The study of Neogene palaeoclimate supports our understanding of effects and consequences of current climate changes. However, many aspects and details of Miocene climate development are still unclear. Fossil leaves are a valuable and rich source of palaeoclimate proxy data. In this contribution, two Miocene leaf assemblages from eastern China, the Toupi flora and the Shengxian flora, were studied with respect to palaeoclimate and leaf economics. Whereas the Shengxian flora is dated to the lower Tortonian, the Toupi flora dates to approximately the border between Burdigalian and Langhian. For palaeoclimate, Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) was applied. In addition, Leaf Mass per Area (LM A ), an essential leaf trait strongly correlated to leaf longevity, was included and was calculated morphometri-cally. For both sites, the data indicated a principally warm and humid climate, with Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) values between 13 and 17 °C. Also, the LM A indicates evergreen vegetation for both sites, consistent with the identified fossils and palaeoclimate. For Shengxian, however, this study concludes there was a lower temperature in the cooler season. This might possibly indicate a stronger temperature seasonality for this site due to slight climate cooling and East Asian monsoon intensification from the middle to late Miocene
{"title":"Leaf trait data of two Miocene floras from eastern China and its palaeoclimate implications","authors":"Wenlong He, A. Roth-Nebelsick, Bainian Sun","doi":"10.26879/1262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1262","url":null,"abstract":"The study of Neogene palaeoclimate supports our understanding of effects and consequences of current climate changes. However, many aspects and details of Miocene climate development are still unclear. Fossil leaves are a valuable and rich source of palaeoclimate proxy data. In this contribution, two Miocene leaf assemblages from eastern China, the Toupi flora and the Shengxian flora, were studied with respect to palaeoclimate and leaf economics. Whereas the Shengxian flora is dated to the lower Tortonian, the Toupi flora dates to approximately the border between Burdigalian and Langhian. For palaeoclimate, Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) was applied. In addition, Leaf Mass per Area (LM A ), an essential leaf trait strongly correlated to leaf longevity, was included and was calculated morphometri-cally. For both sites, the data indicated a principally warm and humid climate, with Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) values between 13 and 17 °C. Also, the LM A indicates evergreen vegetation for both sites, consistent with the identified fossils and palaeoclimate. For Shengxian, however, this study concludes there was a lower temperature in the cooler season. This might possibly indicate a stronger temperature seasonality for this site due to slight climate cooling and East Asian monsoon intensification from the middle to late Miocene","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69148585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The hexactinellid sponges Teganium and Teganiella are widespread in Ordovi-cian, Devonian and Carboniferous strata in Laurentia, but have not previously been reported outside that palaeocontinent; some other members of the family Teganiidae are also restricted to Laurentia. The genus Teganiella in particular is considered to be a Laurentian endemic, with all species specialised for equatorial, shallow-water conditions. However, it is now clear that the diagnostic separation of Teganiella from Tega-nium was based on misunderstanding of the latter
{"title":"Teganium (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from the Middle Ordovician Castle Bank fauna of Avalonia (Wales, UK)","authors":"J. Botting, L. Muir, Junye Ma","doi":"10.26879/1247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1247","url":null,"abstract":"The hexactinellid sponges Teganium and Teganiella are widespread in Ordovi-cian, Devonian and Carboniferous strata in Laurentia, but have not previously been reported outside that palaeocontinent; some other members of the family Teganiidae are also restricted to Laurentia. The genus Teganiella in particular is considered to be a Laurentian endemic, with all species specialised for equatorial, shallow-water conditions. However, it is now clear that the diagnostic separation of Teganiella from Tega-nium was based on misunderstanding of the latter","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69148704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phylogenies with estimates of divergence times are essential for investigating many evolutionary