Pub Date : 2025-03-15DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110135
Tengfei Shi , Zeyu Qi , Caishan Liu , Xiangyu Li
Tapered threaded connections are widely used in casing and tubing applications. The load distribution in these connections is crucial for their strength and sealing performance. In this paper, we develop a tension–torsion coupling model for tapered thread connections for the first time. In the proposed model, the main structures of the connections are described as tension–torsion bars with variable properties, while the threads are modeled as modified cantilever beams fixed on the bars. By introducing the compatibility conditions and constitutive relations for thread contact, the contact force can be analytically obtained, and the tension–torsion coupling equilibrium equations for the connection are derived. The validation of the proposed model is confirmed through finite element analysis. While the finite element simulations require more than 1.6 h, the proposed model can instantaneously provide the load distributions. Based on the proposed model, the influence of geometrical and material parameters on load distribution is investigated. The comprehensive simulations demonstrate that the maximum tension and torsion loads are located at the cross-section where the external load is applied and where the connection is fixed. As the tapered angle increases and the thread angle decreases, both the maximum contact force and torque increase. The results obtained from the proposed model provide valuable insights for the design of sealing mechanisms in casing and tubing applications.
{"title":"Tension and torsion distributions in tapered threaded connections","authors":"Tengfei Shi , Zeyu Qi , Caishan Liu , Xiangyu Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110135","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110135","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Tapered threaded connections are widely used in casing and tubing applications. The load distribution in these connections is crucial for their strength and sealing performance. In this paper, we develop a tension–torsion coupling model for tapered thread connections for the first time. In the proposed model, the main structures of the connections are described as tension–torsion bars with variable properties, while the threads are modeled as modified cantilever beams fixed on the bars. By introducing the compatibility conditions and constitutive relations for thread contact, the contact force can be analytically obtained, and the tension–torsion coupling equilibrium equations for the connection are derived. The validation of the proposed model is confirmed through finite element analysis. While the finite element simulations require more than 1.6 h, the proposed model can instantaneously provide the load distributions. Based on the proposed model, the influence of geometrical and material parameters on load distribution is investigated. The comprehensive simulations demonstrate that the maximum tension and torsion loads are located at the cross-section where the external load is applied and where the connection is fixed. As the tapered angle increases and the thread angle decreases, both the maximum contact force and torque increase. The results obtained from the proposed model provide valuable insights for the design of sealing mechanisms in casing and tubing applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 110135"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644819","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-15DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110133
Thanh T. Banh, Dongkyu Lee
In the design of multiphysics systems, particularly in aerospace, automotive, and civil engineering, optimizing stress distribution is crucial for ensuring the longevity and safety of structures. This study proposes a comprehensive methodology to address stress-related challenges in multiphysics systems, essential for maintaining structural integrity under complex thermo-mechanical-pressure loading conditions. The proposed methodology provides three principal contributions: (i) a novel solution for stress-related problems involving design-dependent pressure loads, achieved by establishing a design-dependent pressure field using Darcy’s law and a drainage term to implicitly identify pressure-bounding surfaces, providing an efficient method for evaluating load sensitivities; (ii) a comprehensive thermoelastic stress methodology for thermo-mechanical-pressure systems; and (iii) an extension to multiple material candidates to enhance robustness and design flexibility. To achieve these objectives, the well-established -norm approach is employed to consolidate stresses into a unified global metric, while clustered regional and adaptive scaling techniques are used to manage localized stress concentrations effectively. The Moved and Regularized Heaviside function (MRHF)-based stress interpolation is integrated within the generalized Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) framework to handle multi-material problems efficiently. Furthermore, three adjoint vectors are introduced for thermoelastic stress sensitivity analysis using the adjoint variable technique, improving computational efficiency alongside a polygonal discretization scheme that enhances adaptability with diverse element types. The methodology’s efficiency, robustness, and practicality are demonstrated through various numerical examples, showing significant improvements in stress distribution and overall multiphysics system performance. Validation and verification processes further confirm the approach’s effectiveness, while numerical results highlight the influence of heat flux magnitude and material selection on optimized outcomes, demonstrating the methodology’s versatility for both stress minimization and stress-constrained problems. These contributions advance the field of multiphysics topology optimization by offering practical, robust, and efficient solutions to complex engineering challenges, providing a solid foundation for future developments in complex systems.
