The Solnhofen archipelago of southern Germany has produced hundreds of fossils of pterosaurs in the last 250 years. In addition to recent descriptions and taxonomic revisions of existing specimens, new fossils continue to be uncovered and this includes important new material. In this paper we describe a mostly complete specimen of a ctenochasmatid pterosaur, which is one of the largest known pterosaurs from the Solnhofen area and one of the largest pterodactyloids in the Jurassic (wingspan estimated at c. 2.1 m). It also has one of the largest bony crests of any Jurassic pterosaur, and also has an unusual combination of short and spike-like teeth with an expanded frontoparietal crest that would have given it a strong bite despite the long and low skull. The nature of the specimen, mostly complete but almost entirely disarticulated, is unusual for the region. Despite well over two centuries of discovery, new pterosaurs continue to be discovered in these critical deposits that add to our knowledge of their diversity and ecology. David W.E. Hone. School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK. d.hone@qmul.ac.uk René Lauer. Lauer Foundation for Paleontology, Science and Education, Wheaton, Illinois, USA. rene@lauerfoundationpse.org Bruce Lauer. Lauer Foundation for Paleontology, Science and Education, Wheaton, Illinois, USA. bruce@lauerfoundationpse.org Frederik Spindler. Dinosaurier Museum Altmühltal, Dinopark 1, 85095 Denkendorf, Germany. mail@frederik-spindler.de
在过去的250年里，德国南部的索恩霍芬群岛出土了数百块翼龙化石。除了最近对现有标本的描述和分类修订外，还不断发现新的化石，其中包括重要的新材料。主要在本文中,我们描述一个完整的ctenochasmatid标本翼龙,这是一个已知的最大的翼龙Solnhofen面积最大的一个pterodactyloids侏罗纪(估计c翼展2.1米)。它还有一个最大的骨波峰的侏罗纪翼龙,也有一个不寻常的特殊短和牙齿扩大frontoparietal波峰,要求获得一个强大的咬尽管长和较低的头骨。标本的性质，大部分完整，但几乎完全脱节，是不寻常的地区。尽管经过了两个多世纪的发现，新的翼龙在这些重要的沉积物中不断被发现，这增加了我们对其多样性和生态学的了解。大卫·w·e·Hone。伦敦玛丽女王大学生物与行为科学学院，英国伦敦E1 4NS, Mile End Roadd.hone@qmul.ac.uk雷纳·劳尔。劳尔古生物学、科学与教育基金会，美国伊利诺斯州惠顿。rene@lauerfoundationpse.org布鲁斯·劳尔。劳尔古生物学、科学与教育基金会，美国伊利诺斯州惠顿。bruce@lauerfoundationpse.org弗雷德里克·斯平德勒。恐龙博物馆，德国登肯多夫，恐龙公园185095。mail@frederik-spindler.de
{"title":"Petrodactyle wellnhoferi gen. et sp. nov.: A new and large ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Late Jurassic of Germany","authors":"D. Hone, R. Lauer, Bruce Lauer, F. Spindler","doi":"10.26879/1251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1251","url":null,"abstract":"The Solnhofen archipelago of southern Germany has produced hundreds of fossils of pterosaurs in the last 250 years. In addition to recent descriptions and taxonomic revisions of existing specimens, new fossils continue to be uncovered and this includes important new material. In this paper we describe a mostly complete specimen of a ctenochasmatid pterosaur, which is one of the largest known pterosaurs from the Solnhofen area and one of the largest pterodactyloids in the Jurassic (wingspan estimated at c. 2.1 m). It also has one of the largest bony crests of any Jurassic pterosaur, and also has an unusual combination of short and spike-like teeth with an expanded frontoparietal crest that would have given it a strong bite despite the long and low skull. The nature of the specimen, mostly complete but almost entirely disarticulated, is unusual for the region. Despite well over two centuries of discovery, new pterosaurs continue to be discovered in these critical deposits that add to our knowledge of their diversity and ecology. David W.E. Hone. School of Biological and Behavioural Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK. d.hone@qmul.ac.uk René Lauer. Lauer Foundation for Paleontology, Science and Education, Wheaton, Illinois, USA. rene@lauerfoundationpse.org Bruce Lauer. Lauer Foundation for Paleontology, Science and Education, Wheaton, Illinois, USA. bruce@lauerfoundationpse.org Frederik Spindler. Dinosaurier Museum Altmühltal, Dinopark 1, 85095 Denkendorf, Germany. mail@frederik-spindler.de","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69148313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Hermanova, Martina Kočová Veselská, T. Kočí, M. Jäger, J. Bruthansová, R. Mikuláš
