Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments最新文献_第4页

Unlocking the diversity of biomass usage forms and life-cycle carbon impacts to achieve carbon neutrality in China 释放中国生物质利用形式和生命周期碳影响的多样性，实现碳中和

IF 7 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2026.104870

Yali Zheng , Shiwei Yu , Tiejun Jiang

Achieving a sustainable and low-carbon energy transition requires the strategic deployment of renewable resources, with biomass playing a pivotal role. However, biomass allocation pathways and life-cycle impacts in China remain insufficiently examined. This study quantifies biomass resource availability and spatial distribution, optimizes allocation among power generation, heating, biogas, and liquid biofuels using a sequential quadratic programming model, and applies life-cycle assessment to estimate CO₂ mitigation potential. Results show that: (1) China’s collectable biomass potential reaches 1.36 billion tons of standard coal equivalent, complementing coal resources and aligning well with regional energy demand; (2) To achieve carbon-neutrality targets, biomass feedstock consumption is projected to reach 16.82 EJ by 2030 and 27.96 EJ by 2060, requiring investments of 650 billion and 1.218 trillion RMB, respectively; (3) Biomass could replace 450 million tons of coal in 2030 (11.23% of primary energy consumption) and 607 million tons in 2060 (12.65%), with bio-kerosene exhibiting the fastest growth; and (4) Carbon-prioritized allocation delivers 12.8% greater CO₂ reductions than cost minimization, with key provinces contributing 64% of national mitigation potential (835.25 Mt) by 2060. The integrated assessment–allocation–LCA framework supports China’s dual-carbon targets and Sustainable Development Goals 7 and 13.

实现可持续的低碳能源转型需要战略性地部署可再生资源，其中生物质发挥着关键作用。然而，中国的生物量分配途径和生命周期影响仍未得到充分研究。该研究量化了生物质资源的可用性和空间分布，利用顺序二次规划模型优化了发电、供热、沼气和液体生物燃料之间的分配，并应用生命周期评估来估计二氧化碳减排潜力。结果表明：①中国生物质可收集潜力达13.6亿吨标准煤当量，与煤炭资源互补，与区域能源需求契合度较高；(2)为实现碳中和目标，预计到2030年生物质原料消费量将达到16.82 EJ，到2060年将达到27.96 EJ，分别需要投资6500亿元和1.218万亿元；(3) 2030年生物质可替代煤炭4.5亿吨（占一次能源消费的11.23%），2060年可替代煤炭6.07亿吨（占一次能源消费的12.65%），其中生物煤油增长最快；(4)碳优先分配比成本最小化的减排效果高12.8%，到2060年，重点省份贡献了全国减排潜力（8.3525亿吨）的64%。综合评估-分配- lca框架支持中国的双碳目标和可持续发展目标7和13。

{"title":"Unlocking the diversity of biomass usage forms and life-cycle carbon impacts to achieve carbon neutrality in China","authors":"Yali Zheng , Shiwei Yu , Tiejun Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104870","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104870","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving a sustainable and low-carbon energy transition requires the strategic deployment of renewable resources, with biomass playing a pivotal role. However, biomass allocation pathways and life-cycle impacts in China remain insufficiently examined. This study quantifies biomass resource availability and spatial distribution, optimizes allocation among power generation, heating, biogas, and liquid biofuels using a sequential quadratic programming model, and applies life-cycle assessment to estimate CO<sub>2</sub> mitigation potential. Results show that: (1) China’s collectable biomass potential reaches 1.36 billion tons of standard coal equivalent, complementing coal resources and aligning well with regional energy demand; (2) To achieve carbon-neutrality targets, biomass feedstock consumption is projected to reach 16.82 EJ by 2030 and 27.96 EJ by 2060, requiring investments of 650 billion and 1.218 trillion RMB, respectively; (3) Biomass could replace 450 million tons of coal in 2030 (11.23% of primary energy consumption) and 607 million tons in 2060 (12.65%), with bio-kerosene exhibiting the fastest growth; and (4) Carbon-prioritized allocation delivers 12.8% greater CO<sub>2</sub> reductions than cost minimization, with key provinces contributing 64% of national mitigation potential (835.25 Mt) by 2060. The integrated assessment–allocation–LCA framework supports China’s dual-carbon targets and Sustainable Development Goals 7 and 13.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 104870"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Policy-based weighting to identify sustainable energy alternatives for non-residential buildings: a case study on transforming a university campus 确定非住宅建筑可持续能源替代方案的政策加权：大学校园改造案例研究

IF 7 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2026.104842

Steffen Lewerenz, Hendrik Lambrecht, Ingela Tietze

The building and construction sector is a major contributor to environmental impacts such as climate change, accounting for a significant share of global energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and resource consumption. In Germany, non-residential buildings alone are responsible for 9% of national GHG emissions. This study evaluates sustainable energy system alternatives for a university campus using an integrated approach that combines energy system modelling, epsilon constraint method, life cycle assessment applying the ecological scarcity method—a policy-based weighting approach specific to Germany. Scenarios for 2020 and 2030 are analysed to assess trade-offs between costs, GHG emissions, and environmental impact scores. The results reveal that minimizing GHG emissions generally reduces environmental impacts but can exacerbate specific issues such as land use, air and water pollutants. In contrast, scenarios optimized for the environmental impact score distribute impacts more evenly across environmental indicators, achieving a more balanced outcome. Medium-cost alternatives, irrespective of the optimization target, tend to increase certain environmental impacts, underscoring the need for significant investments to fully transform non-residential buildings. This research contributes to the understanding of sustainable energy, supporting the broader objective of achieving clean and affordable energy under policy-aligned frameworks.

