R. O'Flynn, Mark L. Williams, Meng-Chen Yu, T. Harvey, Yu Liu
We describe Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov., a new euarthropod from the lower Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 3) Chengjiang Lagerstätte, Southwest China. Fengzhengia mamingae possesses prominent frontal appendages, stalked, circular eyes, a simple, sub-triangular head shield, and a trunk with 15 tergites, the anterior nine each bearing a single medial axial spine. Limited evidence suggests biramous trunk appendages with paddle-shaped exopods. At the posterior end is a sub-triangular region, possibly a pygidium, articulated with a tail fan. The frontal appendage of F. mamingae resembles those of certain ‘great appendage’ arthropods and Isoxys. We test the affinities of F. mamingae by parsimony and Bayesian analyses and tentatively suggest that it is an early branch of Deuteropoda. We suggest that F. mamingae may have been a nektobenthic scavenger or predator, and its dorsal exoskeleton is notable for exhibiting defensive spines. Robert J. O’Flynn. Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China and School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK and MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China. rjof1@leicester.ac.uk http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9939-6321 Mark Williams. School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK and MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China. mri@leicester.ac.uk http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7987-6069 Mengxiao Yu. Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China and MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China, mengxiao.yu@mail.ynu.edu.cn https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3671-0584 O’FLYNN ET AL.: A NEW CHENGJIANG EUARTHROPOD 2 Thomas H.P. Harvey. School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK and MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China. thph2@leicester.ac.uk http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2717-7004 Yu Liu. Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China and MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China. yu.liu@ynu.edu.cn http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2346-740X (corresponding author)
本文描述了中国西南澄江Lagerstätte地区下寒武统(2系3期)中新真节肢动物Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov.。Fengzhengia mamingae有突出的正面附属物，有柄，圆形的眼睛，一个简单的，近三角形的头盾，和一个有15个牙体的躯干，前面的9个每个都有一个单一的内侧轴棘。有限的证据表明双生鼻附属物具有桨状的外足。在后端有一近三角形区域，可能为臀肌，与尾扇铰接。F. mamingae的正面附属物类似于某些“大附属物”节肢动物和Isoxys。通过简约性分析和贝叶斯分析，我们对F. mamingae的亲缘性进行了检验，初步认为它是后足动物的一个早期分支。我们认为f.m amingae可能是一种底栖动物或捕食者，其背部外骨骼具有明显的防御刺。罗伯特·j·奥弗林。云南大学古生物研究所云南省古生物重点实验室，云南昆明650500;英国莱斯特大学路莱斯特大学地理、地质与环境学院;云南大学MEC国际古生物与古环境联合实验室，云南昆明650500。rjof1@leicester.ac.uk http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9939-6321马克·威廉姆斯。英国莱斯特大学地理、地质与环境学院，英国莱斯特大学路，云南大学MEC国际古生物与古环境联合实验室，云南昆明650500。mri@leicester.ac.uk http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7987-6069于梦笑。云南大学古生物研究所云南省古生物重点实验室，650500昆明;云南大学MEC国际古生物与古环境联合实验室，650500昆明，mengxiao.yu@mail.ynu.edu.cn https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3671-0584 O’flynn ET AL.: A NEW CHENGJIANG EUARTHROPOD 2英国莱斯特大学地理、地质与环境学院，英国莱斯特大学路，云南大学MEC国际古生物与古环境联合实验室，云南昆明650500。thph2@leicester.ac.uk http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2717-7004刘宇。云南大学古生物研究所云南省古生物重点实验室，云南昆明650500;云南大学MEC国际古生物与古环境联合实验室，云南昆明650500。yu.liu@ynu.edu.cn http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2346-740X(通讯作者)
{"title":"A new euarthropod with large frontal appendages from the early Cambrian Chengjiang biota","authors":"R. O'Flynn, Mark L. Williams, Meng-Chen Yu, T. Harvey, Yu Liu","doi":"10.26879/1167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1167","url":null,"abstract":"We describe Fengzhengia mamingae gen. et sp. nov., a new euarthropod from the lower Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 3) Chengjiang Lagerstätte, Southwest China. Fengzhengia mamingae possesses prominent frontal appendages, stalked, circular eyes, a simple, sub-triangular head shield, and a trunk with 15 tergites, the anterior nine each bearing a single medial axial spine. Limited evidence suggests biramous trunk appendages with paddle-shaped exopods. At the posterior end is a sub-triangular region, possibly a pygidium, articulated with a tail fan. The frontal appendage of F. mamingae resembles those of certain ‘great appendage’ arthropods and Isoxys. We test the affinities of F. mamingae by parsimony and Bayesian analyses and tentatively suggest that it is an early branch of Deuteropoda. We suggest that F. mamingae may have been a nektobenthic scavenger or predator, and its dorsal exoskeleton is notable for exhibiting defensive spines. Robert J. O’Flynn. Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China and School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK and MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China. rjof1@leicester.ac.uk http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9939-6321 Mark Williams. School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK and MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China. mri@leicester.ac.uk http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7987-6069 Mengxiao Yu. Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China and MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China, mengxiao.yu@mail.ynu.edu.cn https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3671-0584 O’FLYNN ET AL.: A NEW CHENGJIANG EUARTHROPOD 2 Thomas H.P. Harvey. School of Geography, Geology and the Environment, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK and MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China. thph2@leicester.ac.uk http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2717-7004 Yu Liu. Yunnan Key Laboratory for Palaeobiology, Institute of Palaeontology, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China and MEC International Joint Laboratory for Palaeobiology and Palaeoenvironment, Yunnan University, 650500 Kunming, China. yu.liu@ynu.edu.cn http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2346-740X (corresponding author)","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69147103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When European settlers first arrived in Central Otago, New Zealand, in the 1850s, they found much of the region to be semi-arid, rocky, and treeless – at least partly due to fires after the arrival of Polynesians in the late thirteenth century or early fourteenth century. The condition of the vegetation rapidly deteriorated with the European introduction of grazing mammals (including sheep and rabbits), leading to a situation now, where it is difficult to understand what the ‘original’ vegetation was. However, rock overhangs (termed ‘shelters’ in this paper) accumulated dried vegetation in the prehuman mid-late Holocene. Much of this material appears to have been transported into the shelters as roosting material by the extinct giant moa birds. This record of dried vegetation, and sometimes the coprolites scattered through it, is therefore an important source of information about the pre-human vegetation, as well as the diet of the moa. The present study analyses samples of mid-late Holocene dried leaf material from 115 rock shelters, identifying the taxa on the basis of epidermal details of the leaf cuticle. Based on it being the only large tree in the area now, and the nearly ubiquitous presence of its leaves in the shelters, the most important plant in the area is considered to have been Sophora microphylla. Based on the size of old, relict, ‘champion’, trees in the area now, it likely formed a forest with a continuous, but low (perhaps 14 m) and open canopy over the study area. Other trees which were present and are entirely absent (or almost so) from the area now include Pittosporum tenuifolium and Pseudopanax ferox. They suggest more closed canopy forest, perhaps in more localized areas, but were subordinate to Sophora. However, other common plants included Carmichaelia, Rubus, and Hebe lycopodioides that are more suggestive of lower, open vegetation. There is no indication of a conifer component or of ‘wetter’ forest trees such as Nothofagus and Griselinia. Cuticle within the largest associated coprolites indicate that moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes) was ingesting a similar range of plants as the shelter material. Of particular interest is that moa clearly ate Sophora microphylla, the first evidence for this. Together these data suggest a Central Otago ecosystem where a low Sophora microphylla forest predominated and was utilized and perhaps maintained by moa. POLE: VANISHED-ECOSYSTEM 2 Mike Pole. Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane Botanic Gardens Mt Coot-tha, Mt Coot-tha Rd, Toowong, Australia murihiku@yahoo.com
{"title":"A vanished ecosystem: Sophora microphylla (Kōwhai) dominated forest recorded in mid-late Holocene rock shelters in Central Otago, New Zealand","authors":"M. Pole","doi":"10.26879/1169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1169","url":null,"abstract":"When European settlers first arrived in Central Otago, New Zealand, in the 1850s, they found much of the region to be semi-arid, rocky, and treeless – at least partly due to fires after the arrival of Polynesians in the late thirteenth century or early fourteenth century. The condition of the vegetation rapidly deteriorated with the European introduction of grazing mammals (including sheep and rabbits), leading to a situation now, where it is difficult to understand what the ‘original’ vegetation was. However, rock overhangs (termed ‘shelters’ in this paper) accumulated dried vegetation in the prehuman mid-late Holocene. Much of this material appears to have been transported into the shelters as roosting material by the extinct giant moa birds. This record of dried vegetation, and sometimes the coprolites scattered through it, is therefore an important source of information about the pre-human vegetation, as well as the diet of the moa. The present study analyses samples of mid-late Holocene dried leaf material from 115 rock shelters, identifying the taxa on the basis of epidermal details of