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“But why?” Dopamine and causal learning "但是为什么呢?"多巴胺与因果学习
IF 4.9 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101443
Vijay MK Namboodiri

The computational and algorithmic role of striatal dopamine signaling has been one of the most investigated topics in systems neuroscience. Though there have been many hypotheses of dopamine function over the years, the reward prediction error (RPE) hypothesis has remained the most popular for decades. Despite substantial evidence consistent with this hypothesis, considerable recent evidence is also inconsistent with it. Accordingly, multiple alternate hypotheses of dopamine function have been recently proposed. Here, I review one such alternative from my lab stating that dopamine is a teaching signal for causal learning. I show that there are fundamental similarities between this and other recent hypotheses, and that this hypothesis is consistent with the core results supporting RPE coding. Therefore, RPE should be considered a provisional hypothesis of dopamine function requiring further evaluation, with a critical need for openly examining a host of recent experimental results inconsistent with the hypothesis.

纹状体多巴胺信号的计算和算法作用一直是系统神经科学研究最多的课题之一。尽管多年来对多巴胺功能提出了许多假说,但奖赏预测错误(RPE)假说几十年来一直是最流行的假说。尽管有大量证据与这一假说相符,但最近也有大量证据与之不符。因此,最近提出了多种多巴胺功能的替代假说。在此,我回顾了我的实验室提出的一种替代方案,即多巴胺是因果学习的教学信号。我的研究表明,这一假说与最近提出的其他假说有基本的相似之处,而且这一假说与支持 RPE 编码的核心结果是一致的。因此,RPE 应被视为多巴胺功能的一个临时假说,需要进一步评估,而且迫切需要公开研究与该假说不一致的一系列最新实验结果。
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引用次数: 0
Stress-induced modulation of maternal behavior and mesolimbic dopamine function 压力对母性行为和间叶多巴胺功能的调节
IF 4.9 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101445
Millie Rincón-Cortés

In humans, maternal stress exposure is associated with compromised quality of mother–infant interactions and increased risk for affective disorders that impair maternal care. These effects have been recapitulated in rodent studies employing postpartum stressors. Here, I provide a brief overview of recent studies showing stress-induced alterations in maternal behaviors in both humans and rodents. In addition, I review current literature indicating a role for mesolimbic dopamine function in maternal sensitivity and goal-directed responses and discuss its disruption by stress exposure.

在人类中,孕产妇面临的压力与母婴互动质量下降和情感障碍风险增加有关,而情感障碍会损害孕产妇护理。利用产后应激源进行的啮齿动物研究也再现了这些影响。在此,我将简要概述最近的一些研究,这些研究显示压力会导致人类和啮齿动物的母性行为发生改变。此外,我还回顾了目前的文献,这些文献表明间叶多巴胺功能在母性敏感性和目标定向反应中的作用,并讨论了压力暴露对其的干扰。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial overview: Role of the cerebellum in cognition and behavior 编辑综述:小脑在认知和行为中的作用
IF 4.9 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101444
Wietske van der Zwaag , Sheeba A Anteraper
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引用次数: 0
Shifting attention to orient or avoid: a unifying account of the tail of the striatum and its dopaminergic inputs 转移注意力以定向或回避:纹状体尾部及其多巴胺能输入的统一解释
IF 4.9 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-09-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101441
Isobel Green, Ryunosuke Amo, Mitsuko Watabe-Uchida

The tail of the striatum (TS) is increasingly recognized as a unique subdivision of the striatum, characterized by its dense sensory inputs and projections received from a distinct group of dopamine neurons. Separate lines of research have characterized the functional role of TS and TS-projecting dopamine neurons in three realms: saccadic eye movement toward valuable visual stimuli, tone-guided choice between two options, and defensive responses to threatening stimuli. We propose a framework for reconciling these diverse roles as varied implementations of a conserved response to salient stimuli, with dopamine in TS providing a teaching signal to promote quick attentional shifts that facilitate stimulus-driven orientation and/or avoidance.

人们越来越认识到,纹状体尾部(TS)是纹状体的一个独特分支,其特点是具有密集的感觉输入和来自一组不同多巴胺神经元的投射。不同的研究方向分别描述了纹状体后部和纹状体后部投射的多巴胺神经元在以下三个领域的功能作用:向有价值的视觉刺激的眼球移动、在两个选项之间的音调引导选择以及对威胁性刺激的防御性反应。我们提出了一个框架来协调这些不同的作用,将其视为对显著刺激的保守反应的不同实现方式,TS 中的多巴胺提供了一个教学信号,促进注意力的快速转移,从而促进刺激驱动的定向和/或回避。
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引用次数: 0
Developmental exposure to cannabis compromises dopamine system function and behavior 发育期接触大麻会损害多巴胺系统的功能和行为
IF 4.9 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101442
Marcello Solinas , Miriam Melis

With the expanding legalization and decriminalization, cannabis price has decreased, and its use increased along with the content of its main ingredient, THC. Although prevalence rates for its consumption during adolescence appear unchanged, the use of more potent cannabis and the availability of powerful synthetic cannabinoids have enhanced the health risks associated with its use. The prevalence of cannabis consumption during pregnancy has also risen because of its availability/acceptability and the misconception that cannabis is safe. Evidence shows that cannabis use during development is associated with cognitive deficits and increased risks of mental illnesses. Particularly, exposure to cannabis in utero or during adolescence derails the normal development of the dopamine system and produces aberrant behaviors. In this review, we discuss the long-term impact of THC exposure during development on behaviors related to mesolimbic dopamine system function, and we highlight areas of research that deserve more investigation in the future.