建筑行业是气候变化等环境影响的主要贡献者，在全球能源使用、温室气体排放和资源消耗中占很大份额。在德国，仅非住宅建筑就占全国温室气体排放量的9%。本研究使用综合方法对大学校园的可持续能源系统替代方案进行了评估，该方法结合了能源系统建模、epsilon约束方法、应用生态稀缺性方法（德国特有的基于政策的加权方法）的生命周期评估。对2020年和2030年的情景进行分析，以评估成本、温室气体排放和环境影响评分之间的权衡。研究结果表明，减少温室气体排放通常会减少对环境的影响，但可能会加剧土地利用、空气和水污染物等特定问题。相比之下，针对环境影响评分进行优化的情景将影响更均匀地分布在各个环境指标上，从而获得更平衡的结果。中等成本的替代方案，无论优化目标如何，往往会增加某些环境影响，强调需要大量投资以充分改造非住宅建筑。这项研究有助于理解可持续能源，支持在与政策一致的框架下实现清洁和负担得起的能源的更广泛目标。

{"title":"Policy-based weighting to identify sustainable energy alternatives for non-residential buildings: a case study on transforming a university campus","authors":"Steffen Lewerenz, Hendrik Lambrecht, Ingela Tietze","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104842","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104842","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The building and construction sector is a major contributor to environmental impacts such as climate change, accounting for a significant share of global energy use, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and resource consumption. In Germany, non-residential buildings alone are responsible for 9% of national GHG emissions. This study evaluates sustainable energy system alternatives for a university campus using an integrated approach that combines energy system modelling, epsilon constraint method, life cycle assessment applying the ecological scarcity method—a policy-based weighting approach specific to Germany. Scenarios for 2020 and 2030 are analysed to assess trade-offs between costs, GHG emissions, and environmental impact scores. The results reveal that minimizing GHG emissions generally reduces environmental impacts but can exacerbate specific issues such as land use, air and water pollutants. In contrast, scenarios optimized for the environmental impact score distribute impacts more evenly across environmental indicators, achieving a more balanced outcome. Medium-cost alternatives, irrespective of the optimization target, tend to increase certain environmental impacts, underscoring the need for significant investments to fully transform non-residential buildings. This research contributes to the understanding of sustainable energy, supporting the broader objective of achieving clean and affordable energy under policy-aligned frameworks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 104842"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079921","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Synergistic optimization of renewable Energy-Driven methanol Synthesis: Coupling alkaline water electrolysis and CO2 hydrogenation with Full-Chain performance analysis 可再生能源驱动甲醇合成的协同优化：碱水电解与CO2加氢耦合及全链性能分析

IF 7 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2026.104855

Zihan Wang , Tianyu Liu , Yinglong He , Hui Kong , Chuansheng Cao , Kai Kang , Chang Tang , Qiyue Xie , Haozhuo Huang , Chang Wen

CO₂ hydrogenation to green methanol using renewable hydrogen represents a promising pathway for deep decarbonization. This study develops an integrated, full-process Aspen Plus model coupling alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) with a methanol synthesis loop to quantify system-level synergistic effects and assess overall techno-economic performance. Process optimization results indicate a 9.7% increase in annual hydrogen production and an enhanced methanol output of 11.416 t/h. The integrated system achieves an overall energy efficiency of 44.88% and a net CO₂ emission intensity of −1.15 t/t_MeOH. Full-chain techno-economic analysis estimates a green methanol production cost of 3315 CNY/t under an optimistic future scenario with a green electricity price of 0.25 CNY/kWh. Sensitivity analysis identifies electricity price and electrolyzer investment as the primary levers governing economic feasibility. Crucially, the results demonstrate that a regulation strategy incorporating hydrogen storage to buffer renewable intermittency achieves a total system energy utilization efficiency of 85.41%, significantly outperforming a grid-interactive strategy. These findings provide quantitative guidance for the design of efficient and economically viable renewable power-to-methanol systems.

