Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments最新文献_第6页

An assessment of photochemical carbon dioxide utilisation technologies using real options 利用实际备选方案评估二氧化碳光化学利用技术

IF 7.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2024.103994

Michael P. Brandon , Mark Cummins , Peter Deeney , Mary T. Pryce

Nascent carbon capture and utilisation technologies that transform captured

{CO}_{2}

emissions into a usable chemical product, provide alternatives to carbon capture and storage. Technology risk, and associated investment uncertainty, are barriers to the development of such technologies. In view of this, we consider a flexible real options framework to assess the technology risk inherent in photochemical carbon dioxide reduction technologies, a low readiness level technology (TRL 2–4) that utilises an artificial photosynthesis system based on natural or artificial light. We consider two competing configurations, both of which produce carbon monoxide but differ in the light source for the artificial photosynthesis system. One configuration uses intense UV lamps, while the other uses ambient light with a solar concentrator. After establishing literature informed cost estimates for pilot plant specifications, we conduct a sensitivity analysis across select physical attributes, technological development characteristics and price exposures. We confirm high sensitivity to the efficiency of the CO production process. Cost sensitivities are also evidenced for the catalyst, the running of the UV lamps in the first configuration and the solar concentrator in the second configuration. Price sensitivity is highest for the CO produced. Our study is relevant for project developers considering investment in research for this nascent technology.

新兴的碳捕集与利用技术可将捕集到的二氧化碳排放转化为可用的化学产品，为碳捕集与封存提供了替代方案。技术风险和相关投资的不确定性是开发此类技术的障碍。有鉴于此，我们考虑采用灵活的实际选择框架来评估光化学二氧化碳减排技术的固有技术风险，该技术是一种低准备水平技术（TRL 2-4），利用基于自然光或人造光的人工光合作用系统。我们考虑了两种相互竞争的配置，它们都能产生一氧化碳，但人工光合作用系统的光源不同。一种配置使用强紫外线灯，而另一种配置则使用带有太阳能聚光器的环境光。在确定了试验工厂规格的文献成本估算后，我们对选定的物理属性、技术发展特征和价格风险进行了敏感性分析。我们证实了二氧化碳生产工艺效率的高度敏感性。成本敏感性还体现在催化剂、第一种配置中紫外线灯的运行和第二种配置中太阳能聚光器的运行上。二氧化碳生产的价格敏感性最高。我们的研究对项目开发人员考虑投资研究这项新兴技术具有重要意义。

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引用次数: 0

Piezoelectric-electromagnetic wearable harvester for energy harvesting and motion monitoring 用于能量采集和运动监测的压电电磁可穿戴式采集器

IF 7.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2024-10-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2024.104030

Lintong Han , Lipeng He , Xingqian Lv , Lei Sun , Limin Zhang , Wei Fan

This paper proposes a piezoelectric-electromagnetic wearable harvester (PEWH). The device is used to harvest the energy generated when the upper limb swings and can perform the function of motion monitoring. The main structure of PEWH consists of the piezoelectric power generation module and electromagnetic sensing module. Among them, the piezoelectric sheet in the piezoelectric module deforms and outputs electric energy, and the magnetic ball in the electromagnetic module moves to generate induced electromotive force to achieve sensing and energy supply. Through experimental testing, PEWH output performance is optimal when the spring wire diameter is 0.8 mm and the distance between the spring connector where the spring located and the position of the top of the shaft is 65 mm. At a vibration excitation frequency of 2 Hz, the device’s output voltage reaches a peak-to-peak value of 57.84V_pp, accompanied by a maximum power of 115.52mW. A range of application experiments were conducted to confirm the output performance of the device, which can power 82 LEDs and the temperature and humidity sensor. The prototype can be worn on the arm to enable monitoring of the current movement status. PEWH can effectively capture the energy generated by human movement for self-powered and self-sensing motion detection.

