Kayleigh Wiersma-Weyand, A. Canoville, H. Siber, P. Sander
Specimens of sauropod dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the Western Interior of the USA are mostly found as partial and partially articulated skeletons or as isolated bones, as seen in, e.g., the Dinosaur National Monument quarry. This mode of preservation sometimes makes an assignment of specific bones to individuals difficult, especially if other partial skeletons or scattered bones of the same taxon are found nearby. In this study, a detailed assessment of skeletal unity is provided by means of paleohistology for several sauropod partial skeletons and isolated long bones from the Howe-Stephens and the Howe Scott quarries, Wyoming, USA. Using histological characters such as histological ontogenetic stages, cyclicity of growth marks, and remodeling rate, an assignment of bones to individuals was made and compared with previous hypotheses of skeletal unity that were based on field observations only. Our study indicates, based on these characters, it is possible to assign isolated bones to an existing individual, recognize isolated bones as belonging to a new individual, and test whether a specific bone belongs to the assigned individual. The histological evidence should be combined with other sources of data such as morphology and taphonomy to reassess previous hypotheses of skeletal unit. The method presented in this study can be used not only for Morrison Formation sauropods, but to test skeletal unity for other fossil tetrapod taxa as well. Kayleigh Wiersma-Weyand. Abteilung Paläontologie, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany. kayleigh.wiersma@uni-bonn.de Aurore Canoville. Paleontology, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences / Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 11 W Jones Street, 27601 Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, and Abteilung Paläontologie, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany. canoville.aurore08@gmail.com Hans-Jakob Siber. Sauriermuseum Aathal, Zürichstrasse 69, 8607 Aathal, Switzerland. aathal@sibersiber.ch P. Martin Sander. Abteilung Paläontologie, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany. martin.sander@uni-bonn.de WIERSMA-WEYAND ET AL.: BONE HISTOLOGY SAUROPODS 2
美国西部内陆上侏罗纪Morrison组的蜥脚类恐龙标本大多以部分和部分关节骨骼或孤立骨骼的形式发现，如恐龙国家纪念碑采石场。这种保存模式有时会使将特定骨骼分配给个体变得困难，尤其是在附近发现同一分类单元的其他部分骨骼或零散骨骼的情况下。在这项研究中，通过古组织学的方法，对美国怀俄明州Howe Stephens和Howe Scott采石场的几种蜥脚类部分骨骼和分离的长骨的骨骼完整性进行了详细评估。利用组织学个体发生阶段、生长标记的周期性和重塑率等组织学特征，将骨骼分配给个体，并与以前仅基于实地观察的骨骼统一假设进行比较。我们的研究表明，基于这些特征，可以将孤立的骨骼分配给现有的个体，识别孤立的骨骼属于新的个体，并测试特定的骨骼是否属于指定的个体。组织学证据应与其他数据来源（如形态学和解剖学）相结合，以重新评估先前对骨骼单位的假设。本研究中提出的方法不仅可用于Morrison组蜥脚类，还可用于测试其他四足动物化石分类群的骨骼统一性。Kayleigh Wiersma Weyand。Abteilung Paläontologie，德国波恩大学地球科学研究所，Nussallee 8，53115。kayleigh.wiersma@uni-bonn.deAurore Canoville。古生物学，北卡罗来纳州自然科学博物馆/生物科学系，北卡罗来纳州立大学，11 W Jones Street，27601 Raleigh，North Carolina State University，and Abteilung Paläontologie，Institut für Geowissenschaften，Universität Bonn，Nussallee 853115 Bonn，Germany。canoville.aurore08@gmail.com汉斯·雅各布·西伯。Sauriermuseum Aathal，苏黎世大街698607号，瑞士Aathal。aathal@sibersiber.chP.Martin Sander。Abteilung Paläontologie，德国波恩大学地球科学研究所，Nussallee 8，53115。martin.sander@uni-bonn.deWIERSMA-WEYAND等人：蜥脚类恐龙的骨骼组织学2
{"title":"Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)","authors":"Kayleigh Wiersma-Weyand, A. Canoville, H. Siber, P. Sander","doi":"10.26879/766","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/766","url":null,"abstract":"Specimens of sauropod dinosaurs from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the Western Interior of the USA are mostly found as partial and partially articulated skeletons or as isolated bones, as seen in, e.g., the Dinosaur National Monument quarry. This mode of preservation sometimes makes an assignment of specific bones to individuals difficult, especially if other partial skeletons or scattered bones of the same taxon are found nearby. In this study, a detailed assessment of skeletal unity is provided by means of paleohistology for several sauropod partial skeletons and isolated long bones from the Howe-Stephens and the Howe Scott quarries, Wyoming, USA. Using histological characters such as histological ontogenetic stages, cyclicity of growth marks, and remodeling rate, an assignment of bones to individuals was made and compared with previous hypotheses of skeletal unity that were based on field observations only. Our study indicates, based on these characters, it is possible to assign isolated bones to an existing individual, recognize isolated bones as belonging to a new individual, and test whether a specific bone belongs to the assigned individual. The histological evidence should be combined with other sources of data such as morphology and taphonomy to reassess previous hypotheses of skeletal unit. The method presented in this study can be used not only for Morrison Formation sauropods, but to test skeletal unity for other fossil tetrapod taxa as well. Kayleigh Wiersma-Weyand. Abteilung Paläontologie, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany. kayleigh.wiersma@uni-bonn.de Aurore Canoville. Paleontology, North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences / Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, 11 W Jones Street, 27601 Raleigh, North Carolina, USA, and Abteilung Paläontologie, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany. canoville.aurore08@gmail.com Hans-Jakob Siber. Sauriermuseum Aathal, Zürichstrasse 69, 8607 Aathal, Switzerland. aathal@sibersiber.ch P. Martin Sander. Abteilung Paläontologie, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115 Bonn, Germany. martin.sander@uni-bonn.de WIERSMA-WEYAND ET AL.: BONE HISTOLOGY SAUROPODS 2","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46801874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon, is widely accepted as the largest macrophagous shark that ever lived; and yet, despite over a century of research, its size is still debated. The great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, is regarded as the best living ecological analog to the extinct megatooth shark and has been the basis for all body length estimates to date. The most widely accepted and applied method for estimating body size of O. megalodon was based upon a linear relationship between tooth crown height and total body length in C. carcharias. However, when applying this method to an associated dentition of O. megalodon (UF-VP-311000), the estimates for this single individual ranged from 11.4 to 41.1 m. These widely variable estimates showed a distinct pattern, in which anterior teeth resulted in lower estimates than posterior teeth. Consequently, previous paleoecological analyses based on body size estimates of O. megalodon may be subject to misinterpretation. Herein, we describe a novel method based on the summed crown width of associated fossil dentitions, which mitigates the variability associated with different tooth positions. The method assumes direct proportionality between the ratio of summed crown width to body length in ecologically and taxonomically related fossil and modern species. Total body lengths were estimated from 11 individuals, representing five lamniform species: Otodus megalodon, Otodus chubutensis, Carcharodon carcharias, Carcharodon hubbelli, and Carcharodon hastalis. The method was extrapolated for the largest known isolated upper tooth of O. megalodon, resulting in a maximum body length estimate of 20 m. Victor J. Perez. Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, 1659 Museum Rd., Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241 Williamson Hall, PO Box 112120, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA and Department of Paleontology, Calvert Marine Museum, Solomons, Maryland 20688, USA Victor.Perez@calvertcountymd.gov Ronny M. Leder. Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, 1659 Museum Rd., Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA and Natural History Museum City of Leipzig, Lortzingstraße PEREZ, LEDER, & BADAUT: ESTIMATING LAMNIFORM BODY SIZE 2 3, 04105 Leipzig, Germany. ronnymaik.leder@leipzig.de Teddy Badaut. Independent Researcher, Thoirette, France. kieffer_stirlling@hotmail.fr