{"title":"Comprehensive thermoelastic stress-driven approach for thermo-mechanical-pressure multiphysics systems","authors":"Thanh T. Banh, Dongkyu Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110133","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110133","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In the design of multiphysics systems, particularly in aerospace, automotive, and civil engineering, optimizing stress distribution is crucial for ensuring the longevity and safety of structures. This study proposes a comprehensive methodology to address stress-related challenges in multiphysics systems, essential for maintaining structural integrity under complex thermo-mechanical-pressure loading conditions. The proposed methodology provides three principal contributions: (i) a novel solution for stress-related problems involving design-dependent pressure loads, achieved by establishing a design-dependent pressure field using Darcy’s law and a drainage term to implicitly identify pressure-bounding surfaces, providing an efficient method for evaluating load sensitivities; (ii) a comprehensive thermoelastic stress methodology for thermo-mechanical-pressure systems; and (iii) an extension to multiple material candidates to enhance robustness and design flexibility. To achieve these objectives, the well-established <span><math><mi>P</mi></math></span>-norm approach is employed to consolidate stresses into a unified global metric, while clustered regional and adaptive scaling techniques are used to manage localized stress concentrations effectively. The Moved and Regularized Heaviside function (MRHF)-based stress interpolation is integrated within the generalized Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) framework to handle multi-material problems efficiently. Furthermore, three adjoint vectors are introduced for thermoelastic stress sensitivity analysis using the adjoint variable technique, improving computational efficiency alongside a polygonal discretization scheme that enhances adaptability with diverse element types. The methodology’s efficiency, robustness, and practicality are demonstrated through various numerical examples, showing significant improvements in stress distribution and overall multiphysics system performance. Validation and verification processes further confirm the approach’s effectiveness, while numerical results highlight the influence of heat flux magnitude and material selection on optimized outcomes, demonstrating the methodology’s versatility for both stress minimization and stress-constrained problems. These contributions advance the field of multiphysics topology optimization by offering practical, robust, and efficient solutions to complex engineering challenges, providing a solid foundation for future developments in complex systems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 110133"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-15DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110143
Yu Zhang , Hui Zhang , Hongwei Ma , Wei Sun , Kunpeng Xu , Hui Li
With the rapid development of aerospace technology, fiber reinforced composites (FRCs) have been widely used because of their excellent mechanical properties, especially composite airfoil plates with non-rectangular geometric characteristics (CAPs-NRG). Aiming at the complex vibration behavior of these structures, which may be caused by aerodynamic pressure and thermal load in high altitude and supersonic environments, a novel active vibration control design scheme of embedded macro fiber composites (MFCs) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a dynamic modeling method of aero-thermo-electro coupling based on the penalty function method is developed to describe the dynamic response of CAPs-NRG with embedded MFCs accurately. The rationality of the model is verified by comparing it with the literature and the finite element method. Secondly, to deal with the adverse effects of complex aerodynamic loads and environmental noise on control performance, an adaptive hybrid control algorithm of the filtered-proportional differential-linear quadratic regulator (F-PD-LQR) based on the power change is designed to achieve more precise and reliable vibration control. Furthermore, the influence of geometric parameters of CAPs-NRG on flutter behavior is discussed, and the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm under different aerodynamic pressure and temperature conditions is evaluated. Through the above research, this paper provides an efficient and reliable flutter control solution for CAPs-NRG and lays a foundation for ensuring flight vehicle safety.