利用可再生氢将二氧化碳加氢制绿色甲醇是一种很有前途的深度脱碳途径。本研究开发了一个集成的、全流程的Aspen Plus模型，将碱性电解（AWE）与甲醇合成回路相结合，以量化系统级的协同效应并评估整体技术经济绩效。工艺优化结果表明，氢气年产量提高9.7%，甲醇产量提高11.416 t/h。综合系统整体能源效率为44.88%，二氧化碳净排放强度为- 1.15 t/tMeOH。全链技术经济分析估计，在乐观的未来情景下，绿色电价为0.25元/千瓦时，绿色甲醇生产成本为3315元/吨。敏感性分析表明，电价和电解槽投资是控制经济可行性的主要杠杆。关键是，结果表明，采用储氢缓冲可再生能源间歇性的调节策略，系统总能源利用效率达到85.41%，显著优于电网交互策略。这些发现为设计高效和经济可行的可再生能源制甲醇系统提供了定量指导。

{"title":"Synergistic optimization of renewable Energy-Driven methanol Synthesis: Coupling alkaline water electrolysis and CO2 hydrogenation with Full-Chain performance analysis","authors":"Zihan Wang , Tianyu Liu , Yinglong He , Hui Kong , Chuansheng Cao , Kai Kang , Chang Tang , Qiyue Xie , Haozhuo Huang , Chang Wen","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104855","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104855","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>CO<sub>2</sub> hydrogenation to green methanol using renewable hydrogen represents a promising pathway for deep decarbonization. This study develops an integrated, full-process Aspen Plus model coupling alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) with a methanol synthesis loop to quantify system-level synergistic effects and assess overall techno-economic performance. Process optimization results indicate a 9.7% increase in annual hydrogen production and an enhanced methanol output of 11.416 t/h. The integrated system achieves an overall energy efficiency of 44.88% and a net CO<sub>2</sub> emission intensity of −1.15 t/t<sub>MeOH</sub>. Full-chain techno-economic analysis estimates a green methanol production cost of 3315 CNY/t under an optimistic future scenario with a green electricity price of 0.25 CNY/kWh. Sensitivity analysis identifies electricity price and electrolyzer investment as the primary levers governing economic feasibility. Crucially, the results demonstrate that a regulation strategy incorporating hydrogen storage to buffer renewable intermittency achieves a total system energy utilization efficiency of 85.41%, significantly outperforming a grid-interactive strategy. These findings provide quantitative guidance for the design of efficient and economically viable renewable power-to-methanol systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 104855"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146079922","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An efficient screening and clustering strategy based on isolation forest algorithm and agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm for echelon utilization of retired lithium-ion batteries 基于隔离森林算法和聚类分层聚类算法的退役锂离子电池梯队利用高效筛选聚类策略

IF 7 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2026.104883

Qimeng Du , Fang He , Zhengyi Jiang , Guohui Yang , Boyuan Zhu , Siru Chen , Haiyan Yang , Yaomin Zhao

The growing volume of retired lithium-ion batteries requires reliable, data-driven regrouping strategies for safe and efficient second-life deployment. This study proposes an integrated screening–clustering framework combining the isolation forest algorithm (IFA) with agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm (AHCA) to enhance consistency in regenerated LFP modules. From 85 collected cells we extracted three IC-curve peak voltages (V₁, V₂, V₃) as health indicators and used IFA to remove 18 anomalous samples. AHCA subsequently produced compact and degradation-aligned clusters, achieving the lowest intra-cluster error (MSE = 0.00067) compared with K-means++ benchmarks. Short-term tests show G1 has the smallest voltage-response distance (0.7933 mV), and 210-cycle tests indicate synchronized aging, with state of health declining from 80.50% to 80.02% and a maximum intra-group deviation of 0.022. Additional validation on a 320-cell open dataset further confirms the robustness of the approach (MSE = 0.00140). Overall, the proposed framework provides a technically rigorous pathway for evaluating, classifying, and reassembling retired batteries for sustainable energy applications.

退役锂离子电池的数量不断增加，需要可靠的、数据驱动的重组策略，以实现安全高效的二次寿命部署。本文提出了一种结合隔离森林算法（IFA）和聚类层次聚类算法（AHCA）的综合筛选聚类框架，以增强再生LFP模块的一致性。从收集的85个细胞中，我们提取了三个ic曲线峰值电压（V1, V2, V3）作为健康指标，并使用IFA去除18个异常样本。AHCA随后产生了紧凑和退化对齐的集群，与k -means++基准相比，实现了最低的集群内误差（MSE = 0.00067）。短期试验显示G1组电压响应距离最小（0.7933 mV）， 210循环试验显示G1组同步老化，健康状态从80.50%下降到80.02%，组内偏差最大为0.022。在320单元开放数据集上的额外验证进一步证实了该方法的稳健性（MSE = 0.00140）。总的来说，拟议的框架为评估、分类和重新组装退役电池提供了技术上严格的途径，以用于可持续能源应用。