巨齿鲨被广泛认为是有史以来最大的大型食肉鲨鱼；然而，尽管进行了一个多世纪的研究，其规模仍存在争议。大白鲨Carcharodon carcharias被认为是与已灭绝的巨齿鲨最相似的生态物种，也是迄今为止所有体型估计的基础。最广泛接受和应用的估计巨齿龙体型的方法是基于C.carcharias牙冠高度和全身长度之间的线性关系。然而，当将该方法应用于巨齿龙（UF-VP-311000）的相关牙列时，该个体的估计值在11.4至41.1m之间。这些变化很大的估计值显示出一种不同的模式，其中前牙的估计值低于后牙。因此，以前基于巨齿龙体型估计的古生态学分析可能会被误解。在此，我们描述了一种基于相关化石牙列的总牙冠宽度的新方法，该方法减轻了与不同牙齿位置相关的可变性。该方法假设生态和分类学相关化石和现代物种的冠宽与体长之比直接成比例。估计了11个个体的总体长，代表了5个Lamuniform物种：巨齿龙、圆齿龙、卡沙隆、哈氏卡沙隆和哈斯塔利卡沙隆。该方法是对已知最大的巨齿龙孤立上齿进行推断的，得出的最大体长估计为20米。Victor J.Perez。佛罗里达自然历史博物馆古脊椎动物系，1659 Museum Rd.，Gainesville，Florida 32611，美国佛罗里达大学地质科学系，241 Williamson Hall，PO Box 112120，Gainenville，佛罗里达32611，和Calvert海洋博物馆古生物系，Solomons，Maryland 20688Victor.Perez@calvertcountymd.gov罗尼·M·莱德。美国佛罗里达州盖恩斯维尔博物馆路1659号佛罗里达自然历史博物馆古脊椎动物系，邮编：32611，以及莱比锡市自然历史博物馆，Lortzingstraße PEREZ，LEDER和BADOUT:估计LAMNIFORM BODY SIZE 2 304105，德国莱比锡。ronnymaik.leder@leipzig.deTeddy Badaut。独立研究员，法国Thoirette。kieffer_stirlling@hotmail.fr
{"title":"Body length estimation of Neogene macrophagous lamniform sharks (Carcharodon and Otodus) derived from associated fossil dentitions","authors":"Victor J. Perez, R. Leder, Teddy Badaut","doi":"10.26879/1140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1140","url":null,"abstract":"The megatooth shark, Otodus megalodon, is widely accepted as the largest macrophagous shark that ever lived; and yet, despite over a century of research, its size is still debated. The great white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, is regarded as the best living ecological analog to the extinct megatooth shark and has been the basis for all body length estimates to date. The most widely accepted and applied method for estimating body size of O. megalodon was based upon a linear relationship between tooth crown height and total body length in C. carcharias. However, when applying this method to an associated dentition of O. megalodon (UF-VP-311000), the estimates for this single individual ranged from 11.4 to 41.1 m. These widely variable estimates showed a distinct pattern, in which anterior teeth resulted in lower estimates than posterior teeth. Consequently, previous paleoecological analyses based on body size estimates of O. megalodon may be subject to misinterpretation. Herein, we describe a novel method based on the summed crown width of associated fossil dentitions, which mitigates the variability associated with different tooth positions. The method assumes direct proportionality between the ratio of summed crown width to body length in ecologically and taxonomically related fossil and modern species. Total body lengths were estimated from 11 individuals, representing five lamniform species: Otodus megalodon, Otodus chubutensis, Carcharodon carcharias, Carcharodon hubbelli, and Carcharodon hastalis. The method was extrapolated for the largest known isolated upper tooth of O. megalodon, resulting in a maximum body length estimate of 20 m. Victor J. Perez. Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, 1659 Museum Rd., Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241 Williamson Hall, PO Box 112120, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA and Department of Paleontology, Calvert Marine Museum, Solomons, Maryland 20688, USA Victor.Perez@calvertcountymd.gov Ronny M. Leder. Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, 1659 Museum Rd., Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA and Natural History Museum City of Leipzig, Lortzingstraße PEREZ, LEDER, & BADAUT: ESTIMATING LAMNIFORM BODY SIZE 2 3, 04105 Leipzig, Germany. ronnymaik.leder@leipzig.de Teddy Badaut. Independent Researcher, Thoirette, France. kieffer_stirlling@hotmail.fr","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42627296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new correlation scheme primarily concerning macroand meso-floral remains of bryophytes and vascular plants from 26 Neogene sites and over 50 florules in Alaska and northern Canada is presented. Flora are valuable for correlating Arctic Neogene sites, especially where absolute dating methods are not possible. These taxa clearly differentiate Neogene from Quaternary deposits in the North American Arctic. Recent age estimates provided using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) dating provide tiepoints for these correlations and tend to confirm earlier dates achieved by relative and correlative methods. Our knowledge of North American Arctic/Subarctic palaeofloras and faunas is sufficiently detailed to allow inter-regional comparisons. This paper contains the first attempt to compare and contrast Neogene and early Pleistocene macroand meso-floras from the entire circum-Arctic region. The subfossil and fossil floras are valuable for understanding the evolution of the boreal realm, from the qualitatively different composition of the communities of the Neogene Arctic, to those of the more southerly modern boreal region. These differences may be due to the warm climate of the Neogene Arctic combined with the long dark of polar winter – a phenomenon with no modern analogue. The differences highlight the need for a comprehensive understanding of species’ ecology to predict species ranges under near-future climate conditions analogous to our Neogene past. Many sites described here present rich opportunities for future cross-disciplinary study, including research related to the role of warm-climate intervals in patterning past and present Arctic ecosystems. T.L. Fletcher. Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110164, China and College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States of America. drtlfletcher@gmail.com A. Telka. PALEOTEC Services – Quaternary and late Tertiary plant macrofossil and insect fossil analyses, 1-574 Somerset St. West, Ottawa, Ontario K1R 5K2, Canada. N. Rybczynski. Department of Palaeobiology, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, FLETCHER ET AL.: ARCTIC MACROFLORA 2 Canada. nrybczynski@nature.ca and Department of Biology and Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada. nrybczynski@gmail.com J.V. Matthews, Jr. 1 Cricket Lane, Hubley, Nova Scotia B3Z 1A5, Canada.