questions. In principle, “tip-dating” is arguably the most appropriate approach, with fossil and extant taxa analysed together in a single analysis, and topology and divergence times estimated simultaneously. However, “node-dating” (as used in many molecular clock analyses), in which fossil evidence is used to calibrate the age of particular nodes a priori, will probably remain the dominant approach, due to various issues with analysing morphological and molecular data together. Here, we provide a list of 25 well-justified node calibrations for primate divergences, following best practices: 16 within Haplorhini, four within Strepsirrhini, one for crown Primates, and four for older divergences within Euarchontoglires. In each case, we provide a hard minimum bound, and for 22 of these we also provide a soft maximum bound and a suggested prior distribution. For each calibrated node, we provide the age of the oldest fossil of each daughter lineage that descends from it, which allows use of the “CladeAge” method for specifying priors on node ages. Dorien de Vries. Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK. (Corresponding author) d.devries@salford.ac.uk @PaleoDorien Robin M.D. Beck. Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK. r.m.d.beck@salford.ac.uk @robinmdbeck
系统发育与分化时间的估计对于研究许多进化问题是必不可少的。原则上，“尖端测年”可以说是最合适的方法，化石和现存的分类群在一次分析中一起分析，同时估计拓扑结构和分化时间。然而，“节点测年”(在许多分子钟分析中使用)，其中使用化石证据来先验地校准特定节点的年龄，可能仍然是主要的方法，因为同时分析形态学和分子数据存在各种问题。在这里，我们提供了灵长类分化的25个合理的节点校准列表，遵循最佳实践:Haplorhini中有16个，Strepsirrhini中有4个，crown灵长类中有1个，euarchontoglies中有4个更老的分化。在每种情况下，我们都提供了一个硬最小界，对于其中的22种情况，我们还提供了一个软最大界和一个建议的先验分布。对于每个校准的节点，我们提供了每个子谱系中最古老的化石的年龄，这允许使用“枝龄”方法来指定节点年龄的先验。多里安·德·弗里斯。英国曼彻斯特索尔福德大学科学、工程与环境学院生态系统与环境研究中心。(通讯作者)d.devries@salford.ac.uk @PaleoDorien Robin M.D. Beck。英国曼彻斯特索尔福德大学科学、工程与环境学院生态系统与环境研究中心。r.m.d.beck@salford.ac.uk @robinmdbeck
{"title":"Twenty-five well-justified fossil calibrations for primate divergences","authors":"D. de Vries, R. Beck","doi":"10.26879/1249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1249","url":null,"abstract":"Phylogenies with estimates of divergence times are essential for investigating many evolutionary questions. In principle, “tip-dating” is arguably the most appropriate approach, with fossil and extant taxa analysed together in a single analysis, and topology and divergence times estimated simultaneously. However, “node-dating” (as used in many molecular clock analyses), in which fossil evidence is used to calibrate the age of particular nodes a priori, will probably remain the dominant approach, due to various issues with analysing morphological and molecular data together. Here, we provide a list of 25 well-justified node calibrations for primate divergences, following best practices: 16 within Haplorhini, four within Strepsirrhini, one for crown Primates, and four for older divergences within Euarchontoglires. In each case, we provide a hard minimum bound, and for 22 of these we also provide a soft maximum bound and a suggested prior distribution. For each calibrated node, we provide the age of the oldest fossil of each daughter lineage that descends from it, which allows use of the “CladeAge” method for specifying priors on node ages. Dorien de Vries. Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK. (Corresponding author) d.devries@salford.ac.uk @PaleoDorien Robin M.D. Beck. Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK. r.m.d.beck@salford.ac.uk @robinmdbeck","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69148759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The beaver, genus Castor, is represented in North America today by Castor canadensis and in Eurasia by C. fiber. Historically, the fossil Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged North American beaver C. californicus has been considered a distinct species from C. canadensis due to its larger size. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the morphology of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged fossils of C. californicus differs from that of the extant C. canadensis. Specimens of fossil and extant Castor were compared using 2D geometric morphometrics of skull and dentary material and linear measurements of postcranial material to analyze morphological differences between species and determine whether C. californicus fits within the range of intraspecific variation seen in C. canadensis. Results show that C. canadensis is highly variable in both skull and postcranial morphology, and C. californicus falls largely within the range of variation seen within the extant species. The morphological similarities between the two species suggest that they can be treated as ecological analogs and may represent change in a single species through time, although a rigorous evaluation of whether they are conspecific will require more data. Kelly E. Lubbers. The Mammoth Site, Hot Springs, South Dakota 57747, USA and Department of Geosciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, USA. kellyl@mammothsite.org Joshua X. Samuels. Department of Geosciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, USA and Don Sundquist Center of Excellence in Paleontology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, 37614, USA. samuelsjx@etsu.edu
