Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2026.102987
Jaehee Jung , Hyunha Kang , Eunjung Choo , Hye-Young Kang , Chang Wook Jeong , Ha-Lim Jeon , Hankil Lee
Introduction
The incidence of prostate cancer (PC) is rapidly increasing with population aging. With the emergence of new androgen receptor-targeting agents beyond androgen deprivation therapy, the treatment paradigm for PC is expected to shift. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and treatment patterns of patients with PC in Korea over the past decade, with a particular focus on drug utilization.
Materials and methods
We conducted a prevalence-based cross-sectional study on all Korean patients who received medical care for PC between 2011 and 2021. Patient characteristics, including age, comorbidities, metastatic status, drug classes, and treatment patterns, were analyzed.
Results
In 2021, the prevalence of PC was 532 per 100,000 adult men, an increase of 170.45 %, from 220 per 100,000 adult men in 2011. The mean age of patients with PC in 2021 was 73.07 years, with more than 80 % aged 65 years or older. Comorbidities, such as diabetes, pulmonary diseases, and mild liver disease, were common. Androgen deprivation therapy remained the most common pharmacological treatment; however, the proportion of its use gradually decreased over time, and the introduction of androgen receptor-targeting agents led to a steady increase in their use.
Conclusions
This study provides real-world evidence of the epidemiology and therapeutic patterns of PC, thereby enhancing the understanding of the current clinical landscape in Korea.
{"title":"Prostate cancer in Korea: Nationwide trends in prevalence and medication use during 2011–2021","authors":"Jaehee Jung , Hyunha Kang , Eunjung Choo , Hye-Young Kang , Chang Wook Jeong , Ha-Lim Jeon , Hankil Lee","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2026.102987","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2026.102987","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>The incidence of prostate cancer (PC) is rapidly increasing with population aging. With the emergence of new androgen receptor-targeting agents beyond androgen deprivation therapy, the treatment paradigm for PC is expected to shift. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiological characteristics and treatment patterns of patients with PC in Korea over the past decade, with a particular focus on drug utilization.</div></div><div><h3>Materials and methods</h3><div>We conducted a prevalence-based cross-sectional study on all Korean patients who received medical care for PC between 2011 and 2021. Patient characteristics, including age, comorbidities, metastatic status, drug classes, and treatment patterns, were analyzed.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In 2021, the prevalence of PC was 532 per 100,000 adult men, an increase of 170.45 %, from 220 per 100,000 adult men in 2011. The mean age of patients with PC in 2021 was 73.07 years, with more than 80 % aged 65 years or older. Comorbidities, such as diabetes, pulmonary diseases, and mild liver disease, were common. Androgen deprivation therapy remained the most common pharmacological treatment; however, the proportion of its use gradually decreased over time, and the introduction of androgen receptor-targeting agents led to a steady increase in their use.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>This study provides real-world evidence of the epidemiology and therapeutic patterns of PC, thereby enhancing the understanding of the current clinical landscape in Korea.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102987"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2026.102988
Christèle Asmar , Raphaël Asmar , Maria Al Rachid , Carole Kesrouani , Viviane Trak-Smayra , Hampig Raphaël Kourié , Joseph Gharios
Background
Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare tumors, making up 0.5 % of all cancers, with around 65 % found in the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) system, with increasing occurrence globally in recent years. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies GEP-NENs into two main groups: neuroendocrine tumors and neuroendocrine carcinomas according to the new 2022 classification.
Aim
To provide updated epidemiological data on GEP-NENs diagnosed at a tertiary referral center in Beirut, Lebanon, using the WHO 2022 classification, and to describe changes in incidence, demographics, and tumor characteristics compared with previously reported data.
Methods
This retrospective study included patients treated at Hotel Dieu de France, from January 2013 to June 2024, with histologically confirmed GEP-NENs and complete medical records available. GEP-NENs were categorized based on their primary site and pathology reports reanalyzed according to the WHO 2022 classification. Data were then collected on patient demographics, primary tumor site, tumor grade and presence of metastasis at diagnosis.