{"title":"Neogene and early Pleistocene flora from Alaska and Arctic/Subarctic Canada: New data, intercontinental comparisons and correlations","authors":"T. Fletcher, A. Telka, N. Rybczynski, J. Matthews","doi":"10.26879/1121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1121","url":null,"abstract":"A new correlation scheme primarily concerning macroand meso-floral remains of bryophytes and vascular plants from 26 Neogene sites and over 50 florules in Alaska and northern Canada is presented. Flora are valuable for correlating Arctic Neogene sites, especially where absolute dating methods are not possible. These taxa clearly differentiate Neogene from Quaternary deposits in the North American Arctic. Recent age estimates provided using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclide (TCN) dating provide tiepoints for these correlations and tend to confirm earlier dates achieved by relative and correlative methods. Our knowledge of North American Arctic/Subarctic palaeofloras and faunas is sufficiently detailed to allow inter-regional comparisons. This paper contains the first attempt to compare and contrast Neogene and early Pleistocene macroand meso-floras from the entire circum-Arctic region. The subfossil and fossil floras are valuable for understanding the evolution of the boreal realm, from the qualitatively different composition of the communities of the Neogene Arctic, to those of the more southerly modern boreal region. These differences may be due to the warm climate of the Neogene Arctic combined with the long dark of polar winter – a phenomenon with no modern analogue. The differences highlight the need for a comprehensive understanding of species’ ecology to predict species ranges under near-future climate conditions analogous to our Neogene past. Many sites described here present rich opportunities for future cross-disciplinary study, including research related to the role of warm-climate intervals in patterning past and present Arctic ecosystems. T.L. Fletcher. Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110164, China and College of Forestry and Conservation, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States of America. drtlfletcher@gmail.com A. Telka. PALEOTEC Services – Quaternary and late Tertiary plant macrofossil and insect fossil analyses, 1-574 Somerset St. West, Ottawa, Ontario K1R 5K2, Canada. N. Rybczynski. Department of Palaeobiology, Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, FLETCHER ET AL.: ARCTIC MACROFLORA 2 Canada. nrybczynski@nature.ca and Department of Biology and Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada. nrybczynski@gmail.com J.V. Matthews, Jr. 1 Cricket Lane, Hubley, Nova Scotia B3Z 1A5, Canada.","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49360220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. Baranov, M. Engel, J. Hammel, M. Hörnig, T. V. D. Kamp, M. Zuber, J. Haug
We report a hitherto unprecedented diversity of fly larvae (Diptera) from Eocene Baltic amber and the use of these to address palaeo-ecosystem functions and processes in the surrounding forests. Fly larvae have been considered exceptionally rare by the research community and have, like most insect larvae, been deemed of limited utility owing to challenges in identification. Herein, however, using synchrotron-x-ray radiation CT (SR-μCT) allowed us to detect and identify dozens of fly larvae from Baltic amber, and to infer their ecological interactions. One particular piece of amber contains 56 fly larvae and apparent mammalian feces. This fossil is of great interest for our understanding of carbon cycling in the Eocene forest. The occurrence of such a large number of fly larvae on the fecal remains indicates an important role of flies in recycling organic matter in the Eocene forest, much as some larvae do today. Analysis of the fly palaeo-communities also allowed us to hypothesize a mechanism by which massive, geologically relevant deposits of amber were formed in the Baltic region. Scanning allowed us to identify seven larvae closely related to the extant Syrphidae, whose larvae inhabit nests of eusocial Hymenoptera, or, sometimes, flows of sap dripping from trees damaged by other burrowing insect larvae. Viktor A. Baranov. Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Bayern, Germany. Correspondence author. baranow@biologie.uni-muenchen.de Michael S. Engel. Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, KU Biodiversity Institute, Kansas, USA. msengel@ku.edu Jörg Hammel. Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany. joerg.hammel@hzg.de Marie K. Hörnig. University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum,Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Greifswald, Germany. marie.hoernig@palaeo-evo-devo.info Thomas van de Kamp. Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany and BARANOV ET AL.: DIPTERA LARVAE IN BALTIC AMBER 2 Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. thomas.vandekamp@kit.edu Marcus Zuber. Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany and Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. marcus.zuber@kit.edu Joachim T. Haug. Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Bayern, Germany and Geobio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Bayern, Germany. jhaug@biologie.uni-muenchen.de
我们报道了始新世波罗的海琥珀中蝇幼虫（直翅目）的前所未有的多样性，并利用它们来解决周围森林中的古生态系统功能和过程。蝇幼虫被研究界认为异常罕见，与大多数昆虫幼虫一样，由于鉴定方面的挑战，蝇幼虫的效用有限。然而，在本文中，使用同步x射线辐射CT（SR-μCT）使我们能够检测和识别波罗的海琥珀中的数十只苍蝇幼虫，并推断它们的生态相互作用。其中一块琥珀含有56只苍蝇幼虫和明显的哺乳动物粪便。这个化石对我们理解始新世森林中的碳循环非常有意义。粪便残骸上出现如此大量的苍蝇幼虫表明，苍蝇在始新世森林中回收有机物方面发挥着重要作用，就像今天的一些幼虫一样。对苍蝇古群落的分析也使我们能够假设在波罗的海地区形成大规模地质相关琥珀矿床的机制。扫描使我们能够识别出七种与现存的Syrphide密切相关的幼虫，Syrphidae的幼虫栖息在真社会膜翅目的巢穴中，或者有时，从被其他穴居昆虫幼虫破坏的树上滴落的树液流中。Viktor A.Baranov。生物学II，慕尼黑路德维希·马克西米利安大学，普兰格，德国拜仁。通讯作者。baranow@biologie.uni-muenchen.de迈克尔·S·恩格尔。自然科学与数学生态学与进化生物学，堪萨斯大学生物多样性研究所，美国堪萨斯州。msengel@ku.edu约格·哈梅尔。材料研究所，德国Geesthacht，Helmholtz Zentrum Geesthacht。joerg.hammel@hzg.deMarie K.Hörnig。格雷夫斯瓦尔德大学，动物研究所和博物馆，细胞学和进化生物学，格雷夫斯瓦德，德国。marie.hoernig@palaeo-evo-devo.info托马斯·范德坎普。卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院光子科学与同步辐射研究所（IPS），赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹平台1，76344 Eggenstein Leopoldshafen，德国和BARANO等人：在弹道AMBER中的幼虫2同步辐射应用实验室（LAS），卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院（KIT），凯撒。176131Karlsruhe，德国。thomas.vandekamp@kit.edu马库斯·祖伯。光子科学与同步辐射研究所（IPS），卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院（KIT），赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹广场1，76344埃根斯坦-利奥波德沙芬，德国和同步辐射应用实验室（LAS），卡尔斯鲁厄理学院（KIT），凯撒。176131Karlsruhe，德国。marcus.zuber@kit.eduJoachim T.Haug。慕尼黑路德维希·马克西米利安大学生物学II，德国拜仁Planegg和慕尼黑路德维希·马克西米利安大学Geobio中心。jhaug@biologie.uni-muenchen.de