{"title":"An efficient screening and clustering strategy based on isolation forest algorithm and agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm for echelon utilization of retired lithium-ion batteries","authors":"Qimeng Du , Fang He , Zhengyi Jiang , Guohui Yang , Boyuan Zhu , Siru Chen , Haiyan Yang , Yaomin Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104883","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104883","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing volume of retired lithium-ion batteries requires reliable, data-driven regrouping strategies for safe and efficient second-life deployment. This study proposes an integrated screening–clustering framework combining the isolation forest algorithm (IFA) with agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm (AHCA) to enhance consistency in regenerated LFP modules. From 85 collected cells we extracted three IC-curve peak voltages (V<sub>1</sub>, V<sub>2</sub>, V<sub>3</sub>) as health indicators and used IFA to remove 18 anomalous samples. AHCA subsequently produced compact and degradation-aligned clusters, achieving the lowest intra-cluster error (MSE = 0.00067) compared with K-means++ benchmarks. Short-term tests show G1 has the smallest voltage-response distance (0.7933 mV), and 210-cycle tests indicate synchronized aging, with state of health declining from 80.50% to 80.02% and a maximum intra-group deviation of 0.022. Additional validation on a 320-cell open dataset further confirms the robustness of the approach (MSE = 0.00140). Overall, the proposed framework provides a technically rigorous pathway for evaluating, classifying, and reassembling retired batteries for sustainable energy applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 104883"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147398724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electric vehicles and carbon neutrality in the EU: An empirical analysis of transition pathways 欧盟电动汽车与碳中和：转型路径的实证分析

IF 7 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2026.104872

Kingsley Imandojemu , Aliyu Akorede Rufai , Owopetu Ayodeji Abiodun , Omozele Lynda Showunmi

The EU goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 has been acknowledged to represent one of the most ambitious attempts at mitigating climate change globally. Carbon emissions related to fossil fuel consumption originate largely from the transport sector. Electric vehicles can be identified as among the key measures associated with efforts to redirect transport systems towards sustainable paths. It is against this background that this study seeks to examine how electric mobility helps in moving towards carbon neutrality in EU. The dataset covers the period between 2010 and 2023. For more robust capture of the dynamic processes involved, Kinky Least Squares together with System Generalised Method of Moments techniques has been used in carrying out analysis. Results show that electric vehicles offer an important contribution to carbon neutrality in Europe. Also, incremental electricity prices tend to lower carbon emissions. We found additional evidence showing that public charging stations, tax incentives, and purchase subsidies help electric mobility contribute to carbon neutrality. We recommend that there is an important need for an overall policy environment that tackles structural and investment impediments affecting the transformation of electric vehicles within Europe.

欧盟到2050年实现碳中和的目标被公认为是缓解全球气候变化的最雄心勃勃的尝试之一。与化石燃料消费相关的碳排放主要来自运输部门。电动汽车可以被确定为与将运输系统转向可持续道路的努力相关的关键措施之一。正是在这种背景下，本研究试图研究电动交通如何帮助欧盟实现碳中和。该数据集涵盖2010年至2023年期间。为了更稳健地捕获所涉及的动态过程，扭曲最小二乘法与系统广义矩法技术一起用于进行分析。结果表明，电动汽车为欧洲的碳中和做出了重要贡献。此外，增加电价往往会降低碳排放。我们发现了更多的证据表明，公共充电站、税收激励和购买补贴有助于电动汽车实现碳中和。我们建议，迫切需要一个整体的政策环境，以解决影响欧洲电动汽车转型的结构性和投资障碍。

{"title":"Electric vehicles and carbon neutrality in the EU: An empirical analysis of transition pathways","authors":"Kingsley Imandojemu , Aliyu Akorede Rufai , Owopetu Ayodeji Abiodun , Omozele Lynda Showunmi","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104872","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104872","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The EU goal of carbon neutrality by 2050 has been acknowledged to represent one of the most ambitious attempts at mitigating climate change globally. Carbon emissions related to fossil fuel consumption originate largely from the transport sector. Electric vehicles can be identified as among the key measures associated with efforts to redirect transport systems towards sustainable paths. It is against this background that this study seeks to examine how electric mobility helps in moving towards carbon neutrality in EU. The dataset covers the period between 2010 and 2023. For more robust capture of the dynamic processes involved, Kinky Least Squares together with System Generalised Method of Moments techniques has been used in carrying out analysis. Results show that electric vehicles offer an important contribution to carbon neutrality in Europe. Also, incremental electricity prices tend to lower carbon emissions. We found additional evidence showing that public charging stations, tax incentives, and purchase subsidies help electric mobility contribute to carbon neutrality. We recommend that there is an important need for an overall policy environment that tackles structural and investment impediments affecting the transformation of electric vehicles within Europe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 104872"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147398730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Integrating thin-film semi-transparent photovoltaics in greenhouse agrivoltaics: materials, energy yield, photosynthesis response, crop productivity, and future directions 在温室农业发电中集成薄膜半透明光伏：材料、能量产量、光合作用响应、作物生产力和未来方向

IF 7 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2026.104885

Hasan Alkhateeb, Mustafa M. Aziz, Akbar A. Javadi

This review examines the importance of integrating semi-transparent photovoltaics (STPVs) in agriculture as a promising approach to address both challenges of energy production and sustainable food cultivation. The main materials of STPV that are evaluated are Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), organic photovoltaics (OPVs), dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs), amorphous silicon (a-Si) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). These materials are reviewed to understand the benefits of different STPVs when mounted on greenhouses. The benefits identified include improved land use and the reduction of fossil fuels in greenhouse farming. Energy conversion efficiency, stability, transparency and spectral selectivity are the main aspects of STPVs that are integrated into greenhouses. These factors have been evaluated to determine if the energy output balances the photosynthesis required for crop growth in the greenhouse. CdTe is identified as the most mature STPV material because it is stable, economical and up to date technologically. Research shows that a-Si is prone mainly to light-induced degradation compared to CdTe. The other materials including OPVs, DSSCs and PSCs have advantages like spectral tunability, but face durability challenges and are not yet ready for large-scale. This review establishes that STPV systems for agri-energy are promising and have low-carbon emissions.