{"title":"Composite-airfoil-plate with embedded macro-fiber-composites: Aero-thermo-electro vibration analysis and active control","authors":"Yu Zhang , Hui Zhang , Hongwei Ma , Wei Sun , Kunpeng Xu , Hui Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110143","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110143","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>With the rapid development of aerospace technology, fiber reinforced composites (FRCs) have been widely used because of their excellent mechanical properties, especially composite airfoil plates with non-rectangular geometric characteristics (CAPs-NRG). Aiming at the complex vibration behavior of these structures, which may be caused by aerodynamic pressure and thermal load in high altitude and supersonic environments, a novel active vibration control design scheme of embedded macro fiber composites (MFCs) is proposed in this paper. Firstly, a dynamic modeling method of aero-thermo-electro coupling based on the penalty function method is developed to describe the dynamic response of CAPs-NRG with embedded MFCs accurately. The rationality of the model is verified by comparing it with the literature and the finite element method. Secondly, to deal with the adverse effects of complex aerodynamic loads and environmental noise on control performance, an adaptive hybrid control algorithm of the filtered-proportional differential-linear quadratic regulator (F-PD-LQR) based on the power change is designed to achieve more precise and reliable vibration control. Furthermore, the influence of geometric parameters of CAPs-NRG on flutter behavior is discussed, and the effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm under different aerodynamic pressure and temperature conditions is evaluated. Through the above research, this paper provides an efficient and reliable flutter control solution for CAPs-NRG and lays a foundation for ensuring flight vehicle safety.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 110143"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-15DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110152
Zhoufeng Shi, Thang T. Nguyen, Ha H. Bui, Ye Lu
Carbon black nanoparticle (CBN) modified cementitious materials have intrinsic self-sensing ability owing to their enhanced electrical properties. The material has been gaining increasing attention for its potential in structural health monitoring; however, its sensing mechanisms rely on macroscopic observations, making it extremely difficult to predict and evaluate electro-mechanical behaviour. This limitation becomes especially significant when the material itself suffers internal damage. To improve the understanding of conductive mechanisms and quantitatively evaluate electrical resistance variations of such materials, this study proposes a novel approach by integrating the tunnelling effect-based mathematical model with the discrete element method (DEM) to simulate the electrical behaviour in CBN-modified cementitious materials. Compared to traditional analytical solutions, the proposed model shows comparable capability to describe the piezoresistivity behaviour in elastic regions. More importantly, in the plastic region where other solutions lose the niche due to crack development, this model is the first to demonstrate a good agreement between simulation and experiment data in terms of resistance changes caused by cracks. These results highlight that the proposed method can effectively capture the evolution of electrical resistance in both elastic and plastic regions, making it suitable for better understanding the mechanism of such materials for stress sensing and damage detection in practice.