海狸，蓖麻属，今天在北美以加拿大蓖麻为代表，在欧亚大陆以蓖麻为代表。从历史上看，中新世到更新世早期的北美海狸化石加利福尼亚狸被认为是与加拿大狸不同的物种，因为它的体型更大。在本研究中，我们验证了中新世至更新世早期加利福尼亚加利福尼亚蝉化石的形态与现存的加拿大蝉不同的假设。化石标本和现存Castor比较使用2 d几何形态学的头骨和牙齿的材料和线性测量postcranial材料来分析不同物种形态差异,确定c californicus适合种内变异的范围在黄花。结果表明,c .黄花是高度可变的头骨和postcranial形态、和c californicus瀑布中的主要变化的范围内看到现存的物种。两个物种之间的形态相似性表明它们可以被视为生态类似物，并且可能代表单个物种随时间的变化，尽管对它们是否同种的严格评估将需要更多的数据。Kelly E. Lubbers。猛犸遗址，美国南达科他州温泉，57747;美国田纳西州约翰逊市，东田纳西州立大学地球科学系，37614。kellyl@mammothsite.org约书亚·塞缪尔斯。东田纳西州立大学地球科学系，美国田纳西州约翰逊市37614;东田纳西州立大学唐·桑德奎斯特古生物学卓越中心，美国田纳西州约翰逊市37614。samuelsjx@etsu.edu
{"title":"Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America","authors":"Kelly Lubbers, Joshua Samuels","doi":"10.26879/1284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1284","url":null,"abstract":"The beaver, genus Castor, is represented in North America today by Castor canadensis and in Eurasia by C. fiber. Historically, the fossil Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged North American beaver C. californicus has been considered a distinct species from C. canadensis due to its larger size. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the morphology of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged fossils of C. californicus differs from that of the extant C. canadensis. Specimens of fossil and extant Castor were compared using 2D geometric morphometrics of skull and dentary material and linear measurements of postcranial material to analyze morphological differences between species and determine whether C. californicus fits within the range of intraspecific variation seen in C. canadensis. Results show that C. canadensis is highly variable in both skull and postcranial morphology, and C. californicus falls largely within the range of variation seen within the extant species. The morphological similarities between the two species suggest that they can be treated as ecological analogs and may represent change in a single species through time, although a rigorous evaluation of whether they are conspecific will require more data. Kelly E. Lubbers. The Mammoth Site, Hot Springs, South Dakota 57747, USA and Department of Geosciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, USA. kellyl@mammothsite.org Joshua X. Samuels. Department of Geosciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, USA and Don Sundquist Center of Excellence in Paleontology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, 37614, USA. samuelsjx@etsu.edu","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69148959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Haug, S. van der Wal, C. Gröhn, C. Hoffeins, H. Hoffeins, C. Haug
{"title":"Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae","authors":"J. Haug, S. van der Wal, C. Gröhn, C. Hoffeins, H. Hoffeins, C. Haug","doi":"10.26879/1212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1212","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69147880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Fischer, Antoine Laboury, Kamil Bernacki, Laurent Garbay, Y. Gillen, Charel Rollinger, Anjin Thill, R. Weis, B. Thuy
Despite abundant fossils, the quality of the fossil record of Early Jurassic marine reptiles strongly fluctuates with time and space. Pliensbachian strata have yielded very few marine reptile remains, especially outside of England, obscuring the evolution of marine reptiles during the middle part of the Early Jurassic. We report a new Pliensbachian locality from Luxembourg that contains abundant marine fauna and ichthyosaurian remains likely representing a single individual, composed of a partial snout, a possible surangular, two centra, and several ribs and gastralia. Ammonites and belemnites place this locality within the Valdani-Luridum Ammonite subzones of the Ibex Ammonite Zone, lower Pliensbachian. We assign the new ichthyosaur specimen to the clade Leptonectidae, using a combination of features from the snout and teeth. This specimen indicates that large neoichthyosaurians were present in multiple places of the European archipelago in all stages of the Early Jurassic and suggests that the ichthyosaurian faunae of western Europe remained essentially similar across the Sinemu-rian–Pliensbachian interval.