{"title":"Synchrotron-radiation computed tomography uncovers ecosystem functions of fly larvae in an Eocene forest","authors":"V. Baranov, M. Engel, J. Hammel, M. Hörnig, T. V. D. Kamp, M. Zuber, J. Haug","doi":"10.26879/1129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1129","url":null,"abstract":"We report a hitherto unprecedented diversity of fly larvae (Diptera) from Eocene Baltic amber and the use of these to address palaeo-ecosystem functions and processes in the surrounding forests. Fly larvae have been considered exceptionally rare by the research community and have, like most insect larvae, been deemed of limited utility owing to challenges in identification. Herein, however, using synchrotron-x-ray radiation CT (SR-μCT) allowed us to detect and identify dozens of fly larvae from Baltic amber, and to infer their ecological interactions. One particular piece of amber contains 56 fly larvae and apparent mammalian feces. This fossil is of great interest for our understanding of carbon cycling in the Eocene forest. The occurrence of such a large number of fly larvae on the fecal remains indicates an important role of flies in recycling organic matter in the Eocene forest, much as some larvae do today. Analysis of the fly palaeo-communities also allowed us to hypothesize a mechanism by which massive, geologically relevant deposits of amber were formed in the Baltic region. Scanning allowed us to identify seven larvae closely related to the extant Syrphidae, whose larvae inhabit nests of eusocial Hymenoptera, or, sometimes, flows of sap dripping from trees damaged by other burrowing insect larvae. Viktor A. Baranov. Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Bayern, Germany. Correspondence author. baranow@biologie.uni-muenchen.de Michael S. Engel. Natural Sciences and Mathematics Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, KU Biodiversity Institute, Kansas, USA. msengel@ku.edu Jörg Hammel. Institute of Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Geesthacht, Germany. joerg.hammel@hzg.de Marie K. Hörnig. University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum,Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Greifswald, Germany. marie.hoernig@palaeo-evo-devo.info Thomas van de Kamp. Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany and BARANOV ET AL.: DIPTERA LARVAE IN BALTIC AMBER 2 Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. thomas.vandekamp@kit.edu Marcus Zuber. Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany and Laboratory for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 1, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany. marcus.zuber@kit.edu Joachim T. Haug. Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Planegg, Bayern, Germany and Geobio-Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Bayern, Germany. jhaug@biologie.uni-muenchen.de","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42493577","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
From the Lower Valanginian of the Sierra de Cazorla (Internal Prebetic, SE Spain), a coral fauna is taxonomically described. The fauna encompasses 51 species in 29 genera. One genus and three species are described as new. The most speciesrich are the superfamilies Cyclolitoidea and Stylinoidea. The faunal composition is ambivalent and encompasses typical Jurassic taxa, such as members of the families Amphiastraeidae, Rhipidogyridae, Solenocoenidae and Stylinidae, but also typical Cretaceous elements such as the genera Confusaforma, Floriastrea and Holocoenia (which also have their first occurrence in the Valanginian studied fauna). Four Jurassic genera show a range extension into the Early Valanginian: Alloiteaucoenia, Bilaterocoenia, Hykeliphyllum and Miscellosmilia. Other genera still survived into the Late Valanginian (Placogyra, Rhipidogyra and Solenocoenia) but became extinct. A palaeobiogeographic analysis shows relationships of the studied fauna to the Tithonian and the Kimmeridgian of the northern Tethys on one hand, and the Hauterivian of the Paris Basin and the Puebla Basin (Mexico) on the other. Nineteen species of the studied fauna remained in open nomenclature; the majority of them probably represent new species. Hannes Löser. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geología, Estación Regional del Noroeste, L.D. Colosio s/n, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. loeser@paleotax.de Luis M. Nieto. Departamento de Geología y Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias de la Tierra, Energía y Medio Ambiente (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain. lmnieto@ujaen.es José Manuel Castro. Departamento de Geología y Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias de la Tierra, Energía y Medio Ambiente (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain. jmcastro@ujaen.es Matías Reolid. Departamento de Geología y Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias de la Tierra, Energía y Medio Ambiente (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain. mreolid@ujaen.es
从Sierra de Cazorla的下Valanginian(西班牙东南部的内史前世)，分类描述了珊瑚动物群。动物群包括29属51种。新发现1属和3种。种类最丰富的是花柱总科和花柱总科。区系组成是矛盾的，包括典型的侏罗纪分类群，如Amphiastraeidae科、rhiidogyridae科、Solenocoenidae科和Stylinidae科，也包括典型的白垩纪分类群，如Confusaforma属、Floriastrea属和Holocoenia属(也首次出现在Valanginian研究的动物群中)。4个侏罗纪属(Alloiteaucoenia、bilatererocoenia、Hykeliphyllum和Miscellosmilia)的分布范围延伸至早期瓦兰吉尼亚。其他属仍然存活到晚期瓦兰吉尼亚(Placogyra, hipidogyra和Solenocoenia)，但已经灭绝。一项古生物地理学分析表明，研究的动物群一方面与特提斯北部的提通纪和基默里吉纪有关，另一方面与巴黎盆地和普埃布拉盆地(墨西哥)的Hauterivian有关。所研究的动物群中有19种仍属公开命名法;它们中的大多数可能代表了新物种。汉斯·失败者。墨西哥国立大学Autónoma莫西莫研究所Geología, Estación东北大区，科罗拉多分校，墨西哥索诺拉埃莫西约83000号。loeser@paleotax.de路易斯·m·涅托。Geología与地岛科学研究中心系，Energía与环境媒体研究中心(CEACTEMA)，雅桑坦大学，西班牙雅桑坦23071。lmnieto@ujaen.es何塞·曼纽尔·卡斯特罗。Geología与地岛科学研究中心系，Energía与环境媒体研究中心(CEACTEMA)，雅桑坦大学，西班牙雅桑坦23071。jmcastro@ujaen.es Matías Reolid。Geología与地岛科学研究中心系，Energía与环境媒体研究中心(CEACTEMA)，雅桑坦大学，西班牙雅桑坦23071。mreolid@ujaen.es
