Pub Date : 2025-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2025.104793
Sujin Park, Hakyeong Lee, Junhyung Kang, Hwasup Song
Greenhouse gas emissions from sustainable aviation fuel production are quantified from a life cycle assessment perspective, assuming domestic resources in South Korea, i.e., microalgae and food waste, processed via hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids pathway. The results indicate that under current technological conditions, sustainable aviation fuel production through this pathway results in 84.7–94.2 gCO2eq/MJ of greenhouse gas emissions, compared to 85.1 gCO2eq/MJ for conventional fossil-based jet fuel. Therefore, these alternatives are not yet favorable decarbonization options, given their marginal improvement or even potential worsening of emissions. A detailed process-level breakdown is provided to emphasize the need for technical advancements across the production chain. Significant greenhouse gas reductions could be achieved by lowering the carbon intensity of the national electricity grid, resulting in as much as 24 gCO2eq/MJ reduction, and addressing methane leakage during energy recovery step to reduce another 8 gCO2eq/MJ, as the key production processes are highly energy-intensive. With the implementation of the proposed improvements, net greenhouse gas emissions could be substantially reduced, making these alternative fuels a more viable and attractive solution for the South Korean aviation sector.
{"title":"Assessing greenhouse gas emissions from microalgae-based and food waste-derived sustainable aviation fuels in South Korea","authors":"Sujin Park, Hakyeong Lee, Junhyung Kang, Hwasup Song","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104793","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104793","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Greenhouse gas emissions from sustainable aviation fuel production are quantified from a life cycle assessment perspective, assuming domestic resources in South Korea, i.e., microalgae and food waste, processed via hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids pathway. The results indicate that under current technological conditions, sustainable aviation fuel production through this pathway results in 84.7–94.2 gCO<sub>2eq</sub>/MJ of greenhouse gas emissions, compared to 85.1 gCO<sub>2eq</sub>/MJ for conventional fossil-based jet fuel. Therefore, these alternatives are not yet favorable decarbonization options, given their marginal improvement or even potential worsening of emissions. A detailed process-level breakdown is provided to emphasize the need for technical advancements across the production chain. Significant greenhouse gas reductions could be achieved by lowering the carbon intensity of the national electricity grid, resulting in as much as 24 gCO<sub>2eq</sub>/MJ reduction, and addressing methane leakage during energy recovery step to reduce another 8 gCO<sub>2eq</sub>/MJ, as the key production processes are highly energy-intensive. With the implementation of the proposed improvements, net greenhouse gas emissions could be substantially reduced, making these alternative fuels a more viable and attractive solution for the South Korean aviation sector.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 104793"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791956","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2025.104747
Himmet Erdi Tanürün , Abdussamed Yıldız , Mehmet Seyhan
This study experimentally investigates the influence of slot mechanisms on the power performance of a small-scale horizontal-axis wind turbine (ss-HAWT). A total of five rotor blade configurations were evaluated, including a baseline model (B1) and four slot-modified variants (M1–M4), each incorporating full- or partial-span (based on root-based, tip-based) slot geometries at distinct spanwise locations. The implemented slot mechanism was defined by three novel slot radii, the slot inlet pressure side radius (rp), the slot outlet suction side radius (rt), and the Coanda radius (rc), which were designed. Experiments were conducted in an open-test-section, blowing-type wind tunnel under two rotational speeds (300 and 400 rpm). Surface oil flow visualization (SOFV) was employed to analyze the blade surface flow topologies and identify regions of attached flow on both suction and pressure sides. The M1 configuration, featuring a full-span slot configuration, consistently demonstrated superior power coefficient (CP) values across all tip speed ratio (λ or TSR) values at 300 rpm. The full-span slot design (M1) yielded a maximum CP of 0.46 at λ = 3.9, corresponding to a 9.5 % improvement over B1 at 400 rpm. The results revealed that slot integration notably delayed flow separation and promoted surface attachment, particularly in the tip region, thereby extending high-efficiency operation to higher TSR regimes. The findings confirm that strategically slot mechanisms offer a robust aerodynamic improvement for ss-HAWT.