{"title":"A fragmentary leptonectid ichthyosaurian from the lower Pliensbachian of Luxembourg","authors":"V. Fischer, Antoine Laboury, Kamil Bernacki, Laurent Garbay, Y. Gillen, Charel Rollinger, Anjin Thill, R. Weis, B. Thuy","doi":"10.26879/1205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1205","url":null,"abstract":"Despite abundant fossils, the quality of the fossil record of Early Jurassic marine reptiles strongly fluctuates with time and space. Pliensbachian strata have yielded very few marine reptile remains, especially outside of England, obscuring the evolution of marine reptiles during the middle part of the Early Jurassic. We report a new Pliensbachian locality from Luxembourg that contains abundant marine fauna and ichthyosaurian remains likely representing a single individual, composed of a partial snout, a possible surangular, two centra, and several ribs and gastralia. Ammonites and belemnites place this locality within the Valdani-Luridum Ammonite subzones of the Ibex Ammonite Zone, lower Pliensbachian. We assign the new ichthyosaur specimen to the clade Leptonectidae, using a combination of features from the snout and teeth. This specimen indicates that large neoichthyosaurians were present in multiple places of the European archipelago in all stages of the Early Jurassic and suggests that the ichthyosaurian faunae of western Europe remained essentially similar across the Sinemu-rian–Pliensbachian interval.","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69148274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CT-scans of a cetacean pathological vertebra from the Calvert Formation of the Miocene Chesapeake Group of Maryland, show features characteristic of a shear-com-pression fracture with comminution and significant periosteal reaction. The etiology of the injury suggests an intense hyperflexion of vertebrae in at least the lumbar region of the axial column. The trauma was sufficiently forceful to break much of the lower two-fifths of the centrum away from the anterior end of the body of the vertebra. However, the trauma was not immediately fatal as significant fusion of fragmented elements was well underway at the time of death. Much of the lateral and ventral surfaces of the centrum are covered with a thick layer of periosteal reactive bone. This reactive periosteal bone growth could be due to spondyloarthritis, infection, or from the traumatic event itself, if the direct muscle attachments on the vertebra were avulsed. A single megatoothed shark tooth from Otodus megalodon was found with the vertebra. It is not known if the tooth came to be there serendipitously, or if it was associated predatory shark or macroraptorial physeteroid. In spite of extant cetaceans being subjected to anthropogenically-induced trauma, which include vessel-strike blunt force injuries of many different kinds, shear-compression fractures and periosteal reactions like the ones detailed here have not yet been reported in extant cetaceans. Therefore, we consider the fracture as likely due to an impact from a predator, such as Otodus megalodon , or possibly from seizures due to a harmful algal bloom and resulting domoic acid toxicity. In either scenario, the cetacean survived.
{"title":"A Miocene cetacean vertebra showing a partially healed longitudinal shear-compression fracture, possibly the result of domoic acid toxicity or failed predation","authors":"S. Godfrey, B. Beatty","doi":"10.26879/1171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1171","url":null,"abstract":"CT-scans of a cetacean pathological vertebra from the Calvert Formation of the Miocene Chesapeake Group of Maryland, show features characteristic of a shear-com-pression fracture with comminution and significant periosteal reaction. The etiology of the injury suggests an intense hyperflexion of vertebrae in at least the lumbar region of the axial column. The trauma was sufficiently forceful to break much of the lower two-fifths of the centrum away from the anterior end of the body of the vertebra. However, the trauma was not immediately fatal as significant fusion of fragmented elements was well underway at the time of death. Much of the lateral and ventral surfaces of the centrum are covered with a thick layer of periosteal reactive bone. This reactive periosteal bone growth could be due to spondyloarthritis, infection, or from the traumatic event itself, if the direct muscle attachments on the vertebra were avulsed. A single megatoothed shark tooth from Otodus megalodon was found with the vertebra. It is not known if the tooth came to be there serendipitously, or if it was associated predatory shark or macroraptorial