Bioerosion in three serpulid tubes of the (sub-)genera Cementula, Pyrgopolon (Septenaria), and Placostegus from the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin was studied by a combination of micro-computed tomography and vacuum cast-embedding technique producing polymer resin casts. Results gained from both methods were evaluated and compared in terms of material usability, destructive force, quality of the resulting image, and hardware/software requirements. The advantage of the micro-CT methodology is its non-destructiveness and the ability to make three-dimensional images, animations, and serial sections through the object; this method is suitable for most examined
{"title":"Comparison of methods: Micro-CT visualization method and epoxy cast-embedding reveal hidden details of bioerosion in the tube walls of Cretaceous polychaete worms","authors":"Z. Hermanova, Martina Kočová Veselská, T. Kočí, M. Jäger, J. Bruthansová, R. Mikuláš","doi":"10.26879/1255","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1255","url":null,"abstract":"Bioerosion in three serpulid tubes of the (sub-)genera Cementula, Pyrgopolon (Septenaria), and Placostegus from the Bohemian Cretaceous Basin was studied by a combination of micro-computed tomography and vacuum cast-embedding technique producing polymer resin casts. Results gained from both methods were evaluated and compared in terms of material usability, destructive force, quality of the resulting image, and hardware/software requirements. The advantage of the micro-CT methodology is its non-destructiveness and the ability to make three-dimensional images, animations, and serial sections through the object; this method is suitable for most examined","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"39 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69148396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The study of Neogene palaeoclimate supports our understanding of effects and consequences of current climate changes. However, many aspects and details of Miocene climate development are still unclear. Fossil leaves are a valuable and rich source of palaeoclimate proxy data. In this contribution, two Miocene leaf assemblages from eastern China, the Toupi flora and the Shengxian flora, were studied with respect to palaeoclimate and leaf economics. Whereas the Shengxian flora is dated to the lower Tortonian, the Toupi flora dates to approximately the border between Burdigalian and Langhian. For palaeoclimate, Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) was applied. In addition, Leaf Mass per Area (LM A ), an essential leaf trait strongly correlated to leaf longevity, was included and was calculated morphometri-cally. For both sites, the data indicated a principally warm and humid climate, with Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) values between 13 and 17 °C. Also, the LM A indicates evergreen vegetation for both sites, consistent with the identified fossils and palaeoclimate. For Shengxian, however, this study concludes there was a lower temperature in the cooler season. This might possibly indicate a stronger temperature seasonality for this site due to slight climate cooling and East Asian monsoon intensification from the middle to late Miocene
{"title":"Leaf trait data of two Miocene floras from eastern China and its palaeoclimate implications","authors":"Wenlong He, A. Roth-Nebelsick, Bainian Sun","doi":"10.26879/1262","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1262","url":null,"abstract":"The study of Neogene palaeoclimate supports our understanding of effects and consequences of current climate changes. However, many aspects and details of Miocene climate development are still unclear. Fossil leaves are a valuable and rich source of palaeoclimate proxy data. In this contribution, two Miocene leaf assemblages from eastern China, the Toupi flora and the Shengxian flora, were studied with respect to palaeoclimate and leaf economics. Whereas the Shengxian flora is dated to the lower Tortonian, the Toupi flora dates to approximately the