{"title":"Experimental investigation of partial-span slot effects on small-scale horizontal-axis wind turbines","authors":"Himmet Erdi Tanürün , Abdussamed Yıldız , Mehmet Seyhan","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104747","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104747","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study experimentally investigates the influence of slot mechanisms on the power performance of a small-scale horizontal-axis wind turbine (ss-HAWT). A total of five rotor blade configurations were evaluated, including a baseline model (B1) and four slot-modified variants (M1–M4), each incorporating full- or partial-span (based on root-based, tip-based) slot geometries at distinct spanwise locations. The implemented slot mechanism was defined by three novel slot radii, the slot inlet pressure side radius (r<sub>p</sub>), the slot outlet suction side radius (r<sub>t</sub>), and the Coanda radius (r<sub>c</sub>), which were designed. Experiments were conducted in an open-test-section, blowing-type wind tunnel under two rotational speeds (300 and 400 rpm). Surface oil flow visualization (SOFV) was employed to analyze the blade surface flow topologies and identify regions of attached flow on both suction and pressure sides. The M1 configuration, featuring a full-span slot configuration, consistently demonstrated superior power coefficient (C<sub>P</sub>) values across all tip speed ratio (λ or TSR) values at 300 rpm. The full-span slot design (M1) yielded a maximum C<sub>P</sub> of 0.46 at λ = 3.9, corresponding to a 9.5 % improvement over B1 at 400 rpm. The results revealed that slot integration notably delayed flow separation and promoted surface attachment, particularly in the tip region, thereby extending high-efficiency operation to higher TSR regimes. The findings confirm that strategically slot mechanisms offer a robust aerodynamic improvement for ss-HAWT.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 104747"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2025.104783
Feng Shuanglei , Song Zongpeng , Wang Zheng , Wang Yang , Fu Shenming
This study provides a national-scale projection of China’s photovoltaic (PV) potential by combining CMIP6 model accuracy assessment with long-term turning-point detection. Based on rate-of-change evaluation against historical observations, four models (ACCESS-CM2, ACCESS-ESM1.5, IPSL-CM6A-LR, and KIOST-ESM) are identified as most reliable, and their ensemble mean (MM4) is used to examine PV potential from 1984 to 2100. Under low- and medium-emission scenarios, PV potential shows sustained growth with turning points around 2034 and 2028. In contrast, under the high-emission SSP585 scenario, MM4 reveals a critical turning point in 2035 followed by a multi-decadal decline until 2094, driven by a dual temperature-induced constraint: direct reductions in PV module efficiency and indirect suppression of surface irradiance through enhanced water vapor and cloud optical effects. These radiative feedbacks ultimately dominate the long-term trajectory of PV potential under SSP585. Compared with MM4, the remaining models (MM11) yield more optimistic projections but likely overestimate future PV potential. Overall, the identified turning points reflect a shift from aerosol-driven brightening to warming-driven declines, underscoring the need for high-accuracy models and adaptive strategies under high-emission pathways.
{"title":"Projecting the evolutionary path of China’s photovoltaic potential using CMIP climate models","authors":"Feng Shuanglei , Song Zongpeng , Wang Zheng , Wang Yang , Fu Shenming","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104783","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104783","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study provides a national-scale projection of China’s photovoltaic (PV) potential by combining CMIP6 model accuracy assessment with long-term turning-point detection. Based on rate-of-change evaluation against historical observations, four models (ACCESS-CM2, ACCESS-ESM1.5, IPSL-CM6A-LR, and KIOST-ESM) are identified as most reliable, and their ensemble mean (MM4) is used to examine PV potential from 1984 to 2100. Under low- and medium-emission scenarios, PV potential shows sustained growth with turning points around 2034 and 2028. In contrast, under the high-emission SSP585 scenario, MM4 reveals a critical turning point in 2035 followed by a multi-decadal decline until 2094, driven by a dual temperature-induced constraint: direct reductions in PV module efficiency and indirect suppression of surface irradiance through enhanced water vapor and cloud optical effects. These radiative feedbacks ultimately dominate the long-term trajectory of PV potential under SSP585. Compared with MM4, the remaining models (MM11) yield more optimistic projections but likely overestimate future PV potential. Overall, the identified turning points reflect a shift from aerosol-driven brightening to warming-driven declines, underscoring the need for high-accuracy models and adaptive strategies under high-emission pathways.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 104783"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-19DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2025.104781
Chongtao Bai , Suhua Lou , Dan Yang , Shuhao Liang
The limited driving range of electric vehicle (EV) on long distance travel, such as highways, is a major barrier to their widespread adoption. The construction of highway charging stations has been an important development plan for governments. Analyzing and simulating the charging load on highways is essential for supporting the development of EV charging station and infrastructure. This paper examines the spatiotemporal distribution of highway traffic flow using a modified Cell Transmission Model, which is based on the fluid dynamics of traffic flow. Additionally, a charging load simulation method designed to handle excessive charging demand periods is introduced, utilizing the Stationary Backlog Carryover approach. This method effectively simulates the continuous backlog of EVs charging demand that frequently occurs during holidays and peak periods. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated using data from a highway in Shandong, China, highlighting its potential to support EV infrastructure planning and pricing strategy.