{"title":"A Lower Valanginian coral fauna from the South Iberian Palaeomargin (Internal Prebetic, SE Spain)","authors":"H. Löser, L. Nieto, J. M. Castro, M. Reolid","doi":"10.26879/1030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1030","url":null,"abstract":"From the Lower Valanginian of the Sierra de Cazorla (Internal Prebetic, SE Spain), a coral fauna is taxonomically described. The fauna encompasses 51 species in 29 genera. One genus and three species are described as new. The most speciesrich are the superfamilies Cyclolitoidea and Stylinoidea. The faunal composition is ambivalent and encompasses typical Jurassic taxa, such as members of the families Amphiastraeidae, Rhipidogyridae, Solenocoenidae and Stylinidae, but also typical Cretaceous elements such as the genera Confusaforma, Floriastrea and Holocoenia (which also have their first occurrence in the Valanginian studied fauna). Four Jurassic genera show a range extension into the Early Valanginian: Alloiteaucoenia, Bilaterocoenia, Hykeliphyllum and Miscellosmilia. Other genera still survived into the Late Valanginian (Placogyra, Rhipidogyra and Solenocoenia) but became extinct. A palaeobiogeographic analysis shows relationships of the studied fauna to the Tithonian and the Kimmeridgian of the northern Tethys on one hand, and the Hauterivian of the Paris Basin and the Puebla Basin (Mexico) on the other. Nineteen species of the studied fauna remained in open nomenclature; the majority of them probably represent new species. Hannes Löser. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Geología, Estación Regional del Noroeste, L.D. Colosio s/n, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. loeser@paleotax.de Luis M. Nieto. Departamento de Geología y Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias de la Tierra, Energía y Medio Ambiente (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain. lmnieto@ujaen.es José Manuel Castro. Departamento de Geología y Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias de la Tierra, Energía y Medio Ambiente (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain. jmcastro@ujaen.es Matías Reolid. Departamento de Geología y Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Ciencias de la Tierra, Energía y Medio Ambiente (CEACTEMA), Universidad de Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain. mreolid@ujaen.es","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44001311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lukotermes milescaput gen. et sp. nov. is described on the basis of a dealate specimen from the Eocene amber of Vladimirets district of Rovno region (Ukraine). We provisionally attribute it to the family Rhinotermitidae, subfamily Heterotermitinae for its head shape. It is remarkable for its elongate head capsule with lateral sides parallel and its tibial spur formula 2:2:2. This last character is quite infrequent in this family, also present in the closely related family Serritermitidae, questioning its phylogenetic relationships. This point will be clarified only after the discovery of other specimens showing the wing venation and the mandibular dentition. It is also a very small termite, smallest fossil rhinotermitid, and the second smallest Paleogene termite after the Ypresian genus Nanotermes Engel and Grimaldi, 2011. It was supposed that initial weight of parents was more crucial in mesothermal climates with low seasonality of Priabonian European amber forests than in tropical climate of Ypresian Cambay forest. It could be the reason why miniaturization is very strong in Cambay termites and hardly seen in Priabonian ambers, rather than taphonomic biases. Evgeny E. Perkovsky. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, 01030 Ukraine and 2 A.A. Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str. 123, Moscow,117868 Russia. perkovsk@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-79594379 André Nel. Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 57 rue Cuvier 75005 Paris, France. anel@mnhn.fr; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4241-7651
Lukotermes milescaput gen. et sp. 11 .是根据乌克兰Rovno地区Vladimirets地区始新世琥珀的一个晚期标本描述的。由于其头部形状，我们暂时将其归属于鼻白蚁科，异白蚁亚科。值得注意的是其外侧平行的长头囊和胫骨骨刺的比例为2:2:2。最后一个特征在这个科中很少见，也出现在密切相关的Serritermitidae科中，质疑其系统发育关系。只有在发现其他显示翼脉和下颌齿的标本后，这一点才会得到澄清。它也是一种非常小的白蚁，最小的鼻白蚁化石，也是仅次于伊普雷斯纳白蚁属的第二小的古近纪白蚁。Engel和Grimaldi, 2011。认为亲本初始重在Priabonian欧洲琥珀林季节性较低的中温气候条件下比在Ypresian Cambay林的热带气候条件下更为重要。这可能是为什么坎贝白蚁的小型化非常强，而在普里亚伯尼亚琥珀中几乎看不到的原因，而不是地貌学上的偏见。叶夫根尼·e·珀科夫斯基。乌克兰国家科学院Schmalhausen动物研究所，基辅，01030;2俄罗斯科学院A.A. Borissiak古生物研究所，Profsoyuznaya街123号，莫斯科，117868。perkovsk@gmail.com;https://orcid.org/0000-0002-79594379安德雷内尔。法国巴黎居维叶街75005号，索邦大学，欧洲高等教育研究所，安的列斯大学，CP50，法国巴黎居维叶街57号，生物多样性研究所(ISYEB)anel@mnhn.fr;https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4241-7651
{"title":"A new Rovno amber termite genus (Isoptera, Rhinotermitidae) from Styr river basin","authors":"E. Perkovsky, A. Nel","doi":"10.26879/1127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1127","url":null,"abstract":"Lukotermes milescaput gen. et sp. nov. is described on the basis of a dealate specimen from the Eocene amber of Vladimirets district of Rovno region (Ukraine). We provisionally attribute it to the family Rhinotermitidae, subfamily Heterotermitinae for its head shape. It is remarkable for its elongate head capsule with lateral sides parallel and its tibial spur formula 2:2:2. This last character is quite infrequent in this family, also present in the closely related family Serritermitidae, questioning its phylogenetic relationships. This point will be clarified only after the discovery of other specimens showing the wing venation and the mandibular dentition. It is also a very small termite, smallest fossil rhinotermitid, and the second smallest Paleogene termite after the Ypresian genus Nanotermes Engel and Grimaldi, 2011. It was supposed that initial weight of parents was more crucial in mesothermal climates with low seasonality of Priabonian European amber forests than in tropical climate of Ypresian Cambay forest. It could be the reason why miniaturization is very strong in Cambay termites and hardly seen in Priabonian ambers, rather than taphonomic biases. Evgeny E. Perkovsky. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, 01030 Ukraine and 2 A.A. Borissiak Paleontological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Profsoyuznaya Str. 123, Moscow,117868 Russia. perkovsk@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-79594379 André Nel. Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB) Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, Université des Antilles, CP50, 57 rue Cuvier 75005 Paris, France. anel@mnhn.fr; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4241-7651","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43087960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Roth-Nebelsick, Michaela Grein, C. Traiser, L. Kunzmann, J. Kvaček, Janina Wypich, J. Kovar-Eder