border between Burdigalian and Langhian. For palaeoclimate, Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) was applied. In addition, Leaf Mass per Area (LM A ), an essential leaf trait strongly correlated to leaf longevity, was included and was calculated morphometri-cally. For both sites, the data indicated a principally warm and humid climate, with Mean Annual Temperature (MAT) values between 13 and 17 °C. Also, the LM A indicates evergreen vegetation for both sites, consistent with the identified fossils and palaeoclimate. For Shengxian, however, this study concludes there was a lower temperature in the cooler season. This might possibly indicate a stronger temperature seasonality for this site due to slight climate cooling and East Asian monsoon intensification from the middle to late Miocene","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69148585","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The hexactinellid sponges Teganium and Teganiella are widespread in Ordovi-cian, Devonian and Carboniferous strata in Laurentia, but have not previously been reported outside that palaeocontinent; some other members of the family Teganiidae are also restricted to Laurentia. The genus Teganiella in particular is considered to be a Laurentian endemic, with all species specialised for equatorial, shallow-water conditions. However, it is now clear that the diagnostic separation of Teganiella from Tega-nium was based on misunderstanding of the latter
{"title":"Teganium (Porifera, Hexactinellida) from the Middle Ordovician Castle Bank fauna of Avalonia (Wales, UK)","authors":"J. Botting, L. Muir, Junye Ma","doi":"10.26879/1247","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1247","url":null,"abstract":"The hexactinellid sponges Teganium and Teganiella are widespread in Ordovi-cian, Devonian and Carboniferous strata in Laurentia, but have not previously been reported outside that palaeocontinent; some other members of the family Teganiidae are also restricted to Laurentia. The genus Teganiella in particular is considered to be a Laurentian endemic, with all species specialised for equatorial, shallow-water conditions. However, it is now clear that the diagnostic separation of Teganiella from Tega-nium was based on misunderstanding of the latter","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69148704","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phylogenies with estimates of divergence times are essential for investigating many evolutionary questions. In principle, “tip-dating” is arguably the most appropriate approach, with fossil and extant taxa analysed together in a single analysis, and topology and divergence times estimated simultaneously. However, “node-dating” (as used in many molecular clock analyses), in which fossil evidence is used to calibrate the age of particular nodes a priori, will probably remain the dominant approach, due to various issues with analysing morphological and molecular data together. Here, we provide a list of 25 well-justified node calibrations for primate divergences, following best practices: 16 within Haplorhini, four within Strepsirrhini, one for crown Primates, and four for older divergences within Euarchontoglires. In each case, we provide a hard minimum bound, and for 22 of these we also provide a soft maximum bound and a suggested prior distribution. For each calibrated node, we provide the age of the oldest fossil of each daughter lineage that descends from it, which allows use of the “CladeAge” method for specifying priors on node ages. Dorien de Vries. Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK. (Corresponding author) d.devries@salford.ac.uk @PaleoDorien Robin M.D. Beck. Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK. r.m.d.beck@salford.ac.uk @robinmdbeck
系统发育与分化时间的估计对于研究许多进化问题是必不可少的。原则上，“尖端测年”可以说是最合适的方法，化石和现存的分类群在一次分析中一起分析，同时估计拓扑结构和分化时间。然而，“节点测年”(在许多分子钟分析中使用)，其中使用化石证据来先验地校准特定节点的年龄，可能仍然是主要的方法，因为同时分析形态学和分子数据存在各种问题。在这里，我们提供了灵长类分化的25个合理的节点校准列表，遵循最佳实践:Haplorhini中有16个，Strepsirrhini中有4个，crown灵长类中有1个，euarchontoglies中有4个更老的分化。在每种情况下，我们都提供了一个硬最小界，对于其中的22种情况，我们还提供了一个软最大界和一个建议的先验分布。对于每个校准的节点，我们提供了每个子谱系中最古老的化石的年龄，这允许使用“枝龄”方法来指定节点年龄的先验。多里安·德·弗里斯。英国曼彻斯特索尔福德大学科学、工程与环境学院生态系统与环境研究中心。(通讯作者)d.devries@salford.ac.uk @PaleoDorien Robin M.D. Beck。英国曼彻斯特索尔福德大学科学、工程与环境学院生态系统与环境研究中心。r.m.d.beck@salford.ac.uk @robinmdbeck