{"title":"Simulation of electric vehicle charging loads on highways considering fluid dynamics under traffic flow congestion","authors":"Chongtao Bai , Suhua Lou , Dan Yang , Shuhao Liang","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104781","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104781","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The limited driving range of electric vehicle (EV) on long distance travel, such as highways, is a major barrier to their widespread adoption. The construction of highway charging stations has been an important development plan for governments. Analyzing and simulating the charging load on highways is essential for supporting the development of EV charging station and infrastructure. This paper examines the spatiotemporal distribution of highway traffic flow using a modified Cell Transmission Model, which is based on the fluid dynamics of traffic flow. Additionally, a charging load simulation method designed to handle excessive charging demand periods is introduced, utilizing the Stationary Backlog Carryover approach. This method effectively simulates the continuous backlog of EVs charging demand that frequently occurs during holidays and peak periods. The validity of the proposed method is demonstrated using data from a highway in Shandong, China, highlighting its potential to support EV infrastructure planning and pricing strategy.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 104781"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2025.104786
Xuan Wang , Mingzhe Guo , Ziting Sun , Yi Pan , Shuangchun Yang
To address the issues of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage occupying large space and potential safety hazards such as leakage, underground hydrogen storage technology using hydrates has been widely regarded for its ability to provide large-scale, safe, efficient and long-term hydrogen storage solutions. This paper innovatively overcomes the limitations of traditional single-dimensional studies by constructing a cross-scale integration quantitative coupling relationship of “nucleation kinetics − phase characteristics − reservoir optimization.” Firstly, it clarifies the phase characteristics and temperature–pressure conditions of hydrogen hydrates, providing theoretical data for hydrogen storage applications; secondly, it focuses on kinetic mechanisms in bulk and confined spaces, revealing the synergistic effects of “pore size − surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity − fluid mobility” on nucleation in confined spaces; finally, it summarizes the mechanisms of hydrate-based hydrogen storage under reservoir conditions (marine reservoirs and permafrost layers). This innovation significantly differs from previous studies: earlier studies often investigated nucleation, phase characteristics, or reservoirs in isolation, and paid insufficient attention to the coupling effects of multiple factors in confined spaces and differentiated reservoir optimization. The main contribution of this research is the establishment of universal theoretical framework and differentiated strategies, providing key technical references and research paradigms for subsequent reservoir optimization and industrial applications.
