。我们讨论了我们的结果在提高此类应用效率方面的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
A Detailed Analysis of Mixture Stratification on Flame Displacement Speed for Syngas Combustion 混合气分层对合成气燃烧火焰位移速度的详细分析
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-02-03 DOI: 10.1007/s10494-024-00530-w
Rahul Patil, Sheshadri Sreedhara

Gasoline direct injection engines can provide higher thermal efficiency and lower emissions than that for engines using conventional combustion techniques. Compositional stratification inside the combustion chamber opens possibilities for ultra-lean and low-temperature combustion. To explore this further, 2D direct numerical simulation (DNS) has been performed to investigate the propagation of syngas flame in an equivalence ratio (ϕ) stratified medium. Several aspects of flame propagation, such as effect of integral scale of mixing (lϕ) on the non-monotonic behavior of flame propagation, contribution of each chemical reaction to heat release rate (HRR), and the effect of differential diffusion were analyzed using DNS-data. A spherically expanding flame has been initiated with a hotspot at the center of the square domain of size 2.4 × 2.4 cm2. The variations in the degree of stratification were simulated varying lϕ and fluctuations ϕ for initial mixture distribution. Further this DNS-data has been used to analyze effects of stratification on flame displacement speed (Sd) and its components, viz. reaction rate (Sr), normal diffusion (Sn), tangential (St), and inhomogeneity (Sz). The results reveal that stratification-induced variations in thermal diffusivity resulted in thermal runaways. These thermal runaways influence the extent of burning for simulated cases. The increase in degree of stratification resulted in flame preferably propagating towards leaner ϕ, causing reduction in components of Sd. The preferential propagation of flame also resulted in shifting of peak reaction rate for fuel species (c*) to a higher reaction progress variable (c). This shifting of c*, lead to a reduction in the HRR contribution of reactions that attain their peak near the production zone of H and OH species. For unity Le simulations, Sn was observed to be reduced drastically compared to cases with differential diffusion, resulting in an overall reduction in Sd.

与使用传统燃烧技术的发动机相比,汽油直喷发动机可以提供更高的热效率和更低的排放。燃烧室内的成分分层为超低温燃烧提供了可能。为了进一步探讨这一问题,我们进行了二维直接数值模拟(DNS),以研究合成气火焰在当量比(j)分层介质中的传播。利用 DNS 数据分析了火焰传播的几个方面,如混合积分尺度(lϕ)对火焰传播非单调行为的影响、各化学反应对热释放率(HRR)的贡献以及微分扩散的影响。在尺寸为 2.4 × 2.4 cm2 的正方形域中心,以一个热点为起点,开始了球形膨胀火焰。通过改变初始混合物分布的 lϕ 和波动 ϕ,模拟了分层程度的变化。此外,还利用 DNS 数据分析了分层对火焰位移速度(Sd)及其组成部分(即反应速率(Sr)、正向扩散(Sn)、切向扩散(St)和不均匀性(Sz))的影响。结果显示,分层引起的热扩散率变化导致了热失控。这些热失控会影响模拟情况下的燃烧程度。分层程度的增加导致火焰更倾向于向更贫的ϕ方向传播,从而导致 Sd 分量的减少。火焰的优先传播还导致燃料种类的峰值反应速率(c*)向更高的反应进程变量(c)移动。c* 的移动导致在 H 和 OH 物种生成区附近达到峰值的反应对 HRR 的贡献减少。在 Unity Le 模拟中,与差分扩散情况相比,Sn 被观察到急剧下降,导致 Sd 整体下降。
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引用次数: 0
Modal Analysis and Flow Control on a Reduced Scale SUV 小型 SUV 的模态分析和流量控制
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10494-023-00525-z
Stephie Edwige, Philippe Gilotte, Iraj Mortazavi, Christian. N. Nayeri

In this work, the aerodynamic performances of a reduced scale vehicle characterized by a fully detached flow on the rear end and measured in a wind tunnel, are investigated in order to check the efficiency of active flow control using pulsed jets, implemented on the rear bumper. Here, the pressure increase on the tailgate by the optimum blowing conditions is confirmed with drag forces reduction, measured using a force balance. This flow control result is obtained using a genetic algorithm technique with a reactive loop. Integral scales of the pressure spectra and characteristics of the vortex structures enable then to propose a flow control model applied to set the amplitude and the frequency of the pulsed jets. The understanding of the pressure increase on the tailgate involves cross correlations with velocity fields on specific cut planes in the wake. Amplitudes of dynamic modes linked to the instantaneous pressure and velocity fields enable to check the most efficient blowing frequencies related to the jet location. The Dynamic Modal Decomposition (DMD) technique is used to get these modes and could be introduced in the optimisation loop in order to improve the energy efficiency of this active flow control system.