本文综述了将半透明光伏（stpv）作为解决能源生产和可持续粮食种植挑战的一种有前途的方法在农业中整合的重要性。主要评价的STPV材料有碲化镉（CdTe）、有机光伏（OPVs）、染料敏化太阳能电池（DSSCs）、非晶硅（a-Si）和钙钛矿太阳能电池（PSCs）。对这些材料进行了回顾，以了解安装在温室上的不同stpv的好处。所确定的好处包括改善土地利用和减少温室农业中的化石燃料。能量转换效率、稳定性、透明度和光谱选择性是集成到温室中的stpv的主要方面。这些因素已被评估，以确定能量输出是否平衡温室作物生长所需的光合作用。碲化镉被认为是最成熟的STPV材料，因为它稳定、经济、技术先进。研究表明，与CdTe相比，a-Si主要容易发生光诱导降解。包括opv、DSSCs和psc在内的其他材料具有光谱可调性等优势，但面临耐久性挑战，尚未准备好大规模应用。这篇综述确定了农业能源的STPV系统是有前途的，并且具有低碳排放。

{"title":"Integrating thin-film semi-transparent photovoltaics in greenhouse agrivoltaics: materials, energy yield, photosynthesis response, crop productivity, and future directions","authors":"Hasan Alkhateeb, Mustafa M. Aziz, Akbar A. Javadi","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104885","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104885","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review examines the importance of integrating semi-transparent photovoltaics (STPVs) in agriculture as a promising approach to address both challenges of energy production and sustainable food cultivation. The main materials of STPV that are evaluated are Cadmium Telluride (CdTe), organic photovoltaics (OPVs), dye-sensitised solar cells (DSSCs), amorphous silicon (a-Si) and perovskite solar cells (PSCs). These materials are reviewed to understand the benefits of different STPVs when mounted on greenhouses. The benefits identified include improved land use and the reduction of fossil fuels in greenhouse farming. Energy conversion efficiency, stability, transparency and spectral selectivity are the main aspects of STPVs that are integrated into greenhouses. These factors have been evaluated to determine if the energy output balances the photosynthesis required for crop growth in the greenhouse. CdTe is identified as the most mature STPV material because it is stable, economical and up to date technologically. Research shows that a-Si is prone mainly to light-induced degradation compared to CdTe. The other materials including OPVs, DSSCs and PSCs have advantages like spectral tunability, but face durability challenges and are not yet ready for large-scale. This review establishes that STPV systems for agri-energy are promising and have low-carbon emissions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 104885"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147398731","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Sustainable integration of poly(ethylene oxide)–polyacrylonitrile (PEO–PAN) gel electrolytes with mesoporous TiO2 nanostructures for green energy dye-sensitized solar cells 聚（环氧乙烷）-聚丙烯腈（PEO-PAN）凝胶电解质与介孔TiO2纳米结构的可持续集成用于绿色能源染料敏化太阳能电池

IF 7 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-20 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2026.104830

Syed Ezaz Haider Gilani , Muhammad Farooq , Rabia Nazar , Muhammad Younas , Umer Mehmood

Achieving environmentally sustainable power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term stability in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) requires concurrent optimization of both the photoanode and the electrolyte. In this study, a dual-strategy approach is adopted: (i) engineering an interdigitated nanostructured TiO₂ photoanode to enhance light harvesting and charge transport, and (ii) developing a sustainable poly(ethylene oxide)–polyacrylonitrile (PEO–PAN) polymer blend gel electrolyte (PBGE) to ensure eco-friendly, stable, and efficient energy conversion. The TiO₂ photoanode was synthesized via a solvothermal process and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), & transmission electron microscopy (TEM), revealing anatase crystallinity, porous morphology, and improved electron pathways. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to evaluate the miscibility, cohesive energy density, and Flory–Huggin’s interaction parameter of the PEO–PAN system, confirming thermodynamic compatibility and guiding blend selection. Experimental confirmation was carried out by synthesizing various PEO–PAN ratios and their characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) & X-ray diffraction (XRD), which determined 40:60 PAN–PEO blend as being best with amorphous nature and homogeneous morphology. The composition of PBGE was then optimized by using Taguchi design of experiments (DoE) and salt optimization with a goal, achieving the highest ionic conductivity of 0.501 mS/cm. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) & cyclic voltammetry (CV) validated improved ionic mobility and redox reversibility. When incorporated into DSSCs, the optimized PBGE and TiO₂ photoanode exhibited a PCE of 6.13 %, beating the conventional liquid electrolyte cell (5.38 %), TiO₂-only cell (5.94 %), and PBGE-only cell (4.39 %). This material design strategy provides a scalable route to high-efficiency quasi-solid-state DSSCs with enhanced long-term stability.