the leaf cuticle. Based on it being the only large tree in the area now, and the nearly ubiquitous presence of its leaves in the shelters, the most important plant in the area is considered to have been Sophora microphylla. Based on the size of old, relict, ‘champion’, trees in the area now, it likely formed a forest with a continuous, but low (perhaps 14 m) and open canopy over the study area. Other trees which were present and are entirely absent (or almost so) from the area now include Pittosporum tenuifolium and Pseudopanax ferox. They suggest more closed canopy forest, perhaps in more localized areas, but were subordinate to Sophora. However, other common plants included Carmichaelia, Rubus, and Hebe lycopodioides that are more suggestive of lower, open vegetation. There is no indication of a conifer component or of ‘wetter’ forest trees such as Nothofagus and Griselinia. Cuticle within the largest associated coprolites indicate that moa (Aves, Dinornithiformes) was ingesting a similar range of plants as the shelter material. Of particular interest is that moa clearly ate Sophora microphylla, the first evidence for this. Together these data suggest a Central Otago ecosystem where a low Sophora microphylla forest predominated and was utilized and perhaps maintained by moa. POLE: VANISHED-ECOSYSTEM 2 Mike Pole. Queensland Herbarium, Brisbane Botanic Gardens Mt Coot-tha, Mt Coot-tha Rd, Toowong, Australia murihiku@yahoo.com","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"48 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69147626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Continuous character variation within the Glossopleura-Anoria-Sonoraspis plexus: Dolichometopid trilobites from the Cadiz Formation (Cambrian: Miaolingian, Wuliuan), California","authors":"J. Foster","doi":"10.26879/1173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1173","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69147810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The taphonomy of the micromammalian assemblage from an unusually widespread lake-margin depositional context in the early Priabonian How Ledge Limestone, Totland Bay Member, Headon Hill Formation, Isle of Wight, UK, was studied in order to understand its method of accumulation, the trophic interrelationships between species and families, and their spatial relationships in the palaeoenvironment. The fossil remains studied consist of mainly dissociated bones and teeth, belonging to 28 species, which show selective anatomical representation and characteristic types of damage (fragmentation, etching, puncture marks), which are documented quantitatively. Predation and scavenging were important factors in the accumulation of the assemblage, with little subaerial weathering. The main predators are identified as the mammals Paramiacis sp. and Amphiperatherium species B, both present as fossils and themselves also predated, plus two possible owls not represented in the fauna. Scavenging is attributed to the predators, plus glirids, possibly nyctitheres and insects. The accumulation of remains in the lake environment is interpreted to result from seasonal retreat and advance of the lake margin, with minimal hydraulic transport. Comparison is made with a previous study of a similar micromammalian assemblage in the younger Priabonian Osborne Member, whose depositional environment is a floodplain pond. The similarities and differences are assessed in the context of a similar assemblage, although with a different dominant mammalian predator. Low post-mortem transport in each case is shown to have resulted in the preservation of an assemblage, which closely reflects the original community with some of its key trophic interactions.
摘要对英国怀特岛黑顿山组托特兰湾段早Priabonian How Ledge石灰岩中异常广泛的湖缘沉积背景下的微哺乳动物组合进行了地学研究，以了解其聚集方式、种科之间的营养相互关系以及它们在古环境中的空间关系。所研究的化石遗骸主要由分离的骨骼和牙齿组成，属于28种，具有选择性的解剖表现和特征的损伤类型(破碎，蚀刻，穿刺痕迹)，并进行了定量记录。捕食和食腐是该组合聚集的重要因素，陆上风化作用较小。主要的捕食者被确定为哺乳动物Paramiacis sp.和Amphiperatherium B种，这两种都是化石，它们本身也更早出现，另外还有两种可能的猫头鹰，在动物群中没有出现。食腐动物被认为是掠食者，加上滑头虫，可能还有夜蛾和昆虫。湖泊环境中堆积物的形成可以解释为湖缘的季节性后退和推进的结果，其水力运输最小。与先前对Priabonian - Osborne段较年轻的类似微哺乳动物组合的研究进行了比较，其沉积环境为洪泛平原池塘。相似和差异是在相似的组合背景下评估的，尽管有不同的优势哺乳动物捕食者。在每种情况下，低死后运输被证明导致了一个组合的保存，这密切反映了原始群落及其一些关键的营养相互作用。
{"title":"Taphonomy of an Eocene micromammal assemblage in a lake-margin depositional setting elucidates an ancient food web","authors":"K. Vasileiadou, J. Hooker, M. Collinson","doi":"10.26879/1214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1214","url":null,"abstract":"The taphonomy of the micromammalian assemblage from an unusually widespread lake-margin depositional context in the early Priabonian How Ledge Limestone, Totland Bay Member, Headon Hill Formation, Isle of Wight, UK, was studied in order to understand its method of accumulation, the trophic interrelationships between species and families, and their spatial relationships in the palaeoenvironment. The fossil remains studied consist of mainly dissociated bones and teeth, belonging to 28 species, which show selective anatomical representation and characteristic types of damage (fragmentation, etching, puncture marks), which are