{"title":"Discrete element modelling of electro-mechanical behaviour in modified cementitious materials","authors":"Zhoufeng Shi, Thang T. Nguyen, Ha H. Bui, Ye Lu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110152","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110152","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon black nanoparticle (CBN) modified cementitious materials have intrinsic self-sensing ability owing to their enhanced electrical properties. The material has been gaining increasing attention for its potential in structural health monitoring; however, its sensing mechanisms rely on macroscopic observations, making it extremely difficult to predict and evaluate electro-mechanical behaviour. This limitation becomes especially significant when the material itself suffers internal damage. To improve the understanding of conductive mechanisms and quantitatively evaluate electrical resistance variations of such materials, this study proposes a novel approach by integrating the tunnelling effect-based mathematical model with the discrete element method (DEM) to simulate the electrical behaviour in CBN-modified cementitious materials. Compared to traditional analytical solutions, the proposed model shows comparable capability to describe the piezoresistivity behaviour in elastic regions. More importantly, in the plastic region where other solutions lose the niche due to crack development, this model is the first to demonstrate a good agreement between simulation and experiment data in terms of resistance changes caused by cracks. These results highlight that the proposed method can effectively capture the evolution of electrical resistance in both elastic and plastic regions, making it suitable for better understanding the mechanism of such materials for stress sensing and damage detection in practice.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 110152"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-15DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110077
Lizichen Chen , C.W. Lim , Weiqiu Chen
The application of high-throughput testing methodologies and the involvement of functionally graded specimens for material characterization show immense potential and plays an indispensable role in the progressive advent of advanced materials. Nevertheless, the inherent material inhomogeneity and multi-field coupling pose great obstacles in the fundamental theory and analysis for the behavior of functionally graded specimens, thus necessitating the proposal of new and innovative analytical approaches. Here, the contact model and analysis of a finite-sized magneto-electro-thermo-viscoelastic plane with a horizontal exponential material gradient is established based on a new symplectic approach. With prior linearization via Laplace transform, the state equations are constructed in the matrix form, resulting in the dual Hamiltonian transformation under homogeneous displacement constraint. The dual adjoint symplectic orthogonality is introduced and proved, elucidating the implications of symmetry breaking. General and particular solutions are derived to constitute the complete solution in the symplectic expansion. The analytical solution is verified by comparing with highly precise finite element solutions in the entire domain. This current work not only paves the way for an efficient and robust analytical framework via the symplectic methodology, but also sets a foundation with benchmark exact solutions for future research endeavors.
{"title":"Dual Hamiltonian transformation and magneto-electro-thermo-viscoelastic contact analysis","authors":"Lizichen Chen , C.W. Lim , Weiqiu Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110077","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110077","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The application of high-throughput testing methodologies and the involvement of functionally graded specimens for material characterization show immense potential and plays an indispensable role in the progressive advent of advanced materials. Nevertheless, the inherent material inhomogeneity and multi-field coupling pose great obstacles in the fundamental theory and analysis for the behavior of functionally graded specimens, thus necessitating the proposal of new and innovative analytical approaches. Here, the contact model and analysis of a finite-sized magneto-electro-thermo-viscoelastic plane with a horizontal exponential material gradient is established based on a new symplectic approach. With prior linearization via Laplace transform, the state equations are constructed in the matrix form, resulting in the dual Hamiltonian transformation under homogeneous displacement constraint. The dual adjoint symplectic orthogonality is introduced and proved, elucidating the implications of symmetry breaking. General and particular solutions are derived to constitute the complete solution in the symplectic expansion. The analytical solution is verified by comparing with highly precise finite element solutions in the entire domain. This current work not only paves the way for an efficient and robust analytical framework via the symplectic methodology, but also sets a foundation with benchmark exact solutions for future research endeavors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"290 ","pages":"Article 110077"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143628134","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-14DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110134
Wei Tang , Qihua Gong , Min Yi , Bai-Xiang Xu
Modeling elastocaloric effect (eCE) is crucial for the design of environmentally friendly and energy-efficient eCE based solid-state cooling devices. Here, a thermodynamically consistent non-isothermal phase-field model (PFM) coupling martensitic transformation with mechanics and heat transfer is developed and applied for simulating eCE. The model is derived from a thermodynamic framework which invokes the microforce theory and Coleman–Noll procedure. To avoid the numerical issue related to the non-differentiable energy barrier function across the transition point, the austenite–martensite transition energy barrier in PFM is constructed as a smooth function of temperature. Both the indirect method using isothermal PFM with Maxwell relations and the direct method using non-isothermal PFM are applied to calculate the elastocaloric properties. The former is capable of calculating both isothermal entropy change and adiabatic temperature change (), but induces high computation cost. The latter is computationally efficient, but only yields . In a model Mn–22Cu alloy, the maximum () under a compressive stress of 100 MPa is calculated as 9.5 and 8.5 K in single crystal (3.5 and 3.8 K in polycrystal) from the indirect and direct method, respectively. It is found that the discrepancy of by indirect and direct method is within 10% at stress less than 150 MPa, confirming the feasibility of both methods in evaluating eCE at low stress. However, at higher stress, obtained from the indirect method is notably larger than that from the direct one. This is mainly attributed to that in the non-isothermal PFM simulations, the relatively large temperature increase at high stress could in turn hamper the austenite–martensite transition and thus finally yield a lower . The results demonstrate the developed PFM herein, combined with both indirect and direct method for eCE calculations, as a practicable toolkit for the computational design of elastocaloric devices.