physeteroid. In spite of extant cetaceans being subjected to anthropogenically-induced trauma, which include vessel-strike blunt force injuries of many different kinds, shear-compression fractures and periosteal reactions like the ones detailed here have not yet been reported in extant cetaceans. Therefore, we consider the fracture as likely due to an impact from a predator, such as Otodus megalodon , or possibly from seizures due to a harmful algal bloom and resulting domoic acid toxicity. In either scenario, the cetacean survived.","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69147715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Borisenko, O. Vinn, V. Grytsenko, I. Francovschi, Y. Zaika
The large collection of thin sections of stromatoporoids and corals from the Silurian of Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, and Komi Republic (Russian Federation) revealed several incidences of skeletal intergrowth between stromatoporoids/ corals and the other invertebrates. The stromatoporoids formed symbiotic associations with soft-bodied worms (Helicosalpinx and Chaetosalpinx), calcareous tentaculitoid tubeworms (microconchids, Cornulites, Conchicolites), and rugosans. Tabulate corals formed symbiotic associations with cornulitids. The studied stromatoporoid based associations are dominated by bioclaustrations of worms without mineral skeletons. Most likely non-mineralized invertebrates benefitted more from endobiotic life mode than invertebrates with mineralized skeletons as the latter already had protection on their own against predators. There was almost no difference in the number of symbiont taxa per host stromatoporoid species indicating that all studied stromatoporoids were rather similar in their tolerance towards different endobionts. Tamara Borisenko. Geological Survey of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. tamaraborisenko2@gmail.com Olev Vinn. University of Tartu, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia. olev.vinn@ut.ee Volodymyr Grytsenko. National Natural History Museum NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. favosites@ukr.net Ion Francovschi. University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Bucharest, Romania, and Institute of Geology and Seismology, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova. frankovski.ww@gmail.com Yury Zaika. Unitary Enterprise “Geoservice”, Maura 53, 220015, Minsk, Belarus. yu_z@tut.by
从乌克兰、摩尔多瓦、白俄罗斯和科米共和国(俄罗斯联邦)志留纪收集的大量叠孔虫和珊瑚的薄片显示，叠孔虫/珊瑚与其他无脊椎动物之间存在骨骼共生的现象。叠层孔虫与软体蠕虫(Helicosalpinx和Chaetosalpinx)，钙质触手状管蠕虫(microconchids, Cornulites, conconcolites)和rugosans形成共生关系。表状珊瑚与珠状珊瑚形成共生关系。所研究的以层孔虫为基础的关联主要是由没有矿物骨骼的蠕虫的生物闭锁。很可能非矿化的无脊椎动物比有矿化骨骼的无脊椎动物从内源性生活模式中受益更多，因为后者已经有了自己的保护来抵御捕食者。每个寄主层孔虫种的共生体类群数量几乎没有差异，表明所有研究的层孔虫对不同内生物的耐受性相当相似。塔玛拉Borisenko。乌克兰地质调查局，基辅，乌克兰。tamaraborisenko2@gmail.com Olev Vinn。塔尔图大学生态与地球科学研究所，爱沙尼亚塔尔图50411olev.vinn@ut.ee Volodymyr Grytsenko乌克兰国家自然历史博物馆，基辅，乌克兰。favosites@ukr.net Ion Francovschi。布加勒斯特大学，罗马尼亚布加勒斯特地质与地球物理学院，摩尔多瓦共和国地质与地震学研究所Chișinău。frankovski.ww@gmail.com Yury Zaika。统一企业“地球服务”，莫拉53,220015，明斯克，白俄罗斯。yu_z@tut.by
{"title":"Symbiosis in corals and stromatoporoids from the Silurian of Baltica","authors":"T. Borisenko, O. Vinn, V. Grytsenko, I. Francovschi, Y. Zaika","doi":"10.26879/1206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1206","url":null,"abstract":"The large collection of thin sections of stromatoporoids and corals from the Silurian of Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, and Komi Republic (Russian Federation) revealed several incidences of skeletal intergrowth between stromatoporoids/ corals and the other invertebrates. The stromatoporoids formed symbiotic associations with soft-bodied worms (Helicosalpinx and Chaetosalpinx), calcareous tentaculitoid tubeworms (microconchids, Cornulites, Conchicolites), and rugosans. Tabulate corals formed symbiotic associations with cornulitids. The studied stromatoporoid based associations are dominated by bioclaustrations of worms without mineral skeletons. Most likely non-mineralized invertebrates benefitted more from endobiotic life mode than invertebrates with mineralized skeletons as the latter already had protection on their own against predators. There was almost no difference in the number of symbiont taxa per host stromatoporoid species indicating that all studied stromatoporoids were rather similar in their tolerance towards different endobionts. Tamara Borisenko. Geological Survey of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. tamaraborisenko2@gmail.com Olev Vinn. University of Tartu, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia. olev.vinn@ut.ee Volodymyr Grytsenko. National