documented quantitatively. Predation and scavenging were important factors in the accumulation of the assemblage, with little subaerial weathering. The main predators are identified as the mammals Paramiacis sp. and Amphiperatherium species B, both present as fossils and themselves also predated, plus two possible owls not represented in the fauna. Scavenging is attributed to the predators, plus glirids, possibly nyctitheres and insects. The accumulation of remains in the lake environment is interpreted to result from seasonal retreat and advance of the lake margin, with minimal hydraulic transport. Comparison is made with a previous study of a similar micromammalian assemblage in the younger Priabonian Osborne Member, whose depositional environment is a floodplain pond. The similarities and differences are assessed in the context of a similar assemblage, although with a different dominant mammalian predator. Low post-mortem transport in each case is shown to have resulted in the preservation of an assemblage, which closely reflects the original community with some of its key trophic interactions.","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69147895","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
E. Besiou, Maria-Nefeli Choupa, George A. Lyras, Alexandra van der Geer
Adaptive radiations play a crucial role in macroevolutionary theory. Insular adaptive radiations of mammals are, however, rare and often insufficiently understood. We here investigate the disparity in body mass in an insular deer genus (Candiacervus), represented with eight species of the Pleistocene of Crete (Aegean Sea, Greece). Our results, taking derived body proportions into account, show the following mass distribution: 27.8 kg (C. ropalophorus), 41.5 kg (C. listeri, C. devosi, C. reumeri), 74.7 kg (C. cretensis), 105.9 kg (C. rethymnensis), 170.1 (C. dorothensis) and 245.4 kg (C. major). The reconstructed body mass range accounts for nearly one quarter of the total range of living and fossil Cervidae. The largest species of Cretan deer (C. major) is approximately eight times heavier than the smallest species (C. ropalophorus). This remarkable degree of body mass divergence, which is unique among Cervidae, apparently evolved under ecological release on a terrestrial predator-free island with limited inter-specific competition
适应性辐射在宏观进化理论中起着至关重要的作用。然而，哺乳动物的岛屿适应性辐射是罕见的，而且往往不充分了解。我们在此研究了一个岛鹿属(Candiacervus)的体重差异，以克里特岛(爱琴海，希腊)更新世的8种鹿为代表。我们的结果，考虑到衍生的身体比例，显示出以下质量分布:27.8 kg (C. ropalophorus)， 41.5 kg (C. listeri, C. devosi, C. reumeri)， 74.7 kg (C. cretensis)， 105.9 kg (C. rethymnensis)， 170.1 (C. dorothensis)和245.4 kg (C. major)。重建的体重范围占现存和化石鹿科动物总范围的近四分之一。最大的一种克里特岛鹿(C. major)比最小的一种(C. ropalophorus)大约重8倍。这种显著的体重差异在鹿科中是独一无二的，显然是在一个没有捕食者的陆地岛屿上的生态释放下进化而来的，种间竞争有限
{"title":"Body mass divergence in sympatric deer species of Pleistocene Crete (Greece)","authors":"E. Besiou, Maria-Nefeli Choupa, George A. Lyras, Alexandra van der Geer","doi":"10.26879/1221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1221","url":null,"abstract":"Adaptive radiations play a crucial role in macroevolutionary theory. Insular adaptive radiations of mammals are, however, rare and often insufficiently understood. We here investigate the disparity in body mass in an insular deer genus (Candiacervus), represented with eight species of the Pleistocene of Crete (Aegean Sea, Greece). Our results, taking derived body proportions into account, show the following mass distribution: 27.8 kg (C. ropalophorus), 41.5 kg (C. listeri, C. devosi, C. reumeri), 74.7 kg (C. cretensis), 105.9 kg (C. rethymnensis), 170.1 (C. dorothensis) and 245.4 kg (C. major). The reconstructed body mass range accounts for nearly one quarter of the total range of living and fossil Cervidae. The largest species of Cretan deer (C. major) is approximately eight times heavier than the smallest species (C. ropalophorus). This remarkable degree of body mass divergence, which is unique among Cervidae, apparently evolved under ecological release on a terrestrial predator-free island with limited inter-specific competition","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69147982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The fossil record of true seals (Family Phocidae) is notoriously poorly preserved, most notably in the Southern Hemisphere. This fossil record bias has made it difficult to assess whether populations of phocid species in the Southern Hemisphere remained resident in particular regions throughout deep time, with only the eastern South Pacific preserving a near-continuous fossil record. Here we report two new seal fossil remains from the late Miocene-early Pliocene of southeastern Australia, discovered from a new site, Black Rock. This is the fourth phocid fossil site in Australia, and the seventh in Australasia. The two fossils are referrable to the clades Pinnipedia and Monachinae. Combined with other recent fossil phocid finds in Australasia, this suggests that true seals were continuously present in the region at least throughout the Pliocene. This lends further support for the importance of Australasia in the global evolution of true seals.