Results
Among 194 NENs diagnosed during the study period, 74 were GEP-NENs (25.2 %). The mean age at diagnosis was 59.8 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.61. Of patients with available grading data, 39.0 % were classified as NET G1, 34.4 % as NET G2, and 26.6 % as high-grade disease (NET G3 and NEC combined). Compared with data from the previous decade, a lower proportion of G1 tumors and higher proportions of G2 and G3 tumors were observed, along with higher frequencies of pancreatic and hepatic primaries and lower rates of colonic and duodenal primaries. NET G3 and NECs were most frequently located in the liver, ampulla of Vater, and colon. All colorectal GEP-NENs identified were metastatic at diagnosis.
Conclusion
GEP-NENs in this cohort were more frequently diagnosed with higher histological grades and metastatic disease compared to the previous decade, a pattern observed during a period marked by major socioeconomic disruption and the COVID-19 pandemic.
{"title":"Unicentric retrospective study of gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Updated epidemiological insights","authors":"Christèle Asmar , Raphaël Asmar , Maria Al Rachid , Carole Kesrouani , Viviane Trak-Smayra , Hampig Raphaël Kourié , Joseph Gharios","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2026.102988","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2026.102988","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) are rare tumors, making up 0.5 % of all cancers, with around 65 % found in the gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) system, with increasing occurrence globally in recent years. The World Health Organization (WHO) classifies GEP-NENs into two main groups: neuroendocrine tumors and neuroendocrine carcinomas according to the new 2022 classification.</div></div><div><h3>Aim</h3><div>To provide updated epidemiological data on GEP-NENs diagnosed at a tertiary referral center in Beirut, Lebanon, using the WHO 2022 classification, and to describe changes in incidence, demographics, and tumor characteristics compared with previously reported data.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>This retrospective study included patients treated at Hotel Dieu de France, from January 2013 to June 2024, with histologically confirmed GEP-NENs and complete medical records available. GEP-NENs were categorized based on their primary site and pathology reports reanalyzed according to the WHO 2022 classification. Data were then collected on patient demographics, primary tumor site, tumor grade and presence of metastasis at diagnosis.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Among 194 NENs diagnosed during the study period, 74 were GEP-NENs (25.2 %). The mean age at diagnosis was 59.8 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.61. Of patients with available grading data, 39.0 % were classified as NET G1, 34.4 % as NET G2, and 26.6 % as high-grade disease (NET G3 and NEC combined). Compared with data from the previous decade, a lower proportion of G1 tumors and higher proportions of G2 and G3 tumors were observed, along with higher frequencies of pancreatic and hepatic primaries and lower rates of colonic and duodenal primaries. NET G3 and NECs were most frequently located in the liver, ampulla of Vater, and colon. All colorectal GEP-NENs identified were metastatic at diagnosis.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>GEP-NENs in this cohort were more frequently diagnosed with higher histological grades and metastatic disease compared to the previous decade, a pattern observed during a period marked by major socioeconomic disruption and the COVID-19 pandemic.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102988"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-16DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2026.102994
Jie Cai , Hongda Chen , Yuhan Zhang , Bin Lu , Ming Lu , Chenyu Luo , Lei You , Min Dai
Background
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant tumor without effective screening methods in the general population. This study aimed to develop a PC risk score to identify men at high risk for PC for early intervention.
Methods
Based on a prospective cohort study conducted in China in 2006, 90,402 men with at least two fasting blood glucose (FBG) measurements were included in this study. The PC risk model was developed using Cox regression, including the risk factors for age, total cholesterol, FBG and body mass index (BMI) change rate. The power of discrimination was examined using Harrell’s C-index and time-dependent area under curves (AUCs).
Results
During the 10-year follow-up period, 82 men developed PC (total person-years: 821,346). Age, total cholesterol level, FBG and BMI change rate were included in the final PC risk model, with a C-index of 0.754 (95 % CI 0.709–0.799). After internal validation, the AUCs of the model in different years (2, 5, 8, and 10 years) were > 0.700 in all men and in men without diabetes. In the derived scoring system (score range:-2–10), there was an approximately 40 % increased risk (Hazard ratio, 1.415; 95 % CI, 1.291–1.550) with every 1-point increase. Participants with the top 20 % scores (6–10 points) had a 30-fold increased risk of PC compared with individuals in the lowest score group (-2 – -1 points).
Conclusions
A scoring system for identifying high-risk men with PC was developed, which may be helpful for early detection and intervention of PC in the future.