{"title":"Twenty-five well-justified fossil calibrations for primate divergences","authors":"D. de Vries, R. Beck","doi":"10.26879/1249","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1249","url":null,"abstract":"Phylogenies with estimates of divergence times are essential for investigating many evolutionary questions. In principle, “tip-dating” is arguably the most appropriate approach, with fossil and extant taxa analysed together in a single analysis, and topology and divergence times estimated simultaneously. However, “node-dating” (as used in many molecular clock analyses), in which fossil evidence is used to calibrate the age of particular nodes a priori, will probably remain the dominant approach, due to various issues with analysing morphological and molecular data together. Here, we provide a list of 25 well-justified node calibrations for primate divergences, following best practices: 16 within Haplorhini, four within Strepsirrhini, one for crown Primates, and four for older divergences within Euarchontoglires. In each case, we provide a hard minimum bound, and for 22 of these we also provide a soft maximum bound and a suggested prior distribution. For each calibrated node, we provide the age of the oldest fossil of each daughter lineage that descends from it, which allows use of the “CladeAge” method for specifying priors on node ages. Dorien de Vries. Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK. (Corresponding author) d.devries@salford.ac.uk @PaleoDorien Robin M.D. Beck. Ecosystems and Environment Research Centre, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Manchester, UK. r.m.d.beck@salford.ac.uk @robinmdbeck","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69148759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The beaver, genus Castor, is represented in North America today by Castor canadensis and in Eurasia by C. fiber. Historically, the fossil Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged North American beaver C. californicus has been considered a distinct species from C. canadensis due to its larger size. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the morphology of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged fossils of C. californicus differs from that of the extant C. canadensis. Specimens of fossil and extant Castor were compared using 2D geometric morphometrics of skull and dentary material and linear measurements of postcranial material to analyze morphological differences between species and determine whether C. californicus fits within the range of intraspecific variation seen in C. canadensis. Results show that C. canadensis is highly variable in both skull and postcranial morphology, and C. californicus falls largely within the range of variation seen within the extant species. The morphological similarities between the two species suggest that they can be treated as ecological analogs and may represent change in a single species through time, although a rigorous evaluation of whether they are conspecific will require more data. Kelly E. Lubbers. The Mammoth Site, Hot Springs, South Dakota 57747, USA and Department of Geosciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, USA. kellyl@mammothsite.org Joshua X. Samuels. Department of Geosciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, USA and Don Sundquist Center of Excellence in Paleontology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, 37614, USA. samuelsjx@etsu.edu
海狸，蓖麻属，今天在北美以加拿大蓖麻为代表，在欧亚大陆以蓖麻为代表。从历史上看，中新世到更新世早期的北美海狸化石加利福尼亚狸被认为是与加拿大狸不同的物种，因为它的体型更大。在本研究中，我们验证了中新世至更新世早期加利福尼亚加利福尼亚蝉化石的形态与现存的加拿大蝉不同的假设。化石标本和现存Castor比较使用2 d几何形态学的头骨和牙齿的材料和线性测量postcranial材料来分析不同物种形态差异,确定c californicus适合种内变异的范围在黄花。结果表明,c .黄花是高度可变的头骨和postcranial形态、和c californicus瀑布中的主要变化的范围内看到现存的物种。两个物种之间的形态相似性表明它们可以被视为生态类似物，并且可能代表单个物种随时间的变化，尽管对它们是否同种的严格评估将需要更多的数据。Kelly E. Lubbers。猛犸遗址，美国南达科他州温泉，57747;美国田纳西州约翰逊市，东田纳西州立大学地球科学系，37614。kellyl@mammothsite.org约书亚·塞缪尔斯。东田纳西州立大学地球科学系，美国田纳西州约翰逊市37614;东田纳西州立大学唐·桑德奎斯特古生物学卓越中心，美国田纳西州约翰逊市37614。samuelsjx@etsu.edu