摘要 在这项工作中,研究了一种缩小比例的车辆的空气动力性能,其特点是尾部的气流完全分离,并在风洞中进行了测量,以检查在后保险杠上使用脉冲喷射器进行主动气流控制的效率。在此,通过使用力平衡测量,证实了在最佳喷气条件下尾部压力的增加和阻力的减少。这一流量控制结果是利用带有反应回路的遗传算法技术获得的。压力频谱和涡流结构特征的综合尺度使我们能够提出一个流动控制模型,用于设置脉冲喷流的振幅和频率。对尾流压力增加的理解涉及与尾流特定切面上的速度场的交叉相关性。与瞬时压力场和速度场相关的动态模态振幅可以检查与喷流位置相关的最有效喷流频率。动态模态分解(DMD)技术可用于获得这些模态,并可引入优化环路,以提高主动流控制系统的能效。
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引用次数: 0
Mixed Averaging Procedures 混合平均程序
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-01-29 DOI: 10.1007/s10494-023-00527-x
Michele Errante, Markus Klein, Andrea Ferrero, Francesco Larocca, Guglielmo Scovazzi, Massimo Germano

The statistical operators typically applied in postprocessing numerical databases for statistically steady turbulence are a mixture of physical averages in homogeneous spatial directions and in time. Alternative averaging operators may involve phase or ensemble averages over different simulations of the same flow. In this paper, we propose straightforward metrics to assess the relative importance of these averages, employing a mixed averaging analysis of the variance. We apply our novel indicators to two statistically steady turbulent flows that are homogeneous in the spanwise direction. In addition, this study highlights the local effectiveness of the averaging operator, which can vary significantly depending on the mean flow velocity and turbulent length scales. The work can be utilized to identify the most effective averaging procedure in flow configurations featuring at least two homogeneous directions. Thus, this will contribute to achieving better statistics for turbulent flow predictions or reducing computing time.

在对统计稳定湍流数值数据 库进行后处理时,通常采用的统计运算符是同质空间方向和时间上的物理平均混合运算符。另一种平均算子可能是对同一流体的不同模拟进行相位或集合平均。在本文中,我们采用方差混合平均分析法,提出了评估这些平均值相对重要性的直接指标。我们将新指标应用于两个在跨度方向上均匀的统计稳定湍流。此外,这项研究还强调了平均算子的局部有效性,平均算子的有效性会因平均流速和湍流长度尺度的不同而发生显著变化。这项工作可用于确定在至少有两个均质方向的流动配置中最有效的平均程序。因此,这将有助于实现更好的湍流预测统计或减少计算时间。
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引用次数: 0
Wavepacket Modelling of Jet-Flap Interaction Noise: from Laboratory to Full-Scale Aircraft 喷气襟翼相互作用噪声的波包建模:从实验室到全尺寸飞机
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-01-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10494-023-00519-x
Jérôme Huber, Grégoire Pont, Peter Jordan, Michel Roger

Purpose

A key component of aircraft acoustic installation effects relevant for under-wing turbofan-powered airliners, is studied: jet-flap interaction noise.

Observations

First, noise measurements performed on laboratory jets and on realistic engine exhaust geometries are analyzed to gain understanding both on surface pressure in the jet near-field and on far-field acoustics. The analysis of experimental datasets at various scales underlines intense, advecting, coherent and exponentially-growing pressure signatures in the jet near field and on the wing under-side. The outcome confirms our hypothesis for the main mechanism driving jet-flap interaction noise: coherent organized turbulent structures.

Methods

Relevant physical models are selected and chained together. RANS CFD and stability analysis model the characteristics of jet wavepackets as noise sources, analytical tailored Green’s functions and Boundary Element Method (BEM) predict the diffraction of the wavepackets by the airframe.