本文提出了一种压电-电磁可穿戴采集器（PEWH）。该装置用于采集上肢摆动时产生的能量，并可实现运动监测功能。PEWH 的主要结构由压电发电模块和电磁传感模块组成。其中，压电模块中的压电片变形输出电能，电磁模块中的磁球运动产生感应电动势，实现传感和供能。通过实验测试，当弹簧线直径为 0.8 毫米，弹簧所在的弹簧接头与轴顶部位置的距离为 65 毫米时，PEWH 的输出性能最佳。在振动激励频率为 2 Hz 时，该装置的输出电压峰峰值为 57.84Vpp，最大功率为 115.52mW。为确认该设备的输出性能，我们进行了一系列应用实验，该设备可为 82 个 LED 和温湿度传感器供电。原型可佩戴在手臂上，以监测当前的运动状态。PEWH 可有效捕捉人体运动产生的能量，实现自供电和自感应运动检测。

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引用次数: 0

Instability flow mechanism of ultra-high head pumped-storage units during turbine runaway process 超高水头抽水蓄能机组在水轮机失控过程中的不稳定流动机制

IF 7.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2024-10-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2024.104028

Jialiang Yang , Xiaolong Fu , Deyou Li , Jingwei Lv , Hongjie Wang , Xianzhu Wei

Ultra-high head pumped-storage units (PSUs) have longer upstream and downstream pipelines and more complex internal flows than those of conventional head units. This complexity increases the difficulty of simulating transient flows in ultra-high head pump-turbines (PTs). When numerically studying the transition process of an ultra-high head PSU, determining accurate time-varying boundary conditions and analyzing complex pressure pulsations is crucial. In this study, one- and three-dimensional (1D-3D) coupled computational approach was employed to simulate the turbine runaway process (TRP). The short-time Fourier transform (STFT) method was used to analyze the time–frequency characteristics of the transient pressure, revealing the formation mechanism of each pressure pulsation component. In addition to the pressure pulsation components that occur during the TRP in conventional head PTs, a novel pressure pulsation component was revealed. This component, extended from low frequency to high frequency and had a higher amplitude at 25 ∼ 27 times the rotational frequency, was induced by transient flowrate pulsations. This could significantly exacerbate the pulsation of the axial force. The findings provide a reference for the subsequent research and development of ultra-high head PSUs.

与传统水头机组相比，超高水头抽水蓄能机组（PSU）的上下游管道更长，内部流动更复杂。这种复杂性增加了模拟超高水头抽水蓄能机组（PT）瞬态流动的难度。在对超高扬程 PSU 的过渡过程进行数值研究时，确定准确的时变边界条件和分析复杂的压力脉动至关重要。本研究采用一维和三维（1D-3D）耦合计算方法模拟水轮机失控过程（TRP）。采用短时傅里叶变换（STFT）方法分析了瞬态压力的时频特征，揭示了各压力脉动成分的形成机理。除了传统头部 PT 在 TRP 期间出现的压力脉动成分外，还发现了一种新的压力脉动成分。该成分由低频向高频延伸，振幅较高，为旋转频率的 25 ∼ 27 倍，由瞬态流速脉动诱发。这可能会大大加剧轴向力的脉动。研究结果为后续超高扬程 PSU 的研发提供了参考。

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引用次数: 0

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in relation to environmental life-cycle assessment, photovoltaics, smart grids and small-island economies 人工智能（AI）与环境生命周期评估、光伏、智能电网和小岛屿经济的关系

IF 7.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2024.104005

Chr. Lamnatou , C. Cristofari , D. Chemisana

Considering the gaps in the literature on Artificial Intelligence (AI) modelling, this article aims to: i) present models that combine AI and environmental Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), ii) analyse the role of AI in photovoltaics, smart grids and small-island economies. The methodology used is based upon selection of publications and analysis. Regarding LCA/AI models, the results show that AI can anticipate environmental impacts but model performance depends on the amount of data available. LCA/AI models can be used for eco-design and decision-making. However, it is necessary to develop standardised methodologies to evaluate AI environmental impacts. Regarding AI and photovoltaics, AI provides remarkably interesting applications: design, optimisation and prediction of parameters related to different kinds of photovoltaics (concentrating, building-integrated, etc.). As for AI and smart grids, AI offers advantages such as integration of intermittent renewable energy sources and decentralised-grid management. With respect to AI and small-island economies, factors such as effective energy storage, energy plans and estimation of the degree of susceptibility to disasters are important. Generally speaking, and considering the above-mentioned issues, it can be argued that AI poses multiple challenges: machine-learning models on a large-scale basis; the internet of things; options to reduce negative environmental impacts and so on.