{"title":"Thermodynamically consistent phase-field modeling of elastocaloric effect: Indirect vs direct method","authors":"Wei Tang , Qihua Gong , Min Yi , Bai-Xiang Xu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110134","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110134","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Modeling elastocaloric effect (eCE) is crucial for the design of environmentally friendly and energy-efficient eCE based solid-state cooling devices. Here, a thermodynamically consistent non-isothermal phase-field model (PFM) coupling martensitic transformation with mechanics and heat transfer is developed and applied for simulating eCE. The model is derived from a thermodynamic framework which invokes the microforce theory and Coleman–Noll procedure. To avoid the numerical issue related to the non-differentiable energy barrier function across the transition point, the austenite–martensite transition energy barrier in PFM is constructed as a smooth function of temperature. Both the indirect method using isothermal PFM with Maxwell relations and the direct method using non-isothermal PFM are applied to calculate the elastocaloric properties. The former is capable of calculating both isothermal entropy change and adiabatic temperature change (<span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>ad</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>), but induces high computation cost. The latter is computationally efficient, but only yields <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>ad</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>. In a model Mn–22Cu alloy, the maximum <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>ad</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span> (<span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msubsup><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>ad</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>max</mtext></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span>) under a compressive stress of 100 MPa is calculated as 9.5 and 8.5 K in single crystal (3.5 and 3.8 K in polycrystal) from the indirect and direct method, respectively. It is found that the discrepancy of <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msubsup><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>ad</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>max</mtext></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span> by indirect and direct method is within 10% at stress less than 150 MPa, confirming the feasibility of both methods in evaluating eCE at low stress. However, at higher stress, <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msubsup><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>ad</mtext></mrow><mrow><mtext>max</mtext></mrow></msubsup></mrow></math></span> obtained from the indirect method is notably larger than that from the direct one. This is mainly attributed to that in the non-isothermal PFM simulations, the relatively large temperature increase at high stress could in turn hamper the austenite–martensite transition and thus finally yield a lower <span><math><mrow><mi>Δ</mi><msub><mrow><mi>T</mi></mrow><mrow><mtext>ad</mtext></mrow></msub></mrow></math></span>. The results demonstrate the developed PFM herein, combined with both indirect and direct method for eCE calculations, as a practicable toolkit for the computational design of elastocaloric devices.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 110134"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143636619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-14DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110149
Zheng Chen, Hui Ren, Ping Zhou, Wei Fan
Hard-magnetic soft beams (HMSB) have emerged as foundational components for magnetic soft continuum robots, where resonant responses under periodic magnetic excitations govern bio-inspired locomotion modes such as crawling and swimming. However, the inherently strong geometric nonlinearities induced by large deformations lead to complex dynamic phenomena—including bifurcations, amplitude jumps, and multiple solutions—that challenge conventional transient dynamics frameworks. To address this, we propose a semi-analytical nonlinear dynamic framework of HMSB integrating three key advancements: (1) A geometrically exact kinematic model based on angular coordinates to capture large deformations; (2) An incremental harmonic balance (IHB) method enhanced by arc-length continuation for efficiently tracing stable/unstable periodic branches; (3) Parametric analysis of magnetic field amplitude, particle volume fractions, and nonuniform magnetization patterns. The framework is validated through numerical method and experimental data, first revealing the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of HMSB in both the primary and secondary resonance regions. In the primary resonance region, amplitude-frequency curves exhibit hardening behavior modulated by particle volume fraction φ, with a 40 % amplitude enhancement (compared to uniform φ = 20 %) and a 65 % reduction (compared to uniform φ = 40 %) in amplitude achieved via nonuniform magnetization pattern design. In the secondary resonance region, small amplitude and high-frequency oscillations are dominated by large damping, reducing nonlinear effects. This framework bridges the gap between nonlinear dynamics theory and magnetoactive soft robotic design, offering predictive tools for tailoring resonance-driven locomotion in soft robots.