{"title":"A Comprehensive review of underground hydrogen storage technology via hydrogen Hydrates: Analysis of nucleation Kinetics, phase characteristics and storage mechanisms","authors":"Xuan Wang , Mingzhe Guo , Ziting Sun , Yi Pan , Shuangchun Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104786","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104786","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To address the issues of high-pressure gaseous hydrogen storage occupying large space and potential safety hazards such as leakage, underground hydrogen storage technology using hydrates has been widely regarded for its ability to provide large-scale, safe, efficient and long-term hydrogen storage solutions. This paper innovatively overcomes the limitations of traditional single-dimensional studies by constructing a cross-scale integration quantitative coupling relationship of “nucleation kinetics − phase characteristics − reservoir optimization.” Firstly, it clarifies the phase characteristics and temperature–pressure conditions of hydrogen hydrates, providing theoretical data for hydrogen storage applications; secondly, it focuses on kinetic mechanisms in bulk and confined spaces, revealing the synergistic effects of “pore size − surface hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity − fluid mobility” on nucleation in confined spaces; finally, it summarizes the mechanisms of hydrate-based hydrogen storage under reservoir conditions (marine reservoirs and permafrost layers). This innovation significantly differs from previous studies: earlier studies often investigated nucleation, phase characteristics, or reservoirs in isolation, and paid insufficient attention to the coupling effects of multiple factors in confined spaces and differentiated reservoir optimization. The main contribution of this research is the establishment of universal theoretical framework and differentiated strategies, providing key technical references and research paradigms for subsequent reservoir optimization and industrial applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 104786"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2025.104762
Sheng Chen , Jian Zhang , Yi Liu
Setting up upstream double surge chambers (UDSC) is an effective pressure-mitigation arrangement for hydropower station with long headrace tunnel (HSLHT), and determining their critical stable sectional areas is essential for stable operation. This paper establishes the stability analysis model of HSLHT with UDSC. The stable domain of sectional areas of UDSC is drawn, and the inflection point corresponding to the minimum stable sectional area (Fc2min) of primary surge chamber (PSC) is proposed. The boundary curve of the stable domain consists of two curves intersecting at the inflection point, indicating the sectional area of PSC must be greater than Fc2min to ensure stability. Furthermore, the dynamic characteristics at the stable domain boundary are revealed. The water level oscillation of PSC is the superposition of the low-frequency oscillation mode with large amplitudes and medium-frequency oscillation mode with small amplitudes. Subsequently, the influence of the setting position of secondary surge chamber (SSC) on the stable domain is analyzed. As the SSC sets closer to PSC, Fc2min remains almost unchanged, while the corresponding stable sectional area of SSC decreases significantly. Finally, the analytical formula for the inflection point and design principle of stable sectional areas of UDSC are presented, providing support for engineering design.
{"title":"Critical stable sectional areas of upstream double surge chambers in hydropower station with long headrace tunnel","authors":"Sheng Chen , Jian Zhang , Yi Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Setting up upstream double surge chambers (UDSC) is an effective pressure-mitigation arrangement for hydropower station with long headrace tunnel (HSLHT), and determining their critical stable sectional areas is essential for stable operation. This paper establishes the stability analysis model of HSLHT with UDSC. The stable domain of sectional areas of UDSC is drawn, and the inflection point corresponding to the minimum stable sectional area (<em>F<sub>c</sub></em><sub>2min</sub>) of primary surge chamber (PSC) is proposed. The boundary curve of the stable domain consists of two curves intersecting at the inflection point, indicating the sectional area of PSC must be greater than <em>F<sub>c</sub></em><sub>2</sub><em><sub>min</sub></em> to ensure stability. Furthermore, the dynamic characteristics at the stable domain boundary are revealed. The water level oscillation of PSC is the superposition of the low-frequency oscillation mode with large amplitudes and medium-frequency oscillation mode with small amplitudes. Subsequently, the influence of the setting position of secondary surge chamber (SSC) on the stable domain is analyzed. As the SSC sets closer to PSC, <em>F<sub>c</sub></em><sub>2min</sub> remains almost unchanged, while the corresponding stable sectional area of SSC decreases significantly. Finally, the analytical formula for the inflection point and design principle of stable sectional areas of UDSC are presented, providing support for engineering design.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 104762"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2025.104780
Nicolas Tauveron , David Haubensack , Pierre Dumoulin , Nicolas Alpy
This article presents the main results of a three-year R&D program on the coupling of a Small Modular Reactor (SMR) nuclear unit to a hydrogen production process using High-Temperature Steam Electrolysis (HTSE). Different coupling architectures are investigated and their energetic evaluation is performed in comparison with a reference configuration. The separate effects that are considered are comprehensive and include: thermal coupling (with or without, unidirectional or bidirectional − modulo internal heat recovery effort in the HTSE process itself), direct or indirect steam supply, location of the Rankine cycle extraction point, pressurization of the HTSE (with or without mechanical energy recovery through gas expansion) and oxygen content (impact of the swept gas). Remarkably, the simulation results obtained on the reference configuration show a gain of over 13% in hydrogen production compared with the solution involving no thermal coupling between the SMR and the HTSE process (when HTSE heat is provided through electrical heaters), with a deviation as low as 3 % from an idealized configuration with freely available heat. It even outperforms the heat-pump solution by more than 4 %. These key energetic results were supplemented by other technical criteria, such as those relating to safety and technological maturity.