{"title":"Pinniped (Mammalia: Carnivora) fossils from Black Rock, a new late Neogene vertebrate locality in Victoria, Australia","authors":"J. Rule, E. Fitzgerald","doi":"10.26879/1235","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1235","url":null,"abstract":"The fossil record of true seals (Family Phocidae) is notoriously poorly preserved, most notably in the Southern Hemisphere. This fossil record bias has made it difficult to assess whether populations of phocid species in the Southern Hemisphere remained resident in particular regions throughout deep time, with only the eastern South Pacific preserving a near-continuous fossil record. Here we report two new seal fossil remains from the late Miocene-early Pliocene of southeastern Australia, discovered from a new site, Black Rock. This is the fourth phocid fossil site in Australia, and the seventh in Australasia. The two fossils are referrable to the clades Pinnipedia and Monachinae. Combined with other recent fossil phocid finds in Australasia, this suggests that true seals were continuously present in the region at least throughout the Pliocene. This lends further support for the importance of Australasia in the global evolution of true seals.","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69148179","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fossil-rich shelf carbonates of Santonian-Campanian age are superbly exposed at Tepeyac near Jiménez, northern Coahuila, north-eastern Mexico. In this paper we describe 24 species of ammonoids assigned to 12 genera from this section. The 330 specimens were mostly recorded in situ and allow for a detailed biozonation of the section. We propose the first formal biozonation across the Santonian-Campanian boundary in the Gulf Coast region. The section yields abundant Parapuzosia assigned to P. (P.) seppenradensis and may thus correspond to one of the historical sites from which Böse and Cavins documented this giant ammonite ca. 90 years ago. The faunal assemblage provides evidence for repeated and increasing faunal exchange with Europe and southern latitudes, but also includes intervals of faunal cut-off and endemic evolution. The abundance of fossils, the excellent outcrop conditions, and biozonal completeness favor the use of the Tepeyac section as a potential reference section for the Santonian-Campanian boundary in the Americas. Christina Ifrim. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany current address: SNSB Jura-Museum, Burgstr. 19, 85072 Eichstätt, Germany, ifrim@snsb.de Wolfgang Stinnesbeck. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. wolfgang.stinnesbeck@geow.uni-heidelberg.de alternative address: Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Centro en Geociencias Aplicadas, Nueva Rosita, México.
在墨西哥东北部科阿韦拉北部jimsamunez附近的Tepeyac，发现了富含化石的圣安东尼奥-坎帕尼亚期陆架碳酸盐岩。本文介绍了该剖面12属的菊科植物24种。330个标本大多是就地记录的，可以对该剖面进行详细的生物分带。我们提出了墨西哥湾沿岸地区第一个跨越圣安东尼奥-坎帕尼亚边界的正式生物带。该剖面发现了丰富的Parapuzosia，属于P. (P.) seppenradensis，因此可能与Böse和Cavins在大约90年前记录下这种巨型菊石的历史遗址之一相对应。动物群组合为与欧洲和南纬地区反复和不断增加的动物交换提供了证据，但也包括动物群切断和地方性进化的间隔。Tepeyac剖面丰富的化石、良好的露头条件和生物带的完整性使其成为美洲圣东-坎帕尼亚界线的潜在参考剖面。克里斯蒂娜Ifrim。德国地质科学研究所(Institut fr Geowissenschaften)， Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234,69120海德堡，目前地址:SNSB Jura-Museum, Burgstr. 19, 85072 Eichstätt，德国，ifrim@snsb.de Wolfgang Stinnesbeck。德国地质科学研究所，Ruprecht-Karls-Universität，德国海德堡69120;wolfgang.stinnesbeck@geow.uni-heidelberg.de备选地址:墨西哥新罗西塔市科阿韦拉大学Autónoma科阿韦拉应用地质研究中心。
{"title":"Ammonoids and their biozonation across the Santonian-Campanian boundary in north-eastern Coahuila, Mexico","authors":"C. Ifrim, W. Stinnesbeck","doi":"10.26879/1046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1046","url":null,"abstract":"Fossil-rich shelf carbonates of Santonian-Campanian age are superbly exposed at Tepeyac near Jiménez, northern Coahuila, north-eastern Mexico. In this paper we describe 24 species of ammonoids assigned to 12 genera from this section. The 330 specimens were mostly recorded in situ and allow for a detailed biozonation of the section. We propose the first formal biozonation across the Santonian-Campanian boundary in the Gulf Coast region. The section yields abundant Parapuzosia assigned to P. (P.) seppenradensis and may thus correspond to one of the historical sites from which Böse and Cavins documented this giant ammonite ca. 90 years ago. The faunal assemblage provides evidence for repeated and increasing faunal exchange with Europe and southern latitudes, but also includes intervals of faunal cut-off and endemic evolution. The abundance of fossils, the excellent outcrop conditions, and biozonal completeness favor the use of the Tepeyac section as a potential reference section for the Santonian-Campanian boundary in the Americas. Christina Ifrim. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany current address: SNSB Jura-Museum, Burgstr. 19, 85072 Eichstätt, Germany, ifrim@snsb.de Wolfgang Stinnesbeck. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität, Im Neuenheimer Feld 234, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. wolfgang.stinnesbeck@geow.uni-heidelberg.de alternative address: Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Centro en Geociencias Aplicadas, Nueva Rosita, México.","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"24 1","pages":"1-62"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42025544","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Despite their broad occurrence in Australian basins, lower-level taxonomy of Australian Early Cretaceous plesiosaurs is hindered by the scarcity of skulls and other diagnostic elements. This paper presents a morphological and morphometric analysis of the vertebrae of Australian plesiosaurs and a comparison with selected non-Australian elasmosaurids (basal elasmosaurs, styxosaurines, aristonectines). Biometric analysis involved measurements that include centrum height (CH), centrum width (CW), centrum length (CL), width of zygapophyses, and others. Principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were carried out on CH, CW, and CL. Morphometric ratios [Vertebral Length Index (VLI), Height Index (HI), and Breadth Index (BI)] were plotted along the length of the vertebral column and on bivariate graphs where the analysis is independent of vertebral position and correct sequencing. Direct comparison of homologous groups of vertebrae (especially anterior cervicals) easily distinguished an Australian polycotylid from all elasmosaurids in all plots. Most Australian elasmosaurid specimens plotted near basal ‘Cimoliasaurus’grade elasmosaurs, where they clustered as a group relatively distinct from, but overlapping coeval non-Australian forms. However, one specimen plotted consistently with the non-Australian styxosaurines and Opallionectes andamookaensis plotted with the aristonectines. Although it is not possible to distinguish phylogenetic relationships from morphological convergence in the plotted positions, the analyses provide potential hypotheses to be tested with additional data. Hence, vertebrae have some taxonomic value for potential assignment of Australian plesiosaurs, even in the absence of skulls or other diagnostic material. Vikram Vakil. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia. vikram.vakil@uqconnect.edu.au Prof. Gregory Webb. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia. g.webb@uq.edu.au Dr. Alex Cook. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia. alex.cook@y7mail.com
{"title":"Taxonomic utility of Early Cretaceous Australian plesiosaurian vertebrae","authors":"V. Vakil, G. Webb, A. Cook","doi":"10.26879/1095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1095","url":null,"abstract":"Despite their broad occurrence in Australian basins, lower-level taxonomy of Australian Early Cretaceous plesiosaurs is hindered by the scarcity of skulls and other diagnostic elements. This paper presents a morphological and morphometric analysis of the vertebrae of Australian plesiosaurs and a comparison with selected non-Australian elasmosaurids (basal elasmosaurs, styxosaurines, aristonectines). Biometric analysis involved measurements that include centrum height (CH), centrum width (CW), centrum length (CL), width of zygapophyses, and others. Principal component analysis (PCA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were carried out on CH, CW, and CL. Morphometric ratios [Vertebral Length Index (VLI), Height Index (HI), and Breadth Index (BI)] were plotted along the length of the vertebral column and on bivariate graphs where the analysis is independent of vertebral position and correct sequencing. Direct comparison of homologous groups of vertebrae (especially anterior cervicals) easily distinguished an Australian polycotylid from all elasmosaurids in all plots. Most Australian elasmosaurid specimens plotted near basal ‘Cimoliasaurus’grade elasmosaurs, where they clustered as a group relatively distinct from, but overlapping coeval non-Australian forms. However, one specimen plotted consistently with the non-Australian styxosaurines and Opallionectes andamookaensis plotted with the aristonectines. Although it is not possible to distinguish phylogenetic relationships from morphological convergence in the plotted positions, the analyses provide potential hypotheses to be tested with additional data. Hence, vertebrae have some taxonomic value for potential assignment of Australian plesiosaurs, even in the absence of skulls or other diagnostic material. Vikram Vakil. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia. vikram.vakil@uqconnect.edu.au Prof. Gregory Webb. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia. g.webb@uq.edu.au Dr. Alex Cook. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane St. Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia. alex.cook@y7mail.com","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44435717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Herein we describe a new and exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of the metriorhynchid thalattosuchian Cricosaurus from the upper Kimmeridgian Torleite Formation of Painten in Bavaria (Southern Germany). The specimen is articulated, shows soft-tissue preservation, and represents one of the most complete metriorhynchid skeletons known. The exceptional preservation allows us to explore the morphological variation of the tail region in the Metriorhynchidae, a part of the skeleton that has long been neglected. Based on our description and phylogenetic analyses, we name this specimen Cricosaurus albersdoerferi sp. nov. Our phylogenetic analyses recover a Cricosaurus subclade composed of four species from Southern Germany and one from Argentina. We provide revised diagnoses for the Southern German members of this subclade, revealing the presence of at least four closely-related Cricosaurus species