随着大麻合法化和非刑罪化的不断扩大,大麻价格下降,其使用量也随着其主要成分四氢大麻酚含量的增加而增加。虽然青春期吸食大麻的流行率似乎没有变化,但使用药效更强的大麻以及强效合成大麻素的出现增加了与吸食大麻有关的健康风险。由于大麻的可获得性/可接受性以及人们对大麻安全的误解,孕期吸食大麻的流行率也有所上升。有证据表明,在发育期间吸食大麻与认知缺陷和精神疾病风险增加有关。尤其是在子宫内或青春期接触大麻会破坏多巴胺系统的正常发育并产生异常行为。在这篇综述中,我们讨论了在发育过程中接触四氢大麻酚对与间叶多巴胺系统功能有关的行为的长期影响,并强调了值得在未来进行更多调查的研究领域。
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引用次数: 0
Glucocorticoid hormone as regulator and readout of resilience 糖皮质激素是复原力的调节器和读数器
IF 4.9 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101439
E. Ronald de Kloet, Onno C. Meijer

The glucocorticoid hormones corticosterone and cortisol (CORT) are pleiotropic master regulators of resilience. This pleiotropy refers to the multifaceted CORT action in maintaining fitness and to promote stress-coping and adaptation. Mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) mediate this wide diversity of CORT actions complementary through rapid nongenomic and slower genomic mechanisms. The current contribution reports the following: i) brisk CORT reactivity and secretion patterns as hallmarks of resilience outcome, (ii) MR-mediated selection of coping styles and GR-mediated adaptation as a CORT-dependent switch in support of the resilience process, and (iii) the application of selective GR modulators to improve on resilience by attenuating inflammatory and emotional components of stress-related neurodegeneration. These findings highlight how CORT via MR and GR activation may modulate and monitor the resilience process and outcome in particular contexts.

糖皮质激素皮质酮和皮质醇(CORT)是抗逆力的多效应主调节因子。这种多效性是指 CORT 在维持体能、促进压力应对和适应方面的多方面作用。矿质皮质激素受体(MR)和糖皮质激素受体(GR)通过快速的非基因组机制和缓慢的基因组机制,互补性地介导 CORT 作用的广泛多样性。本文报告了以下内容:(i) 快速的 CORT 反应性和分泌模式是复原力结果的标志;(ii) MR 介导的应对方式选择和 GR 介导的适应性是支持复原力过程的 CORT 依赖性开关;(iii) 应用选择性 GR 调节剂,通过减轻应激相关神经变性的炎症和情绪成分来提高复原力。这些发现强调了在特定情况下,CORT 如何通过 MR 和 GR 激活来调节和监测复原过程和结果。
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引用次数: 0
Evolution of fish brains and behaviors: how many ways to generate the same outcomes? 鱼类大脑和行为的进化:产生相同结果的途径有多少?
IF 4.9 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101440
Sylvie Rétaux , Kei Yamamoto

Animals are adapted to their natural habitats. Their brains perceive the world via their sensory systems, compute information together with that of internal states and autonomous activity, and generate behavioral outputs. However, how do these processes evolve across evolution? We discuss the evolution of the brains of teleost fishes, the largest vertebrates group. Although their overall brain organization follows a shared Bauplan and their brain can serve similar functions, significant differences exist between teleost and tetrapod brains at all levels, shape, size, and connectivity. It has become evident that many evolutionary paths can lead to similar anatomical/functional traits independently in different taxa. We here present some examples of teleost sensory organs, afferent sensory pathways, and even some higher-order cognitive functions such as tool-using behaviors that evolved through convergent mechanisms. It appears that the nervous system is highly ‘plastic’ during evolution, and more convergent evolution has taken place than is commonly thought.

动物适应其自然栖息地。它们的大脑通过感官系统感知世界,计算内部状态和自主活动的信息,并产生行为输出。然而,这些过程在进化过程中是如何演变的呢?我们将讨论脊椎动物中最大的类群--远洋鱼类大脑的进化。虽然它们的整体大脑组织遵循共同的Bauplan,大脑也能发挥类似的功能,但远洋鱼类和四足鱼类的大脑在形状、大小和连接性等各个层面都存在显著差异。很明显,许多进化途径都可以导致不同类群独立地具有相似的解剖/功能特征。在此,我们将举例说明远志动物的感觉器官、传入感觉通路,甚至一些高阶认知功能,如使用工具的行为,都是通过趋同机制进化而来的。由此看来,神经系统在进化过程中具有很强的 "可塑性",发生的趋同进化比通常认为的要多。
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引用次数: 0
Subcortical malleability as a result of cognitively challenging experiences: the case of bi-/multilingualism 认知挑战经历导致的皮层下可塑性:双语/多语情况
IF 4.9 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101438
Jia’en Yee , Michal Kořenář , Alex Sheehan , Christos Pliatsikas