{"title":"Thermal coupling between a small modular nuclear reactor and a high-temperature steam electrolysis process: energy performance mapping of key design options","authors":"Nicolas Tauveron , David Haubensack , Pierre Dumoulin , Nicolas Alpy","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104780","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104780","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This article presents the main results of a three-year R&D program on the coupling of a Small Modular Reactor (SMR) nuclear unit to a hydrogen production process using High-Temperature Steam Electrolysis (HTSE). Different coupling architectures are investigated and their energetic evaluation is performed in comparison with a reference configuration. The separate effects that are considered are comprehensive and include: thermal coupling (with or without, unidirectional or bidirectional − modulo internal heat recovery effort in the HTSE process itself), direct or indirect steam supply, location of the Rankine cycle extraction point, pressurization of the HTSE (with or without mechanical energy recovery through gas expansion) and oxygen content (impact of the swept gas). Remarkably, the simulation results obtained on the reference configuration show a gain of over 13% in hydrogen production compared with the solution involving no thermal coupling between the SMR and the HTSE process (when HTSE heat is provided through electrical heaters), with a deviation as low as 3 % from an idealized configuration with freely available heat. It even outperforms the heat-pump solution by more than 4 %. These key energetic results were supplemented by other technical criteria, such as those relating to safety and technological maturity.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 104780"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growing adoption of photovoltaic (PV) systems emphasizes the demand for effective fault detection approaches for maintaining the system’s performance. Conventional methods, like electroluminescence imaging and infrared thermography, usually need manual intervention and are less suitable for large-rated and real-time fault studies. Hence, deep learning techniques, especially convolutional neural networks (CNN), have been proposed and confirmed to efficiently automate fault detection by preprocessing images and determining patterns associated with defects like cracks, hotspots, and soiling. In this paper, we have reviewed around 125 research papers, the various fault detection and classification methods based on generalized CNNs, advanced CNN architectures, transfer learning, generative adversarial networks, support vector machine, YOLO-based, advanced image processing, feature extraction, lightweight CNN, multi-attention and ensembling to handle data imbalance, and real-time detection, navigating them suitable for large-rated PV farm monitoring. Some benchmark datasets and the proper deep learning model selection for optimized PV fault detection for a specific application context is discussed in detail. Despite advancements, practical drawbacks and challenges, such as unbalanced datasets, massive computations, and the necessity for lightweight architectures, have also been studied in detail. This study presents a practical feasibility of Deep learning-based hardware accelerator for VGG16 for real-time solar fault detection, optimizing throughput, memory, and scalability using drone-captured IR images. The paper concludes by providing future research directions on real-time deployment, combining IoT-based monitoring with cutting-edge lightweight CNN models to improve the expandability and efficiency of solar fault detection systems.
{"title":"Integrative deep learning architectures and convolutional neural networks for advanced fault classification in photovoltaic modules","authors":"Rayappa David Amar Raj , Rama Muni Reddy Yanamala , Archana Pallakonda , Jamshid Aghaei , Edris Pouresmaeil","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104725","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104725","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The growing adoption of photovoltaic (PV) systems emphasizes the demand for effective fault detection approaches for maintaining the system’s performance. Conventional methods, like electroluminescence imaging and infrared thermography, usually need manual intervention and are less suitable for large-rated and real-time fault studies. Hence, deep learning techniques, especially convolutional neural networks (CNN), have been proposed and confirmed to efficiently automate fault detection by preprocessing images and determining patterns associated with defects like cracks, hotspots, and soiling. In this paper, we have reviewed around 125 research papers, the various fault detection and classification methods based on generalized CNNs, advanced CNN architectures, transfer learning, generative adversarial networks, support vector machine, YOLO-based, advanced image processing, feature extraction, lightweight CNN, multi-attention and ensembling to handle data imbalance, and real-time detection, navigating them suitable for large-rated PV farm monitoring. Some benchmark datasets and the proper deep learning model selection for optimized PV fault detection for a specific application context is discussed in detail. Despite advancements, practical drawbacks and challenges, such as unbalanced datasets, massive computations, and the necessity for lightweight architectures, have also been studied in detail. This study presents a practical feasibility of Deep learning-based hardware accelerator for VGG16 for real-time solar fault detection, optimizing throughput, memory, and scalability using drone-captured IR images. The paper concludes by providing future research directions on real-time deployment, combining IoT-based monitoring with cutting-edge lightweight CNN models to improve the expandability and efficiency of solar fault detection systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 104725"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2025.104792