在染料敏化太阳能电池（DSSCs）中实现环境可持续的功率转换效率（PCE）和长期稳定性需要同时优化光阳极和电解质。在本研究中，采用双策略方法：(i)设计一个交叉指状纳米结构TiO2光阳极来增强光收集和电荷传输；（ii）开发一种可持续的聚（环氧乙烷）-聚丙烯腈（PEO-PAN）聚合物共混凝胶电解质（PBGE），以确保环保、稳定和高效的能量转换。采用溶剂热法合成TiO2光阳极，并通过x射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）和透射电镜（TEM）对其进行了表征，揭示了锐钛矿的结晶度、多孔形貌和改进的电子路径。通过分子动力学（MD）模拟评价PEO-PAN体系的混相性、内聚能密度和Flory-Huggin相互作用参数，确定其热力学相容性，指导共混物的选择。通过合成各种PEO-PAN比例，并通过扫描电镜（SEM）和x射线衍射（XRD）对其进行表征，确定40:60的PAN-PEO共混物为最佳，具有无定形性质和均匀形貌。采用田口实验设计（DoE）和盐优化方法对PBGE的组成进行优化，获得了最高的离子电导率0.501 mS/cm。电化学阻抗谱（EIS）和循环伏安法（CV）验证了离子迁移率和氧化还原可逆性的改善。当加入DSSCs时，优化后的PBGE和TiO2光阳极的PCE为6.13%，优于传统的液体电解质电池（5.38%）、纯TiO2电池（5.94%）和纯PBGE电池（4.39%）。这种材料设计策略为高效准固态DSSCs提供了一种可扩展的途径，具有增强的长期稳定性。

{"title":"Sustainable integration of poly(ethylene oxide)–polyacrylonitrile (PEO–PAN) gel electrolytes with mesoporous TiO2 nanostructures for green energy dye-sensitized solar cells","authors":"Syed Ezaz Haider Gilani , Muhammad Farooq , Rabia Nazar , Muhammad Younas , Umer Mehmood","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104830","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104830","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving environmentally sustainable power conversion efficiency (PCE) and long-term stability in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) requires concurrent optimization of both the photoanode and the electrolyte. In this study, a dual-strategy approach is adopted: (i) engineering an interdigitated nanostructured TiO<sub>2</sub> photoanode to enhance light harvesting and charge transport, and (ii) developing a sustainable poly(ethylene oxide)–polyacrylonitrile (PEO–PAN) polymer blend gel electrolyte (PBGE) to ensure eco-friendly, stable, and efficient energy conversion. The TiO<sub>2</sub> photoanode was synthesized via a solvothermal process and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), & transmission electron microscopy (TEM), revealing anatase crystallinity, porous morphology, and improved electron pathways. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were conducted to evaluate the miscibility, cohesive energy density, and Flory–Huggin’s interaction parameter of the PEO–PAN system, confirming thermodynamic compatibility and guiding blend selection. Experimental confirmation was carried out by synthesizing various PEO–PAN ratios and their characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) & X-ray diffraction (XRD), which determined 40:60 PAN–PEO blend as being best with amorphous nature and homogeneous morphology. The composition of PBGE was then optimized by using Taguchi design of experiments (DoE) and salt optimization with a goal, achieving the highest ionic conductivity of 0.501 mS/cm. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) & cyclic voltammetry (CV) validated improved ionic mobility and redox reversibility. When incorporated into DSSCs, the optimized PBGE and TiO<sub>2</sub> photoanode exhibited a PCE of 6.13 %, beating the conventional liquid electrolyte cell (5.38 %), TiO<sub>2</sub>-only cell (5.94 %), and PBGE-only cell (4.39 %). This material design strategy provides a scalable route to high-efficiency quasi-solid-state DSSCs with enhanced long-term stability.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 104830"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146025055","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Metal-organic framework functionalized biochar electrodes: A new horizon in microbial fuel cell technology 金属有机骨架功能化生物炭电极：微生物燃料电池技术的新领域

IF 7 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-01-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2026.104828

Akanksha Singh, Vishal Mishra

Biochar is a carbon-rich material produced from the thermochemical conversion of renewable biomass, such as agricultural and plant-based waste. Its high electrical conductivity, large surface area, and low production cost have made it an attractive material for various bioremediation and energy generation processes. Similarly, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a porous crystalline material composed of metal ions and organic groups, exhibit exceptional tunable porosity, catalytic activity, and redox properties that enhances its application in vast areas. Despite growing interest in both materials, the combined application of MOF-biochar composites in microbial fuel cell systems have not yet been comprehensively reviewed. In this work, the fundamental attributes of biochar and MOFs are summarized based on recent advances, followed by a detailed overview of their synergistic integration as electrode materials in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The mechanisms by which these composites improve electrochemical performance such as improved charge transport, enhanced biofilm formation, and reduced internal resistance are also discussed. Furthermore, future directions for optimizing MOF-biochar composites are proposed, including their environmental sustainability, scalability, and alignment with circular economy principles. This review aims to provide critical insights into the development of high-performance MOF-biochar based electrodes for the next generation of sustainable MFC technologies.