Data of climate-sensitive leaf traits, which are usually collected and analyzed for entire fossil leaf assemblages, also include intraspecific responses to environmental conditions. Intraspecific correlations between climate and leaf traits represent plastic responses on the individual level as well as plasticity caused by genetic differences between disjunct populations of a species. Plasticity is taxon-specific, as documented by various studies on extant plants. Data on plasticity in fossil plants are, however, rare. In this study, the plasticity of climate-sensitive leaf traits of three long-ranging species, each covering an extended time interval from the late middle Eocene to the late Oligocene or to even the early Miocene, were tracked by using material from 16 sites located in Austria, Czech Republic and Germany. Selected taxa are Daphnogene cinnamomifolia, Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis and Platanus neptuni. Leaf size-related data (lamina size, length, width) as well as leaf shape-related data (centroid, length-to-width ratio and two parameters for “roundness”) were considered. All three considered fossilspecies show various site-specific and significant differences for leaf size-related traits as well as for leaf shape-related traits. Data from allochthonous marine deposits show the highest plasticity, probably due to the accumulation of heterogeneous plant material from different growing sites. For the Oligocene and Miocene, the results are mostly consistent with palaeo-temperature data. This is particularly the case for “roundness” data, confirming the suitability of this trait as an indicator for climate. The high variability of various traits found for the Eocene is, however, difficult to attribute to temperature alone. Rather, the considerable variability of Eocene trait data may be explained by environmental instability during climate transition, such as changing precipitation patterns. ROTH-NEBELSICK ET AL.: TAXON-SPECIFIC VARIABILITY 2 Anita Roth-Nebelsick. State Museum of Natural History, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany. anita.rothnebelsick@smns-bw.de Michaela Grein. Übersee-Museum Bremen, Bahnhofsplatz 13, 28195 Bremen, Germany. m.grein@uebersee-museum.de Christopher Traiser. Department of Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. christopher.traiser@uni-tuebingen.de Lutz Kunzmann. Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstr. 159, 01109 Dresden, Germany. lutz.kunzmann@senckenberg.de Jiří Kvaček. National Museum Prague, Václavské náměsti 68, 115 79 Prague 1, Czech Republic. jiri.kvacek@nm.cz Janina Wypich. State Museum of Natural History, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany; Janina.wypich@smns-bw.de Johanna Kovar-Eder. State Museum of Natural History, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany. johanna.eder@smns-bw.de
气候敏感性叶片性状数据通常是对整个化石叶片组合进行收集和分析的，也包括对环境条件的种内响应。气候与叶片性状的种内相关性既代表了个体水平上的可塑性响应，也代表了一个物种的离散居群之间遗传差异所引起的可塑性。正如对现存植物的各种研究所证明的那样，可塑性是分类特异性的。然而，关于化石植物可塑性的数据很少。在这项研究中，利用来自奥地利、捷克共和国和德国的16个地点的材料，追踪了三个长距离物种的气候敏感叶片特征的可塑性，每个物种都覆盖了从中始新世晚期到晚渐新世甚至中新世早期的较长时间间隔。所选分类群为褐皮藻、褐皮藻、褐皮藻、褐皮藻。叶片大小相关数据(叶片大小、长度、宽度)以及叶片形状相关数据(质心、长宽比和“圆度”的两个参数)被考虑在内。所有三个被考虑的化石物种在叶片大小相关性状和叶片形状相关性状上都表现出不同的地点特异性和显著差异。来自异域海洋沉积物的数据显示出最高的可塑性，可能是由于来自不同生长地点的异质植物物质的积累。渐新世和中新世的结果与古温度数据基本一致。“圆度”数据尤其如此，证实了这一特征作为气候指标的适用性。始新世发现的各种特征的高度变异性很难单独归因于温度。相反，始新世特征数据的相当大的变异性可能是由于气候过渡期间的环境不稳定，例如降水模式的变化。ROTH-NEBELSICK等人:分类群特异性变异2 Anita ROTH-NEBELSICK。德国斯图加特国立自然博物馆，罗森斯坦1,70191。anita.rothnebelsick@smns-bw.de Michaela Grein。Übersee-Museum不莱梅，班霍夫广场13号，28195不莱梅，德国。m.grein@uebersee-museum.de Christopher Traiser。德国宾根大学地球科学系，Schnarrenbergstr. 94- 96,72076;christopher.traiser@uni-tuebingen.de卢茨·昆兹曼。德累斯顿森肯伯格自然历史收藏馆，Königsbrücker德国德累斯顿，Landstr. 159,01109。lutz.kunzmann@senckenberg.de Jiří kva ek。布拉格国家博物馆，Václavské náměsti 68, 115 79布拉格1，捷克共和国。jiri.kvacek@nm.cz Janina Wypich。国家自然历史博物馆，罗森斯坦1,70191德国斯图加特;Janina.wypich@smns-bw.de Johanna Kovar-Eder。德国斯图加特国立自然博物馆，罗森斯坦1,70191。johanna.eder@smns-bw.de
{"title":"Taxon-specific variability of leaf traits in three long-ranging fossil-species of the Paleogene and Neogene: Responses to climate?","authors":"A. Roth-Nebelsick, Michaela Grein, C. Traiser, L. Kunzmann, J. Kvaček, Janina Wypich, J. Kovar-Eder","doi":"10.26879/1114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1114","url":null,"abstract":"Data of climate-sensitive leaf traits, which are usually collected and analyzed for entire fossil leaf assemblages, also include intraspecific responses to environmental conditions. Intraspecific correlations between climate and leaf traits represent plastic responses on the individual level as well as plasticity caused by genetic differences between disjunct populations of a species. Plasticity is taxon-specific, as documented by various studies on extant plants. Data on plasticity in fossil plants are, however, rare. In this study, the plasticity of climate-sensitive leaf traits of three long-ranging species, each covering an extended time interval from the late middle Eocene to the late Oligocene or to even the early Miocene, were tracked by using material from 16 sites located in Austria, Czech Republic and Germany. Selected taxa are Daphnogene cinnamomifolia, Eotrigonobalanus furcinervis and Platanus neptuni. Leaf size-related data (lamina size, length, width) as well as leaf shape-related data (centroid, length-to-width ratio and two parameters for “roundness”) were considered. All three considered fossilspecies show various site-specific and significant differences for leaf size-related