Yan Shu , Guoqing Li , Jianxin Teng , Zhenzong Wang , Xinglong Guo , Xiaodong Dong
Building solar power stations on saline-alkali land promotes clean energy and efficient land use. However, concerns exist about the potential impact of photovoltaic power stations on soil salinity in such areas. Elevated salinity may accelerate land degradation and affect surrounding farmland and groundwater systems. We selected the Dongji Photovoltaic Power Station located on coastal saline-alkali land in the Yellow River Delta as a case study. Through stratified soil sampling combined with meteorological observations and water-salt transport modeling, we analyzed the seasonal dynamics and drivers of soil salinity under the photovoltaic panels, in the gaps between them, and on natural land outside the station. The results indicate the following: (1) Photovoltaic arrays reduce under-panel salinity by 56% compared with natural land, maintaining a low soil salinity level throughout the year. (2) Soil salinity between solar panels varies seasonally: it is lower than that of natural land (April to August), slightly higher otherwise. (3) Shading reduces soil temperature and evapotranspiration, stabilizing under-panel soil salinity, while fluctuations in these parameters in inter-panel gaps drive its seasonal changes. This study confirms that photovoltaic panel coverage significantly alters soil salinity patterns, offering a scientific basis and optimized management strategies for integrated photovoltaic agriculture development on saline-alkali land.
{"title":"Photovoltaic plant reduced soil salinity under the panels by 56% in coastal saline lands","authors":"Yan Shu , Guoqing Li , Jianxin Teng , Zhenzong Wang , Xinglong Guo , Xiaodong Dong","doi":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104792","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.seta.2025.104792","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Building solar power stations on saline-alkali land promotes clean energy and efficient land use. However, concerns exist about the potential impact of photovoltaic power stations on soil salinity in such areas. Elevated salinity may accelerate land degradation and affect surrounding farmland and groundwater systems. We selected the Dongji Photovoltaic Power Station located on coastal saline-alkali land in the Yellow River Delta as a case study. Through stratified soil sampling combined with meteorological observations and water-salt transport modeling, we analyzed the seasonal dynamics and drivers of soil salinity under the photovoltaic panels, in the gaps between them, and on natural land outside the station. The results indicate the following: (1) Photovoltaic arrays reduce under-panel salinity by 56% compared with natural land, maintaining a low soil salinity level throughout the year. (2) Soil salinity between solar panels varies seasonally: it is lower than that of natural land (April to August), slightly higher otherwise. (3) Shading reduces soil temperature and evapotranspiration, stabilizing under-panel soil salinity, while fluctuations in these parameters in inter-panel gaps drive its seasonal changes. This study confirms that photovoltaic panel coverage significantly alters soil salinity patterns, offering a scientific basis and optimized management strategies for integrated photovoltaic agriculture development on saline-alkali land.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56019,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments","volume":"85 ","pages":"Article 104792"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145791961","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-17DOI: 10.1016/j.seta.2025.104782
Long Chen , Shengli Cai , Zhenkai Sun , Ren Jie Chin
A series of controlled flume experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of bathymetry-induced shear flow on the turbulent wake dynamics of a scaled three-bladed horizontal-axis tidal turbine. The velocity field and turbulence structure downstream of the rotor were measured using a three-dimensional Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV), enabling detailed characterization of transient turbulence intensity and Reynolds stress distributions. Turbulence intensity was used to assess spatial wake development, while turbulence anisotropy was quantified via the Lumley triangle framework. The results show that seabed-generated shear significantly modifies wake development, producing elevated turbulence near the lower blade tip and altered mixing patterns relative to uniform inflow. Lumley-triangle analysis reveals pronounced rod-like and, in some cases, quasi-one-component turbulence states—features not previously reported for bathymetry-affected turbine wakes. These anisotropic structures persist farther downstream in the lower wake and intensify as the rotor approaches the seabed. These findings highlight the critical role of environmental shear in shaping wake turbulence structure and underscore the importance of incorporating anisotropic turbulence modeling in predictive flow simulations.
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