生物炭是一种富含碳的材料，由可再生生物质（如农业和植物废料）的热化学转化产生。它的高导电性、大表面积和低生产成本使其成为各种生物修复和能源生产工艺的有吸引力的材料。同样，金属有机框架（MOFs）是一种由金属离子和有机基团组成的多孔晶体材料，具有优异的可调孔隙度、催化活性和氧化还原性能，从而增强了其在广泛领域的应用。尽管人们对这两种材料越来越感兴趣，但mof -生物炭复合材料在微生物燃料电池系统中的联合应用尚未得到全面的综述。在这项工作中，总结了生物炭和mof的基本属性，然后详细概述了它们作为微生物燃料电池（mfc）电极材料的协同整合。本文还讨论了这些复合材料改善电化学性能的机理，如改善电荷传输、增强生物膜形成和降低内阻。展望了mof -生物炭复合材料的未来优化方向，包括其环境可持续性、可扩展性和与循环经济原则的一致性。本综述旨在为下一代可持续MFC技术的高性能MFC生物炭电极的开发提供重要见解。

{"title":"Metal-organic framework functionalized biochar electrodes: A new horizon in microbial fuel cell technology","authors":"Akanksha Singh, Vishal Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104828","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104828","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Biochar is a carbon-rich material produced from the thermochemical conversion of renewable biomass, such as agricultural and plant-based waste. Its high electrical conductivity, large surface area, and low production cost have made it an attractive material for various bioremediation and energy generation processes. Similarly, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), a porous crystalline material composed of metal ions and organic groups, exhibit exceptional tunable porosity, catalytic activity, and redox properties that enhances its application in vast areas. Despite growing interest in both materials, the combined application of MOF-biochar composites in microbial fuel cell systems have not yet been comprehensively reviewed. In this work, the fundamental attributes of biochar and MOFs are summarized based on recent advances, followed by a detailed overview of their synergistic integration as electrode materials in microbial fuel cells (MFCs). The mechanisms by which these composites improve electrochemical performance such as improved charge transport, enhanced biofilm formation, and reduced internal resistance are also discussed. Furthermore, future directions for optimizing MOF-biochar composites are proposed, including their environmental sustainability, scalability, and alignment with circular economy principles. This review aims to provide critical insights into the development of high-performance MOF-biochar based electrodes for the next generation of sustainable MFC technologies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 104828"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Complex Network Approaches for Vulnerability Assessment and Resilience Enhancement in Power Systems 电力系统脆弱性评估和恢复力增强的复杂网络方法

IF 7 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-07 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2026.104859

Zhengguang Liu , Xiongzhou Xie , Minghui Shi , Hongjun Tan , Haizhi Luo , Lifei Ye , Qingyun Kao

The growing scale and complexity of modern power systems have created an urgent need for new frameworks capable of characterizing their structural, functional, and dynamic behaviors. Complex network theory offers such a paradigm by viewing the grid as an interconnected system where topology, physics, and dynamics collectively determine performance and resilience. This review summarizes the evolution of complex network approaches in power system analysis, emphasizing topology-based modeling, cascading-failure mechanisms, vulnerability assessment, and critical-component identification. It highlights how small-world and scale-free properties influence fault propagation and robustness, while betweenness- and flow-based indicators provide tools to identify vulnerable nodes and transmission corridors. These insights have advanced the understanding of cascading failures and vulnerability quantification through connectivity, load-loss, and efficiency metrics. However, challenges persist, including static assumptions, high computational demands, and limited integration with real-time data. Future progress will require coupling multilayer network models with dynamic simulations, high-performance computation, and artificial intelligence to enable predictive diagnostics and adaptive control. Complex network theory is poised to evolve into a unified analytical and engineering framework supporting the design of resilient, intelligent, and self-adaptive renewable power systems.

现代电力系统的规模和复杂性日益增长，迫切需要能够表征其结构、功能和动态行为的新框架。复杂网络理论提供了这样一种范例，它将网格视为一个相互连接的系统，在这个系统中，拓扑、物理和动力学共同决定了性能和弹性。本文综述了电力系统分析中复杂网络方法的发展，重点介绍了基于拓扑的建模、级联故障机制、脆弱性评估和关键部件识别。它强调了小世界和无标度特性如何影响故障传播和鲁棒性，而基于间性和流量的指标提供了识别脆弱节点和传输通道的工具。这些见解通过连接性、负载损失和效率度量提高了对级联故障和漏洞量化的理解。然而，挑战依然存在，包括静态假设、高计算需求以及与实时数据的有限集成。未来的发展将需要将多层网络模型与动态仿真、高性能计算和人工智能相结合，以实现预测诊断和自适应控制。复杂网络理论将演变成一个统一的分析和工程框架，支持弹性、智能和自适应可再生能源系统的设计。