Results

For academic configurations where a flat plate models the wing and flap, the wavepacket model is found able to capture noise directivity and trends. The significant impact of a swept trailing edge and the contributions of other plate edges lead us to design, test and simulate a plate with realistic wing plan form. The wavepacket-BEM simulation reproduces jet-surface interaction for the wing plan-form plate, as well as jet-flap interaction on realistic models tested at ONERA CEPRA19 facility during large-scale wind-tunnel tests. Wing-mounted unsteady pressure sensors are utilized as first control points. Then, polar and azimuthal acoustic directivity is examined. Discrepancies between experiments and simulations are identified. Finally an installation geometrical effect is computed: the vertical separation H between nozzle and wing is varied to replicate the tests.

Conclusion

The diffraction of coherent organized turbulent structures generates jet-flap interaction noise in the academic jet laboratory, in large-scale wind-tunnel test and on the full-scale aircraft. We conclude on the potential and the limits of the proposed wavepacket-BEM model to predict the sound field, and we outline the perspectives for future modelling and testing.

观察结果首先,对实验室喷气式飞机和实际发动机排气装置的噪声测量结果进行了分析,以了解喷气式飞机近场和远场声学的表面压力。通过对不同尺度的实验数据集进行分析,我们发现在喷气近场和机翼下侧存在强烈、平移、相干和指数增长的压力特征。结果证实了我们对喷气-襟翼相互作用噪声主要驱动机制的假设:相干有组织湍流结构。RANS CFD 和稳定性分析模拟了作为噪声源的喷气波包的特性,分析裁剪的格林函数和边界元素法 (BEM) 预测了机身对波包的衍射。结果对于以平板作为机翼和襟翼模型的学术配置,发现波包模型能够捕捉噪声的指向性和趋势。后掠角的重大影响和其他板边的贡献促使我们设计、测试和模拟了一个具有实际机翼平面形状的平板。波包-BEM 仿真再现了机翼平面板的喷流-表面相互作用,以及在 ONERA CEPRA19 设施进行的大规模风洞试验中测试的逼真模型上的喷流-襟翼相互作用。机翼安装的非稳态压力传感器被用作第一控制点。然后,对极性和方位角声指向性进行检查。确定了实验与模拟之间的差异。结论在学术喷气实验室、大型风洞试验和全尺寸飞机上,相干有组织湍流结构的衍射会产生喷气-襟翼相互作用噪声。我们总结了所提出的波包-BEM 模型预测声场的潜力和局限性,并概述了未来建模和测试的前景。
{"title":"Wavepacket Modelling of Jet-Flap Interaction Noise: from Laboratory to Full-Scale Aircraft","authors":"Jérôme Huber,&nbsp;Grégoire Pont,&nbsp;Peter Jordan,&nbsp;Michel Roger","doi":"10.1007/s10494-023-00519-x","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s10494-023-00519-x","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><p>A key component of aircraft acoustic installation effects relevant for under-wing turbofan-powered airliners, is studied: jet-flap interaction noise.</p><h3>Observations</h3><p>First, noise measurements performed on laboratory jets and on realistic engine exhaust geometries are analyzed to gain understanding both on surface pressure in the jet near-field and on far-field acoustics. The analysis of experimental datasets at various scales underlines intense, advecting, coherent and exponentially-growing pressure signatures in the jet near field and on the wing under-side. The outcome confirms our hypothesis for the main mechanism driving jet-flap interaction noise: coherent organized turbulent structures.</p><h3>Methods</h3><p>Relevant physical models are selected and chained together. RANS CFD and stability analysis model the characteristics of jet wavepackets as noise sources, analytical tailored Green’s functions and Boundary Element Method (BEM) predict the diffraction of the wavepackets by the airframe.</p><h3>Results</h3><p>For academic configurations where a flat plate models the wing and flap, the wavepacket model is found able to capture noise directivity and trends. The significant impact of a swept trailing edge and the contributions of other plate edges lead us to design, test and simulate a plate with realistic wing plan form. The wavepacket-BEM simulation reproduces jet-surface interaction for the wing plan-form plate, as well as jet-flap interaction on realistic models tested at ONERA CEPRA19 facility during large-scale wind-tunnel tests. Wing-mounted unsteady pressure sensors are utilized as first control points. Then, polar and azimuthal acoustic directivity is examined. Discrepancies between experiments and simulations are identified. Finally an installation geometrical effect is computed: the vertical separation <i>H</i> between nozzle and wing is varied to replicate the tests.</p><h3>Conclusion</h3><p>The diffraction of coherent organized turbulent structures generates jet-flap interaction noise in the academic jet laboratory, in large-scale wind-tunnel test and on the full-scale aircraft. We conclude on the potential and the limits of the proposed wavepacket-BEM model to predict the sound field, and we outline the perspectives for future modelling and testing.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":559,"journal":{"name":"Flow, Turbulence and Combustion","volume":"113 3","pages":"773 - 802"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139438166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Role of Forebody Topology on Aerodynamics and Aeroacoustics Characteristics of Squareback Vehicles using Computational Aeroacoustics (CAA) 利用计算空气声学 (CAA) 研究前车身拓扑结构对方形后背车辆空气动力学和空气声学特性的影响
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10494-023-00523-1
Harish Viswanathan, Kushal Kumar Chode