{"title":"Comparison of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged Castor californicus (Rodentia: Castoridae) to extant beavers and implications for the evolution of Castor in North America","authors":"Kelly Lubbers, Joshua Samuels","doi":"10.26879/1284","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1284","url":null,"abstract":"The beaver, genus Castor, is represented in North America today by Castor canadensis and in Eurasia by C. fiber. Historically, the fossil Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged North American beaver C. californicus has been considered a distinct species from C. canadensis due to its larger size. In this study, we test the hypothesis that the morphology of Miocene to early Pleistocene-aged fossils of C. californicus differs from that of the extant C. canadensis. Specimens of fossil and extant Castor were compared using 2D geometric morphometrics of skull and dentary material and linear measurements of postcranial material to analyze morphological differences between species and determine whether C. californicus fits within the range of intraspecific variation seen in C. canadensis. Results show that C. canadensis is highly variable in both skull and postcranial morphology, and C. californicus falls largely within the range of variation seen within the extant species. The morphological similarities between the two species suggest that they can be treated as ecological analogs and may represent change in a single species through time, although a rigorous evaluation of whether they are conspecific will require more data. Kelly E. Lubbers. The Mammoth Site, Hot Springs, South Dakota 57747, USA and Department of Geosciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, USA. kellyl@mammothsite.org Joshua X. Samuels. Department of Geosciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee 37614, USA and Don Sundquist Center of Excellence in Paleontology, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, 37614, USA. samuelsjx@etsu.edu","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69148959","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
J. Haug, S. van der Wal, C. Gröhn, C. Hoffeins, H. Hoffeins, C. Haug
{"title":"Diversity and fossil record of larvae of three groups of lacewings with unusual ecology and functional morphology: Ithonidae, Coniopterygidae and Sisyridae","authors":"J. Haug, S. van der Wal, C. Gröhn, C. Hoffeins, H. Hoffeins, C. Haug","doi":"10.26879/1212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1212","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69147880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Fischer, Antoine Laboury, Kamil Bernacki, Laurent Garbay, Y. Gillen, Charel Rollinger, Anjin Thill, R. Weis, B. Thuy
Despite abundant fossils, the quality of the fossil record of Early Jurassic marine reptiles strongly fluctuates with time and space. Pliensbachian strata have yielded very few marine reptile remains, especially outside of England, obscuring the evolution of marine reptiles during the middle part of the Early Jurassic. We report a new Pliensbachian locality from Luxembourg that contains abundant marine fauna and ichthyosaurian remains likely representing a single individual, composed of a partial snout, a possible surangular, two centra, and several ribs and gastralia. Ammonites and belemnites place this locality within the Valdani-Luridum Ammonite subzones of the Ibex Ammonite Zone, lower Pliensbachian. We assign the new ichthyosaur specimen to the clade Leptonectidae, using a combination of features from the snout and teeth. This specimen indicates that large neoichthyosaurians were present in multiple places of the European archipelago in all stages of the Early Jurassic and suggests that the ichthyosaurian faunae of western Europe remained essentially similar across the Sinemu-rian–Pliensbachian interval.