{"title":"Complex Network Approaches for Vulnerability Assessment and Resilience Enhancement in Power Systems","authors":"Zhengguang Liu , Xiongzhou Xie , Minghui Shi , Hongjun Tan , Haizhi Luo , Lifei Ye , Qingyun Kao","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104859","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104859","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing scale and complexity of modern power systems have created an urgent need for new frameworks capable of characterizing their structural, functional, and dynamic behaviors. Complex network theory offers such a paradigm by viewing the grid as an interconnected system where topology, physics, and dynamics collectively determine performance and resilience. This review summarizes the evolution of complex network approaches in power system analysis, emphasizing topology-based modeling, cascading-failure mechanisms, vulnerability assessment, and critical-component identification. It highlights how small-world and scale-free properties influence fault propagation and robustness, while betweenness- and flow-based indicators provide tools to identify vulnerable nodes and transmission corridors. These insights have advanced the understanding of cascading failures and vulnerability quantification through connectivity, load-loss, and efficiency metrics. However, challenges persist, including static assumptions, high computational demands, and limited integration with real-time data. Future progress will require coupling multilayer network models with dynamic simulations, high-performance computation, and artificial intelligence to enable predictive diagnostics and adaptive control. Complex network theory is poised to evolve into a unified analytical and engineering framework supporting the design of resilient, intelligent, and self-adaptive renewable power systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 104859"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146173930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Fuzzy logic based smart real-time control of evaporative cooling systems for enhanced energy efficiency and thermal comfort in buildings: experimental validation using a cyber-physical system 基于模糊逻辑的蒸发冷却系统智能实时控制，以提高建筑物的能源效率和热舒适性：使用网络物理系统的实验验证

IF 7 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2026-02-01 Epub Date: 2026-02-10 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2026.104877

Abhilash Shrivastava, Pankaj Kumar Choubey, Guru Prasad Mishra

This paper presents the design and implementation of a cyber-physical system (CPS) for real-time thermal regulation of a direct evaporative cooler using discrete and fuzzy logic–based adaptive fan control. Experimental validation is carried out in a controlled room environment over seven consecutive days in a hot-dry climate. Adaptive fan control reduced daily fan energy consumption by 27–40% compared to discrete control, while maintaining comparable cooling effectiveness (∼0.60–0.67). Pump energy remained stable (∼80–120 Wh/day) due to consistent relative humidity (RH) based control logic. The system integrates sensing, computation, and actuation through the use of a DHT22 sensor, a fan, a water pump, and a PYNQ-Z2 FPGA platform. The system is maintaining room temperature closer to the target of 28 °C, demonstrating improved stability and responsiveness. The system has also been tested for set-points 26 °C, 27 °C and 29 °C to analyse why 28 °C is better. Energy and performance graphs further validate the smoother and more efficient operation of the adaptive control method. The proposed CPS architecture demonstrates practical potential for deployment in energy-efficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and highlights the advantages of adaptive embedded control in real-world environmental conditions.

本文介绍了一种基于离散和模糊逻辑的自适应风扇控制的直接蒸发冷却器实时热调节的网络物理系统（CPS）的设计和实现。实验验证是在一个受控的房间环境中连续七天在炎热干燥的气候中进行的。与离散控制相比，自适应风扇控制减少了27-40%的每日风扇能耗，同时保持了相当的冷却效率（~ 0.60-0.67）。由于一致的相对湿度（RH）为基础的控制逻辑，泵能量保持稳定（~ 80-120 Wh/天）。该系统通过使用DHT22传感器、风扇、水泵和PYNQ-Z2 FPGA平台集成了传感、计算和驱动。该系统将室温保持在接近28 °C的目标温度，显示出更高的稳定性和响应性。该系统还测试了设定点26 °C， 27 °C和29 °C，以分析为什么28 °C更好。能量图和性能图进一步验证了自适应控制方法的平滑和高效运行。提出的CPS架构展示了在节能供暖、通风和空调（HVAC）系统中部署的实际潜力，并突出了自适应嵌入式控制在现实环境条件下的优势。

{"title":"Fuzzy logic based smart real-time control of evaporative cooling systems for enhanced energy efficiency and thermal comfort in buildings: experimental validation using a cyber-physical system","authors":"Abhilash Shrivastava, Pankaj Kumar Choubey, Guru Prasad Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104877","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2026.104877","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper presents the design and implementation of a cyber-physical system (CPS) for real-time thermal regulation of a direct evaporative cooler using discrete and fuzzy logic–based adaptive fan control. Experimental validation is carried out in a controlled room environment over seven consecutive days in a hot-dry climate. Adaptive fan control reduced daily fan energy consumption by 27–40% compared to discrete control, while maintaining comparable cooling effectiveness (∼0.60–0.67). Pump energy remained stable (∼80–120 Wh/day) due to consistent relative humidity (RH) based control logic. The system integrates sensing, computation, and actuation through the use of a DHT22 sensor, a fan, a water pump, and a PYNQ-Z2 FPGA platform. The system is maintaining room temperature closer to the target of 28 °C, demonstrating improved stability and responsiveness. The system has also been tested for set-points 26 °C, 27 °C and 29 °C to analyse why 28 °C is better. Energy and performance graphs further validate the smoother and more efficient operation of the adaptive control method. The proposed CPS architecture demonstrates practical potential for deployment in energy-efficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems and highlights the advantages of adaptive embedded control in real-world environmental conditions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"86 ","pages":"Article 104877"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146174049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0