Natural History Museum NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. favosites@ukr.net Ion Francovschi. University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Bucharest, Romania, and Institute of Geology and Seismology, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova. frankovski.ww@gmail.com Yury Zaika. Unitary Enterprise “Geoservice”, Maura 53, 220015, Minsk, Belarus. yu_z@tut.by","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69147815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the most recent three decades, there has been an outpouring of research on the preservation of cells and soft tissues within fossil bones. Cells and soft tissues that are documented to have been preserved in fossil bones include osteocytes, chondrocytes, blood vessels, nerve fibers, nerves, and the sheets of collagen in bone matrix. Recent studies identify Fenton reactions as a plausible preservation mechanism for cells and soft tissues within bones, document the chemical signatures of Fenton reactions in the cells and soft tissues of fossil bones, and indicate that such preservation occurs early in diagenesis and is facilitated by oxidizing depositional environments and by protection via external concretions and other factors. Additionally, recent advances in the study of archaeological bone have identified a suite of factors that enable a bone and its cellular and soft tissue contents to survive into the fossil record. Despite these advances, two unfortunate situations persist. One is that there is little connection between the literature on archaeological bone and the literature on fossil bone. The other is that the literature of science voices numerous misconceptions regarding the preservation of cells and soft tissues in fossil bones, many of which are rooted in young-Earth creationist (YEC) opposition to the hypothesized role of Fenton reactions. To alleviate these problems, this review corrects misconceptions and links studies of archaeological bone to studies of fossil bone, to elucidate the mechanisms by which cells and soft tissues are preserved in bones for hundreds, then thousands, then millions of years. Philip J. Senter. Department of Biological and Forensic Sciences, Fayetteville State University, 1200 Murchison Road, Fayetteville, North Carolina 28301, U.S.A, psenter@uncfsu.edu
{"title":"Cells and soft tissues in fossil bone: A review of preservation mechanisms, with corrections of misconceptions","authors":"P. Senter","doi":"10.26879/1248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1248","url":null,"abstract":"In the most recent three decades, there has been an outpouring of research on the preservation of cells and soft tissues within fossil bones. Cells and soft tissues that are documented to have been preserved in fossil bones include osteocytes, chondrocytes, blood vessels, nerve fibers, nerves, and the sheets of collagen in bone matrix. Recent studies identify Fenton reactions as a plausible preservation mechanism for cells and soft tissues within bones, document the chemical signatures of Fenton reactions in the cells and soft tissues of fossil bones, and indicate that such preservation occurs early in diagenesis and is facilitated by oxidizing depositional environments and by protection via external concretions and other factors. Additionally, recent advances in the study of archaeological bone have identified a suite of factors that enable a bone and its cellular and soft tissue contents to survive into the fossil record. Despite these advances, two unfortunate situations persist. One is that there is little connection between the literature on archaeological bone and the literature on fossil bone. The other is that the literature of science voices numerous misconceptions regarding the preservation of cells and soft tissues in fossil bones, many of which are rooted in young-Earth creationist (YEC) opposition to the hypothesized role of Fenton reactions. To alleviate these problems, this review corrects misconceptions and links studies of archaeological bone to studies of fossil bone, to elucidate the mechanisms by which cells and soft tissues are preserved in bones for hundreds, then thousands, then millions of years. Philip J. Senter. Department of Biological and Forensic Sciences, Fayetteville State University, 1200 Murchison Road, Fayetteville, North Carolina 28301, U.S.A, psenter@uncfsu.edu","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69148716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study of the rostral neurovascular system using CT scanning has shed new light on phylogenetic and palaeobiological reconstructions of many extinct