{"title":"A fragmentary leptonectid ichthyosaurian from the lower Pliensbachian of Luxembourg","authors":"V. Fischer, Antoine Laboury, Kamil Bernacki, Laurent Garbay, Y. Gillen, Charel Rollinger, Anjin Thill, R. Weis, B. Thuy","doi":"10.26879/1205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1205","url":null,"abstract":"Despite abundant fossils, the quality of the fossil record of Early Jurassic marine reptiles strongly fluctuates with time and space. Pliensbachian strata have yielded very few marine reptile remains, especially outside of England, obscuring the evolution of marine reptiles during the middle part of the Early Jurassic. We report a new Pliensbachian locality from Luxembourg that contains abundant marine fauna and ichthyosaurian remains likely representing a single individual, composed of a partial snout, a possible surangular, two centra, and several ribs and gastralia. Ammonites and belemnites place this locality within the Valdani-Luridum Ammonite subzones of the Ibex Ammonite Zone, lower Pliensbachian. We assign the new ichthyosaur specimen to the clade Leptonectidae, using a combination of features from the snout and teeth. This specimen indicates that large neoichthyosaurians were present in multiple places of the European archipelago in all stages of the Early Jurassic and suggests that the ichthyosaurian faunae of western Europe remained essentially similar across the Sinemu-rian–Pliensbachian interval.","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69148274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
CT-scans of a cetacean pathological vertebra from the Calvert Formation of the Miocene Chesapeake Group of Maryland, show features characteristic of a shear-com-pression fracture with comminution and significant periosteal reaction. The etiology of the injury suggests an intense hyperflexion of vertebrae in at least the lumbar region of the axial column. The trauma was sufficiently forceful to break much of the lower two-fifths of the centrum away from the anterior end of the body of the vertebra. However, the trauma was not immediately fatal as significant fusion of fragmented elements was well underway at the time of death. Much of the lateral and ventral surfaces of the centrum are covered with a thick layer of periosteal reactive bone. This reactive periosteal bone growth could be due to spondyloarthritis, infection, or from the traumatic event itself, if the direct muscle attachments on the vertebra were avulsed. A single megatoothed shark tooth from Otodus megalodon was found with the vertebra. It is not known if the tooth came to be there serendipitously, or if it was associated predatory shark or macroraptorial physeteroid. In spite of extant cetaceans being subjected to anthropogenically-induced trauma, which include vessel-strike blunt force injuries of many different kinds, shear-compression fractures and periosteal reactions like the ones detailed here have not yet been reported in extant cetaceans. Therefore, we consider the fracture as likely due to an impact from a predator, such as Otodus megalodon , or possibly from seizures due to a harmful algal bloom and resulting domoic acid toxicity. In either scenario, the cetacean survived.
{"title":"A Miocene cetacean vertebra showing a partially healed longitudinal shear-compression fracture, possibly the result of domoic acid toxicity or failed predation","authors":"S. Godfrey, B. Beatty","doi":"10.26879/1171","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1171","url":null,"abstract":"CT-scans of a cetacean pathological vertebra from the Calvert Formation of the Miocene Chesapeake Group of Maryland, show features characteristic of a shear-com-pression fracture with comminution and significant periosteal reaction. The etiology of the injury suggests an intense hyperflexion of vertebrae in at least the lumbar region of the axial column. The trauma was sufficiently forceful to break much of the lower two-fifths of the centrum away from the anterior end of the body of the vertebra. However, the trauma was not immediately fatal as significant fusion of fragmented elements was well underway at the time of death. Much of the lateral and ventral surfaces of the centrum are covered with a thick layer of periosteal reactive bone. This reactive periosteal bone growth could be due to spondyloarthritis, infection, or from the traumatic event itself, if the direct muscle attachments on the vertebra were avulsed. A single megatoothed shark tooth from Otodus megalodon was found with the vertebra. It is not known if the tooth came to be there serendipitously, or if it was associated predatory shark or macroraptorial physeteroid. In spite of extant cetaceans being subjected to anthropogenically-induced trauma, which include vessel-strike blunt force injuries of many different kinds, shear-compression fractures and periosteal reactions like the ones detailed here have not yet been reported in extant cetaceans. Therefore, we consider the fracture as likely due to an impact from a predator, such as Otodus megalodon , or possibly from seizures due to a harmful algal bloom and resulting domoic acid toxicity. In either scenario, the cetacean survived.","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69147715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