traits as well as for leaf shape-related traits. Data from allochthonous marine deposits show the highest plasticity, probably due to the accumulation of heterogeneous plant material from different growing sites. For the Oligocene and Miocene, the results are mostly consistent with palaeo-temperature data. This is particularly the case for “roundness” data, confirming the suitability of this trait as an indicator for climate. The high variability of various traits found for the Eocene is, however, difficult to attribute to temperature alone. Rather, the considerable variability of Eocene trait data may be explained by environmental instability during climate transition, such as changing precipitation patterns. ROTH-NEBELSICK ET AL.: TAXON-SPECIFIC VARIABILITY 2 Anita Roth-Nebelsick. State Museum of Natural History, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany. anita.rothnebelsick@smns-bw.de Michaela Grein. Übersee-Museum Bremen, Bahnhofsplatz 13, 28195 Bremen, Germany. m.grein@uebersee-museum.de Christopher Traiser. Department of Geoscience, University of Tübingen, Schnarrenbergstr. 94-96, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. christopher.traiser@uni-tuebingen.de Lutz Kunzmann. Senckenberg Natural History Collections Dresden, Königsbrücker Landstr. 159, 01109 Dresden, Germany. lutz.kunzmann@senckenberg.de Jiří Kvaček. National Museum Prague, Václavské náměsti 68, 115 79 Prague 1, Czech Republic. jiri.kvacek@nm.cz Janina Wypich. State Museum of Natural History, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany; Janina.wypich@smns-bw.de Johanna Kovar-Eder. State Museum of Natural History, Rosenstein 1, 70191 Stuttgart, Germany. johanna.eder@smns-bw.de","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42622169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The giant theropod Spinosaurus was an unusual animal and highly derived in many ways, and interpretations of its ecology remain controversial. Recent papers have added considerable knowledge of the anatomy of the genus with the discovery of a new and much more complete specimen, but this has also brought new and dramatic interpretations of its ecology as a highly specialised semi-aquatic animal that actively pursued aquatic prey. Here we assess the arguments about the functional morphology of this animal and the available data on its ecology and possible habits in the light of these new finds. We conclude that based on the available data, the degree of adaptations for aquatic life are questionable, other interpretations for the tail fin and other features are supported (e.g., socio-sexual signalling), and the pursuit predation hypothesis for Spinosaurus as a “highly specialized aquatic predator” is not supported. In contrast, a ‘wading’ model for an animal that predominantly fished from shorelines or within shallow waters is not contradicted by any line of evidence and is well supported. Spinosaurus almost certainly fed primarily from the water and may have swum, but there is no evidence that it was a specialised aquatic pursuit predator. David W.E. Hone. Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK. d.hone@qmul.ac.uk Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA and Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560 USA. tholtz@umd.edu
巨型兽脚亚目棘龙是一种不同寻常的动物，在许多方面都有高度的起源，对其生态学的解释仍然存在争议。随着一个新的、更完整的标本的发现，最近的论文增加了对该属解剖学的大量了解，但这也为其生态学带来了新的、戏剧性的解释，因为它是一种高度专业化的半水生动物，积极捕食水生猎物。在这里，我们根据这些新发现，评估了关于这种动物功能形态的争论，以及关于其生态学和可能习性的可用数据。我们得出的结论是，根据现有数据，对水生生物的适应程度值得怀疑，对尾鳍和其他特征的其他解释得到了支持（例如，社会性别信号），棘龙作为“高度专业化的水生捕食者”的追逐-捕食假说不受支持。相比之下，主要从海岸线或浅水区捕鱼的动物的“涉水”模型没有与任何证据相矛盾，并且得到了很好的支持。几乎可以肯定的是，棘龙主要从水中进食，可能会游泳，但没有证据表明它是一种专门的水生捕食动物。David W.E.Hone。伦敦玛丽女王大学，Mile End Road，伦敦，E1 4NS，英国。d.hone@qmul.ac.ukThomas R.Holtz，Jr.马里兰大学地质系，美国马里兰大学帕克分校，邮编：20742，美国华盛顿特区国家自然历史博物馆古生物学系，邮编：20560。tholtz@umd.edu
{"title":"Evaluating the ecology of Spinosaurus: shoreline generalist or aquatic pursuit specialist?","authors":"D. Hone, T. Holtz","doi":"10.26879/1110","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1110","url":null,"abstract":"The giant theropod Spinosaurus was an unusual animal and highly derived in many ways, and interpretations of its ecology remain controversial. Recent papers have added considerable knowledge of the anatomy of the genus with the discovery of a new and much more complete specimen, but this has also brought new and dramatic interpretations of its ecology as a highly specialised semi-aquatic animal that actively pursued aquatic prey. Here we assess the arguments about the functional morphology of this animal and the available data on its ecology and possible habits in the light of these new finds. We conclude that based on the available data, the degree of adaptations for aquatic life are questionable, other interpretations for the tail fin and other features are supported (e.g., socio-sexual signalling), and the pursuit predation hypothesis for Spinosaurus as a “highly specialized aquatic predator” is not supported. In contrast, a ‘wading’ model for an animal that predominantly fished from shorelines or within shallow waters is not contradicted by any line of evidence and is well supported. Spinosaurus almost certainly fed primarily from the water and may have swum, but there is no evidence that it was a specialised aquatic pursuit predator. David W.E. Hone. Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK. d.hone@qmul.ac.uk Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 USA and Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC 20560 USA. tholtz@umd.edu","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41884748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Iván Rey-Rodríguez, J. Arnaud, J. López-García, E. Stoetzel, C. Denys, R. Cornette, B. Bazgir