tetrapods. This research shows a detailed description of the rostral neurovascular canals of Tyrannosaurus rex including the nasal, maxillary (dorsal alveolar), and mandibular (ventral alveolar) canals. Extensive comparisons with published descriptions show that the pattern of these canals in Tyrannosaurus is not unusual for a non-avian theropod. As in the non-avian theropod Neovenator, the maxillary canal shows several anastomoses of its branches. Differences from the plesiomorphic sauropsid condition are concentrated within the canal for the maxillary neurovasculature, which is primitively horizontal, tubular, and connected to a single row of supralabial foramina, whereas in Tyrannosaurus the main trunk of the canal is oriented more obliquely and dorsally displaced to give room to the deep tooth alveolae. As a result, the lateral branches that provide innervation and blood supply to the skin are dorsoventrally elongated compared to non-theropod taxa, and multiple rows of supralabial foramina are present. An overview of the literature suggests that the evolution of the trigeminal canals among sauropsids only weakly supports previous hypotheses of crocodile-like facial sensitivity in non-avian theropods (except, maybe, in semiaquatic taxa). More systematic studies of the rostral neurovascular canals in non-avian theropods may help answer the question of whether lips were present or not. Florian Bouabdellah. Universities of Poitiers, 15 Rue de l'Hôtel Dieu, TSA 71117, 86000 Poitiers, France. florian.bouabdellah@hotmail.com Emily Lessner. University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. ejlessner@mail.missouri.edu Julien Benoit. Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa, julien.benoit@wits.ac.za
利用CT扫描对吻侧神经血管系统的研究为许多已灭绝的四足动物的系统发育和古生物学重建提供了新的思路。本研究详细描述了霸王龙的鼻侧神经血管管，包括鼻、上颌(牙槽背侧)和下颌(牙槽腹侧)的神经血管管。与已发表的描述进行的广泛比较表明，暴龙身上这些沟渠的模式对于非鸟类兽脚亚目动物来说并不罕见。与非鸟类兽脚亚目Neovenator一样，上颌管显示出其分支的几个吻合处。与多形龙的不同之处在于上颌神经血管的管道内，它是原始的水平管状，与单排颚上孔相连，而暴龙的管道主干定向更斜，并向背侧移位，以便为深牙槽提供空间。因此，与非兽脚亚目动物相比，为皮肤提供神经支配和血液供应的侧支是背侧延长的，并且存在多行颚上孔。文献综述表明，蜥脚类动物三叉神经管的进化只能微弱地支持先前的假设，即非鸟类兽脚亚目动物具有类似鳄鱼的面部敏感性(可能半水生分类群除外)。对非鸟类兽脚亚目动物的吻侧神经血管管进行更系统的研究可能有助于回答嘴唇是否存在的问题。Florian Bouabdellah。普瓦捷大学，15 Rue de l'Hôtel Dieu, TSA 71117，法国普瓦捷86000。florian.bouabdellah@hotmail.com Emily Lessner。美国密苏里大学医学院，哥伦比亚，密苏里州，65211ejlessner@mail.missouri.edu朱利安·伯努瓦。威特沃特斯兰德大学进化研究所和地球科学学院，约翰内斯堡2050，南非，julien.benoit@wits.ac.za
{"title":"The rostral neurovascular system of Tyrannosaurus rex","authors":"Florian Bouabdellah, Emily J Lessner, J. Benoit","doi":"10.26879/1178","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1178","url":null,"abstract":"The study of the rostral neurovascular system using CT scanning has shed new light on phylogenetic and palaeobiological reconstructions of many extinct tetrapods. This research shows a detailed description of the rostral neurovascular canals of Tyrannosaurus rex including the nasal, maxillary (dorsal alveolar), and mandibular (ventral alveolar) canals. Extensive comparisons with published descriptions show that the pattern of these canals in Tyrannosaurus is not unusual for a non-avian theropod. As in the non-avian theropod Neovenator, the maxillary canal shows several anastomoses of its branches. Differences from the plesiomorphic sauropsid condition are concentrated within the canal for the maxillary neurovasculature, which is primitively horizontal, tubular, and connected to a single row of supralabial foramina, whereas in Tyrannosaurus the main trunk of the canal is oriented more obliquely and dorsally displaced to give room to the deep tooth alveolae. As a result, the lateral branches that provide innervation and blood supply to the skin are dorsoventrally elongated compared to non-theropod taxa, and multiple rows of supralabial foramina are present. An overview of the literature suggests that the evolution of the trigeminal canals among sauropsids only weakly supports previous hypotheses of crocodile-like facial sensitivity in non-avian theropods (except, maybe, in semiaquatic taxa). More systematic studies of the rostral neurovascular canals in non-avian theropods may help answer the question of whether lips were present or not. Florian Bouabdellah. Universities of Poitiers, 15 Rue de l'Hôtel Dieu, TSA 71117, 86000 Poitiers, France. florian.bouabdellah@hotmail.com Emily Lessner. University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA. ejlessner@mail.missouri.edu Julien Benoit. Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa, julien.benoit@wits.ac.za","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69147996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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