{"title":"Risk score development for pancreatic cancer in Chinese men: A population-based cohort study","authors":"Jie Cai , Hongda Chen , Yuhan Zhang , Bin Lu , Ming Lu , Chenyu Luo , Lei You , Min Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2026.102994","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2026.102994","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a malignant tumor without effective screening methods in the general population. This study aimed to develop a PC risk score to identify men at high risk for PC for early intervention.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Based on a prospective cohort study conducted in China in 2006, 90,402 men with at least two fasting blood glucose (FBG) measurements were included in this study. The PC risk model was developed using Cox regression, including the risk factors for age, total cholesterol, FBG and body mass index (BMI) change rate. The power of discrimination was examined using Harrell’s C-index and time-dependent area under curves (AUCs).</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>During the 10-year follow-up period, 82 men developed PC (total person-years: 821,346). Age, total cholesterol level, FBG and BMI change rate were included in the final PC risk model, with a C-index of 0.754 (95 % CI 0.709–0.799). After internal validation, the AUCs of the model in different years (2, 5, 8, and 10 years) were > 0.700 in all men and in men without diabetes. In the derived scoring system (score range:-2–10), there was an approximately 40 % increased risk (Hazard ratio, 1.415; 95 % CI, 1.291–1.550) with every 1-point increase. Participants with the top 20 % scores (6–10 points) had a 30-fold increased risk of PC compared with individuals in the lowest score group (-2 – -1 points).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A scoring system for identifying high-risk men with PC was developed, which may be helpful for early detection and intervention of PC in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"101 ","pages":"Article 102994"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145981930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-08DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2026.102986
Thomas Lawler , Zoe L. Walts , Lauren Giurini , Mark Steinwandel , Wei Zheng , Shaneda Warren Andersen
Background
Higher serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has been linked to colorectal cancer (CRC), with evidence supporting increased risk for colon but not rectal tumors. Few studies have included substantial numbers of non-Hispanic Black individuals, who have elevated population-level CRC risk. We investigated associations between IGF-1 and CRC in the Southern Community Cohort Study. We also report associations with IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), the primary IGF-1 transporter, and the IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio (a surrogate marker for biologically available IGF-1).
Methods
Participants with incident CRC (N = 297) were individually matched with controls (N = 604) on age, race, and sex. The majority of the cohort reports Black racial identity (75 %). Serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were measured at enrollment. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for CRC, colon and rectal cancers.
Results
For higher IGF-1 (tertile 3vs1), the OR for CRC was 1.45 (CI 0.95–2.21). Higher IGF-1 was associated with greater odds for colon cancer (OR 1.64, CI 1.01–2.64) but not rectal cancer (OR 0.93, CI 0.43–1.97). The associations with CRC and colon cancer were consistent among participants who fasted prior to serum draw (N = 356, CRC: OR 1.89, CI 0.95–3.78; colon cancer: OR 2.08, CI 0.96–4.51). No associations were observed for IGFBP-3 or the IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio in the full sample.
Conclusion
Higher IGF-1 was associated with increased odds for colon cancer, but not rectal cancer, among predominantly non-Hispanic Black individuals with lower socioeconomic status, consistent with findings from predominantly non-Hispanic White cohorts.
高血清胰岛素样生长因子1 （IGF-1）与结直肠癌（CRC）有关，有证据支持结肠肿瘤风险增加，而非直肠肿瘤。很少有研究包括大量非西班牙裔黑人，他们有较高的人群CRC风险。我们在南部社区队列研究中调查了IGF-1与CRC之间的关系。我们还报道了与IGF结合蛋白3 （IGFBP-3）、主要IGF-1转运蛋白和IGF-1/IGFBP-3比率（生物可用性IGF-1的替代标记物）的关联。方法将发生CRC的参与者（N = 297）与对照组（N = 604）在年龄、种族和性别上进行单独匹配。大多数队列报告黑人种族身份（75% %）。入组时测定血清IGF-1和IGFBP-3。采用Logistic回归估计CRC、结肠癌和直肠癌的比值比（ORs），置信区间为95% %。结果高IGF-1组CRC的OR为1.45 （CI 0.95 ~ 2.21）。较高的IGF-1与结肠癌（OR 1.64, CI 1.01-2.64）相关，但与直肠癌（OR 0.93, CI 0.43-1.97）无关。在血清抽血前禁食的参与者中，结直肠癌和结肠癌的相关性是一致的（N = 356，结直肠癌：OR 1.89, CI 0.95-3.78；结肠癌：OR 2.08, CI 0.96-4.51）。在整个样本中没有观察到IGFBP-3或IGF-1/IGFBP-3比值的关联。结论：在社会经济地位较低的非西班牙裔黑人中，较高的IGF-1与结肠癌的发病率增加有关，但与直肠癌无关，这与非西班牙裔白人人群的研究结果一致。