考虑到人工智能（AI）建模方面的文献空白，本文旨在：i）介绍人工智能与环境生命周期评估（LCA）相结合的模型；ii）分析人工智能在光伏、智能电网和小岛屿经济中的作用。所使用的方法基于对出版物的选择和分析。关于生命周期评估/人工智能模型，结果表明，人工智能可以预测环境影响，但模型的性能取决于可用数据的数量。生命周期评估/人工智能模型可用于生态设计和决策。不过，有必要制定标准化方法来评估人工智能对环境的影响。关于人工智能和光伏技术，人工智能提供了非常有趣的应用：设计、优化和预测与不同种类光伏技术（聚光、建筑一体化等）相关的参数。至于人工智能和智能电网，人工智能具有整合间歇性可再生能源和分散式电网管理等优势。在人工智能和小岛屿经济方面，有效的能源储存、能源计划和对灾害易感程度的估计等因素都很重要。总体而言，考虑到上述问题，可以说人工智能带来了多重挑战：大规模机器学习模型、物联网、减少负面环境影响的方案等。

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引用次数: 0

Towards wind farm droop-inertia feasible region assessment: A state space transformation approach considering power system dynamics 风力发电厂下降惯性可行区域评估：考虑电力系统动态的状态空间转换方法

IF 7.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2024.103961

Zhongguan Wang, Jiachen Liu, Li Guo, Xialin Li, Yixin Liu, Chengshan Wang

Increasing penetration of renewable resources integrated into power systems has necessitated frequency support from wind farms. Considering the complex interaction of wind turbines (WTs) and time-variant frequency dynamics of power systems, it is necessary to assess the primary frequency regulation (PFR) capability and construct feasible regions for wind farms. In order to cope with the challenges of incomplete parameters in physical-based methods and inadequate interpretability in existing data-driven methods, this paper develops a data-driven state space transformation model for wind farms to construct feasible regions of droop and inertia coefficients. Meanwhile, the optimal coefficients are determined by using an alternative direction search (ADS) scheme, which are utilized to construct approximate feasible region with high solution efficiency. Furthermore, a coordinated iteration framework between system operator and multiple wind farms is proposed to fully exploit the frequency support capability. The simulation results validate that the proposed method has the advantages of fast analytical solving, independence from physical parameters, and lower requirements of training data.

可再生资源在电力系统中的渗透率越来越高，这就需要风电场提供频率支持。考虑到风力涡轮机（WTs）与电力系统时变频率动态之间复杂的相互作用，有必要评估一次频率调节（PFR）能力，并为风电场构建可行区域。为了应对基于物理方法的参数不完整和现有数据驱动方法可解释性不足的挑战，本文建立了数据驱动的风电场状态空间变换模型，以构建下垂系数和惯性系数的可行区域。同时，采用替代方向搜索（ADS）方案确定最佳系数，并利用该方案构建近似可行区域，具有较高的求解效率。此外，还提出了系统运营商与多个风电场之间的协调迭代框架，以充分利用频率支持能力。仿真结果验证了所提出的方法具有快速分析求解、独立于物理参数、对训练数据要求较低等优点。

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引用次数: 0

Modeling, assessment and characterization of soiling on PV Technologies. Toward a Better understanding of the Relation between dust deposition and performance losses 光伏技术污垢的建模、评估和特征描述。更好地理解灰尘沉积与性能损失之间的关系

IF 7.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2024.104023

Maryam Mehdi , Ricardo Conceição , Nabil Ammari , Ahmed Alami Merrouni , José González-Aguilar , Mohamed Dahmani