{"title":"Semi-analytical framework for nonlinear vibration analysis of hard-magnetic soft beams","authors":"Zheng Chen, Hui Ren, Ping Zhou, Wei Fan","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110149","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110149","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hard-magnetic soft beams (HMSB) have emerged as foundational components for magnetic soft continuum robots, where resonant responses under periodic magnetic excitations govern bio-inspired locomotion modes such as crawling and swimming. However, the inherently strong geometric nonlinearities induced by large deformations lead to complex dynamic phenomena—including bifurcations, amplitude jumps, and multiple solutions—that challenge conventional transient dynamics frameworks. To address this, we propose a semi-analytical nonlinear dynamic framework of HMSB integrating three key advancements: (1) A geometrically exact kinematic model based on angular coordinates to capture large deformations; (2) An incremental harmonic balance (IHB) method enhanced by arc-length continuation for efficiently tracing stable/unstable periodic branches; (3) Parametric analysis of magnetic field amplitude, particle volume fractions, and nonuniform magnetization patterns. The framework is validated through numerical method and experimental data, first revealing the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of HMSB in both the primary and secondary resonance regions. In the primary resonance region, amplitude-frequency curves exhibit hardening behavior modulated by particle volume fraction <em>φ</em>, with a 40 % amplitude enhancement (compared to uniform <em>φ</em> = 20 %) and a 65 % reduction (compared to uniform <em>φ</em> = 40 %) in amplitude achieved via nonuniform magnetization pattern design. In the secondary resonance region, small amplitude and high-frequency oscillations are dominated by large damping, reducing nonlinear effects. This framework bridges the gap between nonlinear dynamics theory and magnetoactive soft robotic design, offering predictive tools for tailoring resonance-driven locomotion in soft robots.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 110149"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-14DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110127
R.C. Pan , B.X. Bie , Y. Cai , N.B. Zhang , L.Z. Chen , Y.X. Zhao , K. Li , H.W. Chai , L. Lu , S.N. Luo
Polyamide 6 (PA6) and polyamide 66 (PA66) are widely used engineering polymers for high-speed applications, and yet their behaviors under extreme impact loading remain unclear. We systematically investigate their dynamic responses through plate impact experiments, and measure their Hugoniot equations of state (shock adiabats) and free-surface velocity histories up to peak shock stress of 1.6 GPa. The postmortem samples are characterized with synchrotron X-ray computed tomography. Quadratic and linear shock velocity–particle velocity relations are obtained for PA6 and PA66, respectively. Spall strength remains nearly constant for both PA6 and PA66 (approximately 0.18 GPa and 0.23 GPa, respectively) up to peak shock stress of 1.1 GPa. PA6 and PA66 demonstrate ductile and brittle fracture characteristics under high strain rate tension, respectively. The influences of chain conformations and hydrogen bond density on the dynamic mechanical properties and underlying damage mechanisms are elucidated. These differences in dynamic responses of PA6 and PA66 can be attributed to rearrangement and breakage of polymer chains, significantly influenced by varying hydrogen bond frequencies. This study contributes to understanding the connections between hydrogen bond density, chain conformation, and bulk mechanical properties in polyamides, and can be useful for advancing their applications in protective and structural materials.