T. Borisenko, O. Vinn, V. Grytsenko, I. Francovschi, Y. Zaika
The large collection of thin sections of stromatoporoids and corals from the Silurian of Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, and Komi Republic (Russian Federation) revealed several incidences of skeletal intergrowth between stromatoporoids/ corals and the other invertebrates. The stromatoporoids formed symbiotic associations with soft-bodied worms (Helicosalpinx and Chaetosalpinx), calcareous tentaculitoid tubeworms (microconchids, Cornulites, Conchicolites), and rugosans. Tabulate corals formed symbiotic associations with cornulitids. The studied stromatoporoid based associations are dominated by bioclaustrations of worms without mineral skeletons. Most likely non-mineralized invertebrates benefitted more from endobiotic life mode than invertebrates with mineralized skeletons as the latter already had protection on their own against predators. There was almost no difference in the number of symbiont taxa per host stromatoporoid species indicating that all studied stromatoporoids were rather similar in their tolerance towards different endobionts. Tamara Borisenko. Geological Survey of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. tamaraborisenko2@gmail.com Olev Vinn. University of Tartu, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia. olev.vinn@ut.ee Volodymyr Grytsenko. National Natural History Museum NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. favosites@ukr.net Ion Francovschi. University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Bucharest, Romania, and Institute of Geology and Seismology, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova. frankovski.ww@gmail.com Yury Zaika. Unitary Enterprise “Geoservice”, Maura 53, 220015, Minsk, Belarus. yu_z@tut.by
从乌克兰、摩尔多瓦、白俄罗斯和科米共和国(俄罗斯联邦)志留纪收集的大量叠孔虫和珊瑚的薄片显示，叠孔虫/珊瑚与其他无脊椎动物之间存在骨骼共生的现象。叠层孔虫与软体蠕虫(Helicosalpinx和Chaetosalpinx)，钙质触手状管蠕虫(microconchids, Cornulites, conconcolites)和rugosans形成共生关系。表状珊瑚与珠状珊瑚形成共生关系。所研究的以层孔虫为基础的关联主要是由没有矿物骨骼的蠕虫的生物闭锁。很可能非矿化的无脊椎动物比有矿化骨骼的无脊椎动物从内源性生活模式中受益更多，因为后者已经有了自己的保护来抵御捕食者。每个寄主层孔虫种的共生体类群数量几乎没有差异，表明所有研究的层孔虫对不同内生物的耐受性相当相似。塔玛拉Borisenko。乌克兰地质调查局，基辅，乌克兰。tamaraborisenko2@gmail.com Olev Vinn。塔尔图大学生态与地球科学研究所，爱沙尼亚塔尔图50411olev.vinn@ut.ee Volodymyr Grytsenko乌克兰国家自然历史博物馆，基辅，乌克兰。favosites@ukr.net Ion Francovschi。布加勒斯特大学，罗马尼亚布加勒斯特地质与地球物理学院，摩尔多瓦共和国地质与地震学研究所Chișinău。frankovski.ww@gmail.com Yury Zaika。统一企业“地球服务”，莫拉53,220015，明斯克，白俄罗斯。yu_z@tut.by
{"title":"Symbiosis in corals and stromatoporoids from the Silurian of Baltica","authors":"T. Borisenko, O. Vinn, V. Grytsenko, I. Francovschi, Y. Zaika","doi":"10.26879/1206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1206","url":null,"abstract":"The large collection of thin sections of stromatoporoids and corals from the Silurian of Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus, and Komi Republic (Russian Federation) revealed several incidences of skeletal intergrowth between stromatoporoids/ corals and the other invertebrates. The stromatoporoids formed symbiotic associations with soft-bodied worms (Helicosalpinx and Chaetosalpinx), calcareous tentaculitoid tubeworms (microconchids, Cornulites, Conchicolites), and rugosans. Tabulate corals formed symbiotic associations with cornulitids. The studied stromatoporoid based associations are dominated by bioclaustrations of worms without mineral skeletons. Most likely non-mineralized invertebrates benefitted more from endobiotic life mode than invertebrates with mineralized skeletons as the latter already had protection on their own against predators. There was almost no difference in the number of symbiont taxa per host stromatoporoid species indicating that all studied stromatoporoids were rather similar in their tolerance towards different endobionts. Tamara Borisenko. Geological Survey of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. tamaraborisenko2@gmail.com Olev Vinn. University of Tartu, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Ravila 14A, 50411 Tartu, Estonia. olev.vinn@ut.ee Volodymyr Grytsenko. National Natural History Museum NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine. favosites@ukr.net Ion Francovschi. University of Bucharest, Faculty of Geology and Geophysics, Bucharest, Romania, and Institute of Geology and Seismology, Chișinău, Republic of Moldova. frankovski.ww@gmail.com Yury Zaika. Unitary Enterprise “Geoservice”, Maura 53, 220015, Minsk, Belarus. yu_z@tut.by","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69147815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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