in the upper Kimmeridgian-early Tithonian of Southern Germany. Interestingly, within this subclade there is evidence of rapid change in tail construction and feeding ecology. However, there is no evidence of sympatry between these taxa, and the two species known from the same ammonite subzone are exclusively found in different northernTethys lagoons. Most interesting, however, is the variation in the skulls, dorsal neural spines, the tail displacement units, and flukes between these different species. This previously unexplored variation within Metriorhynchidae hints to differences in locomotory abilities between different species. Sven Sachs. Naturkunde-Museum Bielefeld, Abteilung Geowissenschaften, Adenauerplatz 2, 33602 Bielefeld, Germany, and Im Hof 9, 51766 Engelskirchen, Germany. Sachs.Pal@gmail.com Mark T. Young. School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK. Mark.Young@ed.ac.uk Pascal Abel. Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard-KarlsUniversität Tübingen, Sigwartstraße 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany pascal.abel@ifg.uni-tuebingen.de], Heinrich Mallison. Palaeo3D, Dorfstr. 11, 86641 Rain am Lech, Germany and CeNak, Universität SACHS ET AL.: A NEW Cricosaurus SPECIES 2 Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany. mallison@palaeo3d.com
在此，我们描述了来自巴伐利亚(德国南部)Painten上kimmeridian Torleite组的一具新的、保存非常完好的metriorhynchid thalattosuchian环状龙骨架。该标本是铰接的，显示软组织保存，并代表了已知的最完整的胎鼻鱼骨架之一。这种特殊的保存使我们能够探索长尾猴科的尾巴区域的形态变化，这是骨骼的一部分，长期以来一直被忽视。根据我们的描述和系统发育分析，我们将该标本命名为Cricosaurus albersdoerferi sp. nov.。我们的系统发育分析恢复了一个由德国南部的四个物种和阿根廷的一个物种组成的环龙亚支。我们对这个亚分支的德国南部成员进行了修订诊断，揭示了在德国南部的上基默里纪-早铁东纪至少有四个密切相关的环龙物种的存在。有趣的是，在这个亚支系中，有证据表明尾巴结构和摄食生态发生了快速变化。然而，没有证据表明这两个分类群之间有同属关系，而且来自同一菊石亚带的两个物种只在特提斯北部不同的泻湖中发现。然而，最有趣的是这些不同物种在头骨、背神经棘、尾部位移单位和吸虫方面的差异。这种以前未被探索过的鼠鼩科变异暗示了不同物种之间运动能力的差异。斯文。比勒菲尔德自然博物馆，Abteilung Geowissenschaften, Adenauerplatz 2, 33602比勒菲尔德，德国，Im Hof 9, 51766 Engelskirchen，德国。Sachs.Pal@gmail.com马克·t·杨。爱丁堡大学格兰特研究所地球科学学院，英国爱丁堡詹姆斯赫顿路eh93feMark.Young@ed.ac.uk帕斯卡尔·阿贝尔。senkenberg人类进化与古环境研究中心，Eberhard-KarlsUniversität tbingen, Sigwartstraße 10,72076 tbingen，德国pascal.abel@ifg.uni-tuebingen.de]， Heinrich Mallison。paleo3d, Dorfstr. 11, 86641 Rain am Lech, Germany and CeNak, Universität SACHS ET AL.:一种新的环状龙物种2 Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany。mallison@palaeo3d.com
{"title":"A new species of Cricosaurus (Thalattosuchia, Metriorhynchidae) based upon a remarkably well-preserved skeleton from the Upper Jurassic of Germany","authors":"S. Sachs, M. Young, Pascal Abel, H. Mallison","doi":"10.26879/928","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/928","url":null,"abstract":"Herein we describe a new and exceptionally well-preserved skeleton of the metriorhynchid thalattosuchian Cricosaurus from the upper Kimmeridgian Torleite Formation of Painten in Bavaria (Southern Germany). The specimen is articulated, shows soft-tissue preservation, and represents one of the most complete metriorhynchid skeletons known. The exceptional preservation allows us to explore the morphological variation of the tail region in the Metriorhynchidae, a part of the skeleton that has long been neglected. Based on our description and phylogenetic analyses, we name this specimen Cricosaurus albersdoerferi sp. nov. Our phylogenetic analyses recover a Cricosaurus subclade composed of four species from Southern Germany and one from Argentina. We provide revised diagnoses for the Southern German members of this subclade, revealing the presence of at least four closely-related Cricosaurus species in the upper Kimmeridgian-early Tithonian of Southern Germany. Interestingly, within this subclade there is evidence of rapid change in tail construction and feeding ecology. However, there is no evidence of sympatry between these taxa, and the two species known from the same ammonite subzone are exclusively found in different northernTethys lagoons. Most interesting, however, is the variation in the skulls, dorsal neural spines, the tail displacement units, and flukes between these different species. This previously unexplored variation within Metriorhynchidae hints to differences in locomotory abilities between different species. Sven Sachs. Naturkunde-Museum Bielefeld, Abteilung Geowissenschaften, Adenauerplatz 2, 33602 Bielefeld, Germany, and Im Hof 9, 51766 Engelskirchen, Germany. Sachs.Pal@gmail.com Mark T. Young. School of GeoSciences, Grant Institute, University of Edinburgh, James Hutton Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FE, UK. Mark.Young@ed.ac.uk Pascal Abel. Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Eberhard-KarlsUniversität Tübingen, Sigwartstraße 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany pascal.abel@ifg.uni-tuebingen.de], Heinrich Mallison. Palaeo3D, Dorfstr. 