Experience-based neuroplasticity in the healthy brain is a well-documented finding, with functional and structural adaptations in cortical and subcortical structures reported as the brain’s response to cognitively challenging experiences. These experiences include bi-/multilingualism: speaking more than one language entails increased cognitive demands related to language acquisition, processing and control, which affect subcortical structures subserving these processes, including the basal ganglia and the cerebellum. This paper reviews evidence on bilingualism-induced subcortical neuroplasticity at the level of brain structure, function, and metabolism and explores how it interacts with brain decline. As such, it highlights bi-/multilingualism as a test case for studying long-term neuroplastic effects in the brain.

据报道,大脑皮层和皮层下结构的功能和结构调整是大脑对具有认知挑战性的经历的反应。这些经历包括双语/多语:说一种以上的语言会增加与语言习得、处理和控制有关的认知需求,从而影响到为这些过程服务的皮层下结构,包括基底神经节和小脑。本文回顾了双语在大脑结构、功能和新陈代谢水平上引起皮层下神经可塑性的证据,并探讨了双语如何与大脑衰退相互作用。因此,本文强调双语/多语制是研究大脑长期神经可塑性效应的一个试验案例。
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引用次数: 0
Dynamics of neural activity in early nervous system evolution 早期神经系统进化中的神经活动动力学
IF 4.9 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-06 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101437
Ann Kennedy , Brandon Weissbourd

New techniques for large-scale neural recordings from diverse animals are reshaping comparative systems neuroscience. This growth necessitates fresh conceptual paradigms for comparing neural circuits and activity patterns. Here, we take a systems neuroscience approach to early neural evolution, emphasizing the importance of considering nervous systems as multiply modulated, continuous dynamical systems. We argue that endogenous neural activity likely arose early in evolution to organize behaviors and internal states at the organismal level. This connects to a rich literature on the physiology of endogenous activity in small neural circuits: a field that has built links between data and dynamical systems models. Such models offer mechanistic insight and have robust predictive power. Using these tools, we suggest that the emergence of intrinsically active neurons and periodic dynamics played a critical role in the ascendancy of nervous systems and that dynamical systems present an appealing framework for comparing across species.

对不同动物进行大规模神经记录的新技术正在重塑比较系统神经科学。这种发展需要新的概念范式来比较神经回路和活动模式。在这里,我们采用系统神经科学的方法来研究早期神经进化,强调将神经系统视为多调制、连续动态系统的重要性。我们认为,内源性神经活动很可能在进化早期就已出现,用于组织生物体层面的行为和内部状态。这与关于小神经回路内源活动生理学的丰富文献有关:这一领域在数据和动力系统模型之间建立了联系。这些模型提供了机理上的见解,并具有强大的预测能力。利用这些工具,我们认为内在活跃神经元和周期性动力学的出现在神经系统的发展过程中起到了至关重要的作用,而动力学系统则为跨物种比较提供了一个极具吸引力的框架。
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引用次数: 0
Cognitive flexibility in and out of the laboratory: task switching, sustained attention, and mind wandering 实验室内外的认知灵活性:任务转换、持续注意力和思维游移
IF 4.9 2区 心理学 Q1 BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES Pub Date : 2024-08-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2024.101434
Yunji Lee, Eric H Schumacher

Our daily lives require cognitive flexibility to optimize our behavior in changing environments. Cognitive psychology has studied this topic in a variety of ways — from task switching to studies of sustained attention and attention lapses in simple laboratory and more complex tasks. The current paper integrates these topics and briefly reviews the neuroscience underlying the external and internal attentional states responsible for cognitive flexibility. Functional connectivity between brain networks associated with cognitive control (e.g. dorsal attention, frontoparietal, and ventral attention networks) and mind wandering (e.g. default mode network) play an important role in cognitive flexibility. The antagonistic relationship between these and other attentional networks mediate task switching and task engagement. Here, we provide a summary of recent findings on how these dynamics between brain networks are associated with flexible cognitive control between tasks and within a task.

我们的日常生活需要认知灵活性,以便在不断变化的环境中优化我们的行为。认知心理学以多种方式研究了这一课题--从任务转换到简单实验室任务和更复杂任务中的持续注意和注意缺失研究。本论文整合了这些课题,并简要回顾了认知灵活性的外部和内部注意状态所蕴含的神经科学。与认知控制相关的大脑网络(如背侧注意、前顶叶和腹侧注意网络)和思维游移(如默认模式网络)之间的功能连接在认知灵活性中发挥着重要作用。这些注意网络与其他注意网络之间的拮抗关系介导了任务转换和任务参与。在此,我们总结了最近关于这些大脑网络之间的动态关系如何与任务间和任务内的灵活认知控制相关联的研究结果。
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引用次数: 0
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Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences
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