This study investigates the influence of forebody configuration on aerodynamic noise generation and radiation in standard squareback vehicles, employing a hybrid computational aeroacoustics approach. Initially, a widely used standard squareback body is employed to establish grid-independent solutions and validate the applied methodology against previously published experimental data. Six distinct configurations are examined, consisting of three bodies with A-pillars and three without A-pillars. Throughout these configurations, the reference area, length, and height remain consistent, while systematic alterations to the forebody are implemented. The findings reveal that changes in the forebody design exert a substantial influence on both the overall aerodynamics and aeroacoustics performance of the vehicle. Notably, bodies without A-pillars exhibit a significant reduction in downforce compared to their A-pillar counterparts. For all configurations, the flow characteristics around the side-view mirror and the side window exhibit an asymmetrical horseshoe vortex with high-intensity pressure fluctuations, primarily within the confines of this vortex and the mirror wake. Side windows on bodies with A-pillars experience more pronounced pressure fluctuations, rendering these configurations distinctly impactful in terms of radiated noise. However, despite forebody-induced variations in pressure fluctuations impacting the side window and side-view mirror, the fundamental structure of the radiated noise remains relatively consistent. The noise pattern transitions from a cardioid-like shape to a monopole-like pattern as the probing distance from the vehicle increases.

本研究采用混合计算气动声学方法,研究了前车身结构对标准方背式车辆气动噪声产生和辐射的影响。首先,采用了广泛使用的标准方背式车身,以建立与网格无关的解决方案,并根据之前公布的实验数据验证所应用的方法。研究了六种不同的配置,包括三种带 A 柱的车身和三种不带 A 柱的车身。在这些配置中,参考区域、长度和高度保持一致,同时对前车身进行了系统性的改变。研究结果表明,前车身设计的变化对车辆的整体空气动力学和空气声学性能都有很大影响。值得注意的是,与没有 A 柱的车身相比,没有 A 柱的车身下压力明显降低。在所有配置中,侧视镜和侧窗周围的流动特性都表现出不对称的马蹄形漩涡和高强度的压力波动,主要是在该漩涡和后视镜尾流的范围内。带有 A 柱的车身侧窗承受的压力波动更为明显,因此这些配置对辐射噪声的影响非常明显。不过,尽管影响侧窗和侧视镜的压力波动由前体引起的变化,辐射噪声的基本结构仍然相对一致。随着探测距离的增加,噪声模式会从心形过渡到单极模式。
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引用次数: 0
Advances in Direct and Large-Eddy Simulations 直接模拟和大型埃迪模拟的进展
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-01-10 DOI: 10.1007/s10494-023-00524-0
Cristian Marchioli, Manuel García-Villalba, Maria Vittoria Salvetti, Philipp Schlatter
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引用次数: 0
The Influence of Spurious Periodicity on the Flow Characteristics of a Separated Turbulent Boundary Layer with and Without Active Flow Control 杂散周期性对有无主动流控制的分离式湍流边界层流动特性的影响
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-01-06 DOI: 10.1007/s10494-023-00522-2
Ehsan Asgari, Mohammad Saeedi

In this study, we have investigated the effects of inflow spurious periodicity on a turbulent boundary layer subjected to a weak pressure gradient due to a gently backward ramp utilizing wall-resolved large-eddy simulation. The spurious periodicity is generated through repeating segments of inflow data produced via a long boundary layer precursor simulation. Using a short segment of inflow data and recycling it while introduces a spurious periodicity, can help to reduce the computational cost of the precursor simulation as well as the storage needed to record the massive data. However, there is no quantitative analysis as to how far the results are affected by the spurious periodicity in case of a separated turbulent boundary layer. This study compares several cases with various inflow segment lengths with respect to a reference case with no periodicity. The inflow segments are created by truncating the reference case and thus an intrinsic disturbance is associated with them. An additional case without the disturbance is also considered to examine the latter’s influence on the results. First- and second-order flow statistics are assessed, and spectral analysis is conducted to scrutinize the impact of spurious periodicity. An additional second-order parameter is introduced as an indicator of the spurious periodicity influence. Finally, an especial configuration with active flow control using a synthetic jet actuator is investigated with and without the spurious periodicity. This will help to assess if the dominant frequency of the active flow control is affected by recycling inflow data.