Soiling is a critical, site-specific challenge that affects the performance and economic viability of photovoltaic power plants. This study evaluates the effectiveness of an outdoor microscopy method under the specific climatic conditions and dust composition of the Mid-south region of Morocco. Semi-empirical models were developed to correlate the Soiling Coverage Index with losses in optical and electrical performance. Additionally, a comprehensive analysis of local dust, encompassing its chemical composition, morphology, and size distribution, was conducted. Results indicate quartz as the predominant mineral in Benguerir city’s dust particles, with diameters ranging from 0 μm to 26 μm. Additionally, following a 2-week exposure with no rainfall, a dust density of 2.5 g/m2 accumulated on the deployed glass coupons, resulting in a soiling ratio of 6.9 % and a relative transmittance loss of 15.19 %. The surface coverage index, as calculated by the outdoor microscope, was 9.16 %. Furthermore, the evaluation of this metric revealed strong positive correlations (r² = 0.95 to 0.99) with key soiling indicators such as dust density, soiling ratio, and transmittance loss. These findings underscore the efficacy of the outdoor microscope as a fast, low-cost, and reliable soiling monitoring sensor, offering valuable insights for future monitoring and mitigation efforts.

污垢是影响光伏电站性能和经济可行性的一个关键性、因地制宜的挑战。本研究评估了摩洛哥中南部地区特定气候条件和灰尘成分下户外显微镜方法的有效性。研究人员开发了半经验模型，将污垢覆盖指数与光学和电气性能损失联系起来。此外，还对当地灰尘进行了全面分析，包括其化学成分、形态和粒度分布。结果表明，石英是本盖尔市灰尘颗粒中最主要的矿物，直径从 0 微米到 26 微米不等。此外，在无降雨的情况下，经过两周的曝晒后，已部署的玻璃样品板上积累了 2.5 克/平方米的灰尘密度，导致脏污率为 6.9%，相对透光率损失为 15.19%。室外显微镜计算得出的表面覆盖指数为 9.16%。此外，对这一指标的评估显示，它与灰尘密度、脏污率和透光率损失等主要脏污指标之间存在很强的正相关性（r2 = 0.95 至 0.99）。这些发现强调了室外显微镜作为快速、低成本和可靠的脏污监测传感器的功效，为未来的监测和缓解工作提供了宝贵的见解。

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引用次数: 0

Exergy and techno-economic evaluation of solar-driven coal gasification coupled CLHG cogeneration system 太阳能驱动煤气化耦合 CLHG 热电联产系统的能效和技术经济评价

IF 7.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2024-10-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2024.104008

Jie Li, Lin Zhu, Yue Huang, Qiang Hao, Xingyan Zeng, Chaoli Zhang

To diversify the energy supply for the gasification process, as well as to improve the high carbon emission problem of coal combustion for heat supply in the conventional gasification process and to improve the performance of the gasification system, this work proposes a solar/autothermal gasification coupled with a chemical looping hydrogen generation (CLHG) system for the stable production of pure hydrogen and electricity with low-energy CO₂ capture. To evaluate and optimize the system more intuitively, a comprehensive exergy distribution analysis of the proposed system was carried out. The results show that the proposed system can achieve 47 % and 45.68 % of energy efficiency and exergy efficiency, and the exergy loss mainly comes from the solar collector and chemical looping reactor, which occupy 60.1 % and 21.3 % of the total exergy loss, respectively, and optimization recommendations are given. Analysis of the direct nominal irradiance (DNI) shows that the system has a carbon capture rate (CCR) of 97.6 % and a fuel energy savings rate (FESR) of 53.7 % which is 16.7 % higher than the reference system. The techno-economic analysis shows that the proposed system can achieve a levelized hydrogen cost of 1.71 $/kg, which validates the economic feasibility of the solar hydrogen production system.