11, 86641 Rain am Lech, Germany and CeNak, Universität SACHS ET AL.: A NEW Cricosaurus SPECIES 2 Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 3, 20146 Hamburg, Germany. mallison@palaeo3d.com","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":" ","pages":"1-28"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46907852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The bony labyrinth, as part of the inner structure of the petrosal bone, contains the sensory organs of balance and hearing. The semicircular canals, as part of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, are involved in the detection of angular motion of the head for maintaining balance and guiding locomotor behavior. While the overall structure of the bony labyrinth is inaccessible embedded in the petrosal bone, high resolution computed tomography makes the study of these structures possible. The purpose of this study is to visualize and precisely quantify the complex inner ear structures of the insular mammal Palaeoloxodon tiliensis and comment on the relationship of these morphologies to the agility and hearing frequency ranges. This study focuses on imaging the shape of the bony labyrinth as well as the semicircular canals, of three petrosal bones, using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Shape and size analysis of the cochlea allow for an assessment of morphological differences between species. Specifically, measuring the dimensions of inner ear components as well as the angular distances can express the variation in their balancing abilities and the frequencies of their auditory perception. The morphological characteristics obtained through micro-CT lead to the conclusion that P. tiliensis retained similar conditions to that of its larger relatives, and it was an animal that had hearing in the low frequency ranges. Dionysia E. Liakopoulou. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece, dliakopoulou@geol.uoa.gr George E. Theodorou. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece, gtheodor@geol.uoa.gr Anneke H. van Heteren. Zoologische Staatssammlung München – Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 München, Germany; Ludwig-MaximiliansUniversität München, GeoBio-Center, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333 Munich, Germany; LudwigMaximilians-Universität München, Department Biologie II, Großhaderner Straße 2, 82152 PlaneggMartinsried, Germany, vanHeteren@snsb.de LIAKOPOULOU, THEODOROU, & VAN HETEREN: PETROSAL BONE MORPHOLOGY 2
骨迷路是岩骨内部结构的一部分，包含平衡和听觉的感觉器官。半规管作为内耳前庭器官的一部分，参与检测头部的角运动，以维持平衡和指导运动行为。虽然骨迷路的整体结构无法进入岩骨，但高分辨率计算机断层扫描使研究这些结构成为可能。本研究的目的是可视化和精确量化岛屿哺乳动物古力古齿的复杂内耳结构，并评论这些形态与敏捷性和听力频率范围的关系。本研究的重点是利用微型计算机断层扫描(micro-CT)对三个岩骨的骨迷路和半规管的形状进行成像。耳蜗的形状和大小分析允许对物种之间的形态差异进行评估。具体地说，测量内耳部件的尺寸和角距离可以表达它们的平衡能力和听觉感知频率的变化。通过显微ct获得的形态特征表明，猿人保留了与其较大亲缘动物相似的条件，是一种具有低频听力的动物。Dionysia E. Liakopoulou。雅典国立和卡波迪斯特里亚大学地质与地球环境学院，帕埃皮斯蒂米奥波利斯，15784雅典，希腊，dliakopoulou@geol.uoa.gr雅典国立和Kapodistrian大学地质与地球环境学院，Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece, gtheodor@geol.uoa.gr德国州动物科学州-德国州自然科学州，德国州豪斯特拉ße 21,81247;Ludwig-MaximiliansUniversität m nchen, GeoBio-Center, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333德国慕尼黑;LudwigMaximilians-Universität m nchen，生物II系，Großhaderner Straße 2, 82152 PlaneggMartinsried，德国，vanHeteren@snsb.de LIAKOPOULOU, THEODOROU, and VAN HETEREN:岩骨形态学2
{"title":"The inner morphology of the petrosal bone of the endemic elephant of Tilos Island, Greece","authors":"D. Liakopoulou, G. Theodorou, A. H. Heteren","doi":"10.26879/1034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1034","url":null,"abstract":"The bony labyrinth, as part of the inner structure of the petrosal bone, contains the sensory organs of balance and hearing. The semicircular canals, as part of the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear, are involved in the detection of angular motion of the head for maintaining balance and guiding locomotor behavior. While the overall structure of the bony labyrinth is inaccessible embedded in the petrosal bone, high resolution computed tomography makes the study of these structures possible. The purpose of this study is to visualize and precisely quantify the complex inner ear structures of the insular mammal Palaeoloxodon tiliensis and comment on the relationship of these morphologies to the agility and hearing frequency ranges. This study focuses on imaging the shape of the bony labyrinth as well as the semicircular canals, of three petrosal bones, using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT). Shape and size analysis of the cochlea allow for an assessment of morphological differences between species. Specifically, measuring the dimensions of inner ear components as well as the angular distances can express the variation in their balancing abilities and the frequencies of their auditory perception. The morphological characteristics obtained through micro-CT lead to the conclusion that P. tiliensis retained similar conditions to that of its larger relatives, and it was an animal that had hearing in the low frequency ranges. Dionysia E. Liakopoulou. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece, dliakopoulou@geol.uoa.gr George E. Theodorou. National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Faculty of Geology and Geoenvironment, Panepistimiopolis, 15784 Athens, Greece, gtheodor@geol.uoa.gr Anneke H. van Heteren. Zoologische Staatssammlung München – Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns, Münchhausenstraße 21, 81247 München, Germany; Ludwig-MaximiliansUniversität München, GeoBio-Center, Richard-Wagner-Straße 10, 80333 Munich, Germany; LudwigMaximilians-Universität München, Department Biologie II, Großhaderner Straße 2, 82152 PlaneggMartinsried, Germany, vanHeteren@snsb.de LIAKOPOULOU, THEODOROU, & VAN HETEREN: PETROSAL BONE MORPHOLOGY 2","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":" ","pages":"1-11"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43480558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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