{"title":"Shock compression and spallation of polyamides 6 and 66","authors":"R.C. Pan , B.X. Bie , Y. Cai , N.B. Zhang , L.Z. Chen , Y.X. Zhao , K. Li , H.W. Chai , L. Lu , S.N. Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110127","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110127","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Polyamide 6 (PA6) and polyamide 66 (PA66) are widely used engineering polymers for high-speed applications, and yet their behaviors under extreme impact loading remain unclear. We systematically investigate their dynamic responses through plate impact experiments, and measure their Hugoniot equations of state (shock adiabats) and free-surface velocity histories up to peak shock stress of <span><math><mo>∼</mo></math></span>1.6 GPa. The postmortem samples are characterized with synchrotron X-ray computed tomography. Quadratic and linear shock velocity–particle velocity relations are obtained for PA6 and PA66, respectively. Spall strength remains nearly constant for both PA6 and PA66 (approximately 0.18 GPa and 0.23 GPa, respectively) up to peak shock stress of 1.1 GPa. PA6 and PA66 demonstrate ductile and brittle fracture characteristics under high strain rate tension, respectively. The influences of chain conformations and hydrogen bond density on the dynamic mechanical properties and underlying damage mechanisms are elucidated. These differences in dynamic responses of PA6 and PA66 can be attributed to rearrangement and breakage of polymer chains, significantly influenced by varying hydrogen bond frequencies. This study contributes to understanding the connections between hydrogen bond density, chain conformation, and bulk mechanical properties in polyamides, and can be useful for advancing their applications in protective and structural materials.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 110127"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143636620","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-13DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110145
Yanrong Zhang, Haonan Zhang, Liang Gao, Kai Wu, Yi Ding, Lei Liu
Excellent bonding and a moderate elastic modulus of self-compacting concrete (SCC) are crucial for reducing the interfacial damage of slab track and meanwhile avoiding a sharp decrease in elastic modulus. In this study, a gradient distribution of polymer in SCC was introduced to slab tracks for the first time, ensuring a significant enhancement of interfacial performance. An interface damage model of slab track was established to investigate the influences of mechanical parameters of gradient polymer-modified SCC and interfacial cohesive parameters on the interfacial displacement, stress and damage initiation. It is expected to improve the interfacial performance of slab tracks and bring new insights into the development of long-service-life slab tracks. Results indicated that the gradient elastic modulus effectively coordinated interface deformation and reduced the interfacial displacement and stress, minimizing the initiation of interfacial damage. The gradient Poisson's ratio had little influence on the interfacial damage. Moreover, the local accumulation of polymer on the surface of SCC significantly reduced both the interfacial normal and tangential stiffness, thereby lowering the interfacial stress. Additionally, the accumulation of polymers (≤ 20 %) enhanced the tangential cohesive strength of the interface between SCC and track slab. These effects led to a noticeable reduction in the damage initiation factor of the interface in the slab track.