Ellobius remains are common and often abundant in southeastern Europe, western and central Asia archaeological sites. A correct identification of species is crucial for our understanding of the evolution of species and communities through time, including biostratigraphic sequences to be established. This study applies geometric morphometric methods (GMM) to Ellobius first lower molars, with the objectives: 1) to discriminate modern species and explore morphological and size differences in reference samples; and 2) to identify fossil specimens recovered in archaeological sites, based on the aforementioned analysis. The reference dataset used in this paper includes specimens belonging to the three species that today occur in the southeastern Europe, western and central Asia: Ellobius fuscocapillus, E. lutescens and E. talpinus. The archaeological material comes from Late Pleistocene Iranian site of Kaldar Cave (Khorramabad valley, Lorestan Province, western Iran). Our study shows that the shape of the anterior cap and the arrangement of the following triangles allow discriminating the three studied extant Ellobius species. The shapes of E. fuscocapillus and E. lutescens m1 appear rather similar, whereas Ellobius talpinus is well separated from these two species. The total length and the anterior cap of m1 in E. fuscocapillus is greater than in Ellobius lutescens. The GMM analyses performed on the modern reference dataset allowed us to identify fossil specimens from Kaldar Cave as E. lutescens and some as E. fuscocapillus, and excluding E. talpinus.
{"title":"Distinguishing between three modern Ellobius species (Rodentia, Mammalia) and identification of fossil Ellobius from Kaldar Cave (Iran) using geometric morphometric analyses of the first lower molar","authors":"Iván Rey-Rodríguez, J. Arnaud, J. López-García, E. Stoetzel, C. Denys, R. Cornette, B. Bazgir","doi":"10.26879/1122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1122","url":null,"abstract":"Ellobius remains are common and often abundant in southeastern Europe, western and central Asia archaeological sites. A correct identification of species is crucial for our understanding of the evolution of species and communities through time, including biostratigraphic sequences to be established. This study applies geometric morphometric methods (GMM) to Ellobius first lower molars, with the objectives: 1) to discriminate modern species and explore morphological and size differences in reference samples; and 2) to identify fossil specimens recovered in archaeological sites, based on the aforementioned analysis. The reference dataset used in this paper includes specimens belonging to the three species that today occur in the southeastern Europe, western and central Asia: Ellobius fuscocapillus, E. lutescens and E. talpinus. The archaeological material comes from Late Pleistocene Iranian site of Kaldar Cave (Khorramabad valley, Lorestan Province, western Iran). Our study shows that the shape of the anterior cap and the arrangement of the following triangles allow discriminating the three studied extant Ellobius species. The shapes of E. fuscocapillus and E. lutescens m1 appear rather similar, whereas Ellobius talpinus is well separated from these two species. The total length and the anterior cap of m1 in E. fuscocapillus is greater than in Ellobius lutescens. The GMM analyses performed on the modern reference dataset allowed us to identify fossil specimens from Kaldar Cave as E. lutescens and some as E. fuscocapillus, and excluding E. talpinus.","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45308443","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Two new genera have been identified in the Permian of Mexico: cf Bjuvia and Nils-sonia. Along with previously-known Taeniopteris , these confirm the presence of Cyca-dophytes in the upper Paleozoic of Mexico. This substantially increases the geographical and temporal distribution of this group and provides information on the type of environment in which these plants developed. The new reports come from two localities of the Matzitzi Formation, in the state of Puebla, Mexico, called Carretera (Ca) and Coatepec (Co). In the first locality, we identified material characterized by the presence of a simple leaf of large size with veins perpendicular to the rachis and always parallel, as well as a stomatal apparatus with papillae. The fragmentary nature of the material from Puebla allows only an affinity to Bjuvia of the order Cycadales. Other specimens are assigned to Taeniopteris and Nilssonia . The Nilssonia reported from Carretera, has a segmented lamina attached to the rachis on the upper side. Tae-niopteris is characterized by an entire lamina, generally narrow, with veins originating perpendicularly to the rachis that dichotomizes one or several times. The species T. lentriculiformis and T. crassinervis are reported for the first time from Coatepec. Together with these genera
{"title":"New records of Bjuvia and Nilssonia from the Permian of Mexico","authors":"Miguel A. Flores-Barragan, M. P. Velasco-de León","doi":"10.26879/1109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26879/1109","url":null,"abstract":"Two new genera have been identified in the Permian of Mexico: cf Bjuvia and Nils-sonia. Along with previously-known Taeniopteris , these confirm the presence of Cyca-dophytes in the upper Paleozoic of Mexico. This substantially increases the geographical and temporal distribution of this group and provides information on the type of environment in which these plants developed. The new reports come from two localities of the Matzitzi Formation, in the state of Puebla, Mexico, called Carretera (Ca) and Coatepec (Co). In the first locality, we identified material characterized by the presence of a simple leaf of large size with veins perpendicular to the rachis and always parallel, as well as a stomatal apparatus with papillae. The fragmentary nature of the material from Puebla allows only an affinity to Bjuvia of the order Cycadales. Other specimens are assigned to Taeniopteris and Nilssonia . The Nilssonia reported from Carretera, has a segmented lamina attached to the rachis on the upper side. Tae-niopteris is characterized by an entire lamina, generally narrow, with veins originating perpendicularly to the rachis that dichotomizes one or several times. The species T. lentriculiformis and T. crassinervis are reported for the first time from Coatepec. Together with these genera","PeriodicalId":56100,"journal":{"name":"Palaeontologia Electronica","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2021-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"69147223","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"地球科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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