为了使气化过程的能源供应多样化，同时改善传统气化过程中燃煤供热的高碳排放问题，并提高气化系统的性能，本研究提出了一种太阳能/自热气化与化学循环制氢（CLHG）系统耦合的方法，在低能耗捕集二氧化碳的同时稳定生产纯氢和电力。为了更直观地评估和优化该系统，对拟议系统进行了全面的能效分布分析。结果表明，拟建系统的能效和放能效率分别可达到 47 % 和 45.68 %，放能损失主要来自太阳能集热器和化学循环反应器，分别占总放能损失的 60.1 % 和 21.3 %，并给出了优化建议。对直接名义辐照度（DNI）的分析表明，该系统的碳捕获率（CCR）为 97.6%，燃料节能率（FESR）为 53.7%，比参考系统高出 16.7%。技术经济分析表明，拟议系统的氢气平准化成本为 1.71 美元/千克，验证了太阳能制氢系统的经济可行性。

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引用次数: 0

A high-accuracy model of gas network for dynamic analysis of electricity-gas energy flow 用于电力-天然气能量流动态分析的高精度天然气网络模型

IF 7.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2024-10-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2024.104018

Zehua Yin , Xiaoqing Han , Tingjun Li , Xinfang Zhang , Wenchuan Wu

Accurate simulation of the dynamic energy flow is crucial for the reliability and economics of the integrated electric and gas systems (IEGS). In order to simplify the complex partial differential equations (PDEs) in the gas dynamics, previous studies have typically approximated the flow coefficients in the PDEs as fixed values. However, the flow coefficients vary significantly with the operating state of the IEGS, and ignoring this variation could lead to inaccurate modeling. In this paper, the expression for the flow coefficients is derived and the gas dynamics PDEs are transformed into variable coefficient partial differential equations (VC-PDEs). To solve the proposed VC-PDEs, a three-stage leapfrog finite difference method (TL-FDM) is developed, which updates the flow coefficients in real-time during the solution process, thus enabling high-accuracy simulation of the gas flow model. The consistency and stability of the proposed model are proven theoretically. In addition, an IEGS optimal scheduling model is developed based on the proposed dynamic gas flow model, and the improvement of system flexibility and reliability through high-accuracy gas flow simulation is quantitatively analyzed. Case studies demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the proposed model in different systems.

动态能量流的精确模拟对于综合电力和天然气系统（IEGS）的可靠性和经济性至关重要。为了简化气体动力学中复杂的偏微分方程 (PDE)，以往的研究通常将 PDE 中的流量系数近似为固定值。然而，流动系数会随着 IEGS 的运行状态发生显著变化，忽略这种变化可能会导致建模不准确。本文推导了流量系数的表达式，并将气体动力学 PDE 转换为可变系数偏微分方程 (VC-PDE)。为了求解所提出的 VC-PDEs，开发了一种三级跃迁有限差分法（TL-FDM），在求解过程中实时更新流动系数，从而实现了气体流动模型的高精度模拟。理论证明了所提模型的一致性和稳定性。此外，还基于所提出的动态气体流量模型开发了 IEGS 优化调度模型，并定量分析了通过高精度气体流量模拟提高系统灵活性和可靠性的效果。案例研究证明了所提模型在不同系统中的准确性和效率。

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引用次数: 0

Life cycle climate performance of R410A and its environmentally friendly alternative working fluids in a heat pump system 热泵系统中 R410A 及其环保型替代工作液的生命周期气候性能

IF 7.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2024.104020

Yong Zhang, Zhao Yang, Yubo Chen, Hongxia He, Yanfeng Zhao

Heat pump technology utilizes a small amount of electricity and other energy sources to drive residential heat pump systems, achieving efficient utilization of environmental thermal energy such as air heat and geothermal energy. However, numerous scholarly investigations are available that delve into the quantitative environmental impact of heat pumps, particularly due to the utilization of high global warming potential (GWP) refrigerants. The Life Cycle Climate Performance (LCCP) method stands as a well-acknowledged method for assessing the carbon emission of heat pumps throughout their entire life, encompassing the stages from production to disposal. This paper compares the life cycle climate performance calculation results for R410A and its environmentally friendly alternative working fluids across six global cities using heat pumps as an example. From the perspective of life cycle climate performance, R32, R290, R452B, and R466A emerge as excellent candidates to replace R410A. Additionally, in countries with high emission factors, annual energy consumption becomes a crucial factor. In some countries with low emission factors, the use of R290 instead of R410A can even reduce life cycle climate performance by about 87.8%. In the future, as we contemplate the adoption of low-GWP environmentally friendly refrigerants, more efforts are required in addressing the transformation of grid emission factors and the development of efficient heat pump systems.