在这项研究中,我们利用壁面分辨大涡流模拟,研究了流入虚假周期性对受缓缓后退斜坡造成的微弱压力梯度影响的湍流边界层的影响。假周期性是通过长边界层前兆模拟产生的流入数据重复段产生的。在引入假周期性的同时,使用短段流入数据并对其进行循环利用,有助于降低前兆模拟的计算成本以及记录大量数据所需的存储空间。然而,对于分离的湍流边界层,假周期性对结果的影响有多大,目前还没有定量分析。本研究比较了不同流入段长度的几种情况与无周期性的参考情况。流入段是通过截断参考案例而产生的,因此与之相关的是内在扰动。此外,还考虑了另一种没有干扰的情况,以研究干扰对结果的影响。对一阶和二阶流量统计进行了评估,并进行了频谱分析,以仔细检查杂散周期性的影响。另外还引入了一个二阶参数,作为杂散周期性影响的指标。最后,研究了使用合成射流致动器进行主动流量控制的特殊配置,包括有假周期性和无假周期性。这将有助于评估主动流量控制的主频是否会受到循环流入数据的影响。
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引用次数: 0
Direct Numerical Simulation of Vortex Breakdown in Evaporating Dilute Sprays 蒸发稀释喷雾中涡流分解的直接数值模拟
IF 2 3区 工程技术 Q3 MECHANICS Pub Date : 2024-01-04 DOI: 10.1007/s10494-023-00521-3
Jacopo Liberatori, Francesco Battista, Federico Dalla Barba, Pietro Paolo Ciottoli

The effects of different vortex breakdown states on the evaporation process characterizing air-acetone vapor swirling jets laden with liquid acetone droplets in the dilute regime are discussed based on results provided by direct numerical simulations. Adopting the point-droplet approximation, the carrier phase is solved using an Eulerian framework, whereas a Lagrangian tracking of the dispersed phase is used. Three test cases are investigated: one with fully-turbulent pipe inflow conditions and two with a laminar Maxworthy velocity profile at different swirl rates. Consequently, turbulent, bubble-type, and regular conical vortex breakdown states are established. Following phenomenological and statistical analyses of both phases, a significant enhancement of the overall droplet evaporation process due to the onset of the conical vortex breakdown is observed due to the strongest centrifugal forces driving the entire liquid drops towards the low-saturation mixing layer of the jet. The effects of droplet inertia on evaporation are isolated through an additional set of simulations where liquid droplets are treated as Lagrangian tracers. While it is found that inertial effects contribute to enhanced vaporization near the mixing layer under bubble vortex breakdown conditions, droplet inertia plays a secondary role under both turbulent and conical vortex breakdown due to intense turbulent mixing and high centrifugal forces, respectively.

摘要 根据直接数值模拟的结果,讨论了不同的漩涡破裂状态对空气-丙酮蒸汽漩涡喷流在稀释状态下蒸发过程的影响。采用点-液滴近似,载体相采用欧拉框架求解,而分散相则采用拉格朗日跟踪。研究了三个测试案例:一个是全湍流管道流入条件,另两个是不同漩涡率下的层流 Maxworthy 速度曲线。因此,建立了湍流、气泡型和规则锥形漩涡破裂状态。在对这两个阶段进行现象学和统计学分析后,观察到锥形漩涡破裂开始时,由于最强的离心力将整个液滴推向射流的低饱和混合层,整个液滴蒸发过程显著增强。液滴惯性对蒸发的影响是通过另外一组模拟分离出来的,其中液滴被视为拉格朗日跟踪器。结果发现,在气泡漩涡破裂条件下,惯性效应有助于增强混合层附近的蒸发,而在湍流漩涡和锥形漩涡破裂条件下,液滴惯性分别由于强烈的湍流混合和高离心力而起次要作用。
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引用次数: 0
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Flow, Turbulence and Combustion
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