{"title":"Interfacial performance of slab track with gradient polymer-modified self-compacting concrete","authors":"Yanrong Zhang, Haonan Zhang, Liang Gao, Kai Wu, Yi Ding, Lei Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110145","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110145","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Excellent bonding and a moderate elastic modulus of self-compacting concrete (SCC) are crucial for reducing the interfacial damage of slab track and meanwhile avoiding a sharp decrease in elastic modulus. In this study, a gradient distribution of polymer in SCC was introduced to slab tracks for the first time, ensuring a significant enhancement of interfacial performance. An interface damage model of slab track was established to investigate the influences of mechanical parameters of gradient polymer-modified SCC and interfacial cohesive parameters on the interfacial displacement, stress and damage initiation. It is expected to improve the interfacial performance of slab tracks and bring new insights into the development of long-service-life slab tracks. Results indicated that the gradient elastic modulus effectively coordinated interface deformation and reduced the interfacial displacement and stress, minimizing the initiation of interfacial damage. The gradient Poisson's ratio had little influence on the interfacial damage. Moreover, the local accumulation of polymer on the surface of SCC significantly reduced both the interfacial normal and tangential stiffness, thereby lowering the interfacial stress. Additionally, the accumulation of polymers (≤ 20 %) enhanced the tangential cohesive strength of the interface between SCC and track slab. These effects led to a noticeable reduction in the damage initiation factor of the interface in the slab track.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"291 ","pages":"Article 110145"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143684396","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-03-13DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110125
C.B.F. Gomes , M.C.P. dos Santos , B.C.C. Araújo , F.N. Pereira , E.D. Nobrega , J.M.C. Dos Santos , E.J.P. Miranda Jr. , A. Sinatora
This study investigated the bending band gaps in an Euler–Bernoulli metamaterial beam with attached mass–spring resonators. The position and mass of the resonators were considered following three different configurations, given by the arithmetic, geometric, and quadratic progressions. With the extended plane wave expansion (EPWE), wave finite element (WFE), and wave spectral element (WSE) methods, complex dispersion diagrams were obtained, where the band gaps due to Bragg scattering and local resonance were analyzed. From the study of vibration via forced response, the results are confirmed also for finite structures. A coupling between locally resonant and first Bragg-type band gaps () was observed considering a set of resonators, increasing the wave attenuation region. The wave propagation and forced response simulations showed that the grading of the resonators’ positions can modulate the coupling between local resonance and Bragg band gaps, demonstrating the potential to enhance attenuation by leveraging the natural vibration frequency of graded resonators. The influence of the resonator mass was studied through parametric diagrams, where the change of the smallest part of the imaginary component of Bloch wave vector with the increase of the ratio between the mass of the resonators and the unit cell of the bare beam was observed. The dispersion diagrams and forced responses indicated that the best dynamic performance in terms of wave and vibration attenuation was obtained for simultaneous geometric progression in the resonator’s positions and arithmetic progression in the resonator’s mass, respectively.
{"title":"Wave and vibration attenuation in graded elastic metamaterial beams with local resonators","authors":"C.B.F. Gomes , M.C.P. dos Santos , B.C.C. Araújo , F.N. Pereira , E.D. Nobrega , J.M.C. Dos Santos , E.J.P. Miranda Jr. , A. Sinatora","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110125","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2025.110125","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the bending band gaps in an Euler–Bernoulli metamaterial beam with attached mass–spring resonators. The position and mass of the resonators were considered following three different configurations, given by the arithmetic, geometric, and quadratic progressions. With the extended plane wave expansion (EPWE), wave finite element (WFE), and wave spectral element (WSE) methods, complex dispersion diagrams were obtained, where the band gaps due to Bragg scattering and local resonance were analyzed. From the study of vibration via forced response, the results are confirmed also for finite structures. A coupling between locally resonant and first Bragg-type band gaps (<span><math><mrow><mo>∼</mo><mn>461</mn><mspace></mspace><mi>Hz</mi></mrow></math></span>) was observed considering a set of <span><math><mrow><mi>N</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>10</mn></mrow></math></span> resonators, increasing the wave attenuation region. The wave propagation and forced response simulations showed that the grading of the resonators’ positions can modulate the coupling between local resonance and Bragg band gaps, demonstrating the potential to enhance attenuation by leveraging the natural vibration frequency of graded resonators. The influence of the resonator mass was studied through parametric diagrams, where the change of the smallest part of the imaginary component of Bloch wave vector with the increase of the ratio between the mass of the resonators and the unit cell of the bare beam was observed. The dispersion diagrams and forced responses indicated that the best dynamic performance in terms of wave and vibration attenuation was obtained for simultaneous geometric progression in the resonator’s positions and arithmetic progression in the resonator’s mass, respectively.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56287,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Mechanical Sciences","volume":"293 ","pages":"Article 110125"},"PeriodicalIF":7.1,"publicationDate":"2025-03-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143687019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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