热泵技术利用少量电力和其他能源驱动住宅热泵系统，实现了对空气热能和地热能等环境热能的高效利用。然而，有许多学者对热泵对环境的定量影响进行了研究，特别是由于使用了全球升温潜能值（GWP）较高的制冷剂。生命周期气候性能（LCCP）方法是一种公认的评估热泵整个生命周期碳排放的方法，包括从生产到废弃的各个阶段。本文以热泵为例，比较了 R410A 及其环保型替代工作液在全球六个城市的生命周期气候性能计算结果。从生命周期气候性能的角度来看，R32、R290、R452B 和 R466A 是替代 R410A 的最佳候选产品。此外，在排放系数较高的国家，年能耗成为一个关键因素。在一些排放系数较低的国家，使用 R290 代替 R410A 甚至可以将生命周期气候性能降低约 87.8%。未来，当我们考虑采用低全球升温潜能值的环保制冷剂时，还需要在解决电网排放系数的转变和开发高效热泵系统方面做出更多努力。

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引用次数: 0

“Encapsulating” experts’ knowledge: An exploration of benefits, risks, barriers and future opportunities of PCMs 专家知识的 "封装"：探索 PCM 的益处、风险、障碍和未来机遇

IF 7.1 2区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments

Pub Date : 2024-10-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2024.103980

Dylan D. Furszyfer Del Rio , Dlzar Al Kez , Fadhli Wong B.M. Hasan Wong , Andrea Dolfi , Geetha Srinivasan , Aoife M. Foley

Phase change materials (PCMs) can store high densities of thermal energy and possess strong heat transmission qualities. Given their diverse properties, these materials are well-suited for managing thermal energy in various applications This study focuses on battery thermal management systems (BTMS), where PCMs can regulate temperature variations in BTMS without needing external energy input to operate. However, despite their unique applications, PCMs application in BTMS remains limited. This research seeks to answer four important questions considering net-zero targets. What are the main advantages of PCMS in BTMS, what are their main drawbacks, which are the best means to combat their disadvantages and which are the key barriers to commercialising PCMs? These questions are addressed through a mixed-method approach, including a targeted literature review and 16 expert interviews with stakeholders from the industrial and academic sectors. The key conclusions emerging from professional public opinions and the literature analysis suggest that commercial barriers to PCM deployment are dominated by a lack of research examining the performance of these materials in the long term and a pervasive lack of interest from the automotive industry and Tier 1 battery pack suppliers in adopting PCMs.

相变材料（PCM）可以存储高密度的热能，并具有很强的热传导性能。本研究重点关注电池热管理系统（BTMS），在该系统中，PCM 可以调节 BTMS 中的温度变化，而无需外部能量输入即可运行。然而，尽管 PCM 应用独特，但其在 BTMS 中的应用仍然有限。考虑到净零排放目标，本研究试图回答四个重要问题。PCMS 在 BTMS 中的主要优势是什么，主要缺点是什么，克服其缺点的最佳方法是什么，以及 PCMs 商业化的主要障碍是什么？这些问题将通过混合方法加以解决，包括有针对性的文献综述以及与工业和学术界利益相关者进行的 16 次专家访谈。从专业公众意见和文献分析中得出的主要结论表明，PCM 应用的商业障碍主要是缺乏对这些材料长期性能的研究，以及汽车行业和一级电池组供应商普遍对采用 PCM 缺乏兴趣。

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引用次数: 0