{"title":"Associations between insulin-like growth factor 1, IGF-binding protein 3, and colorectal cancer","authors":"Thomas Lawler , Zoe L. Walts , Lauren Giurini , Mark Steinwandel , Wei Zheng , Shaneda Warren Andersen","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2026.102986","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2026.102986","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Higher serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) has been linked to colorectal cancer (CRC), with evidence supporting increased risk for colon but not rectal tumors. Few studies have included substantial numbers of non-Hispanic Black individuals, who have elevated population-level CRC risk. We investigated associations between IGF-1 and CRC in the Southern Community Cohort Study. We also report associations with IGF binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), the primary IGF-1 transporter, and the IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio (a surrogate marker for biologically available IGF-1).</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Participants with incident CRC (N = 297) were individually matched with controls (N = 604) on age, race, and sex. The majority of the cohort reports Black racial identity (75 %). Serum IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 were measured at enrollment. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for CRC, colon and rectal cancers.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>For higher IGF-1 (tertile 3vs1), the OR for CRC was 1.45 (CI 0.95–2.21). Higher IGF-1 was associated with greater odds for colon cancer (OR 1.64, CI 1.01–2.64) but not rectal cancer (OR 0.93, CI 0.43–1.97). The associations with CRC and colon cancer were consistent among participants who fasted prior to serum draw (N = 356, CRC: OR 1.89, CI 0.95–3.78; colon cancer: OR 2.08, CI 0.96–4.51). No associations were observed for IGFBP-3 or the IGF-1/IGFBP-3 ratio in the full sample.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Higher IGF-1 was associated with increased odds for colon cancer, but not rectal cancer, among predominantly non-Hispanic Black individuals with lower socioeconomic status, consistent with findings from predominantly non-Hispanic White cohorts.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 102986"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145924709","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2025.102985
Yu Long , Yuting Zhu , Meiyin Lin , Qinming Li , Jun Liang , Chunyang Wang , Ruijie Zeng , Dongling Luo , Lijun Zhang , Yuyin Ma , Chongyang Duan , Yue Zhu , Hao Chen , Jianhua Liu
Background
Although tobacco exposure is an established risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC), the specific impact of early-life exposure (from prenatal to adolescence) and its joints with genetic susceptibility remains uncertain. This population-based study aimed to investigate the joint effects of early-life tobacco exposure and polygenic risk on CRC.
Methods
Data from UK Biobank participants were analyzed to assess tobacco exposure during two periods: prenatal exposure (n = 429,847) and age of smoking initiation (n = 430,672). Using Cox proportional hazards models, the associations between early-life tobacco exposure and CRC incidence were explored. Additionally, we evaluated the mediating role of accelerated biological aging in the link between early-life tobacco exposure and CRC, and further integrated the polygenic risk score (PRS) to assess the joint effects of genetic on CRC risk.
Results
Early-life tobacco exposure exhibited age-at-initiation-dependent CRC risk associations. Smoking initiation in adolescence [hazard ratios (HR) = 1.13, 95 % confidence intervals (CI): 1.06–1.22], and adulthood (HR = 1.19, 95 % CI: 1.10–1.30) all significantly increased risk (P < 0.001), while in utero exposure and smoking initiation childhood (HR:1.06, 95 % CI: 0.94–1.19, P = 0.372) showed a suggestive but non-significant trend (HR:1.05, 95 % CI: 1.00–1.11, P = 0.066). In the joint analysis, high-PRS individuals with prenatal tobacco exposure had an elevated CRC risk compared to those with low PRS and no exposure (HR 1.28, 95 % CI: 1.16–1.42, P < 0.001). Furthermore, among high-PRS individuals, smoking initiation at any age (childhood, adolescence, or adulthood) increased CRC risk relative to never-smokers with low PRS. Mediation analysis indicated that accelerated biological aging may contribute to the association between smoking initiation at different ages and increased CRC risk.
Conclusion
Early-life tobacco exposure elevated CRC risk, especially in genetically susceptible individuals. These findings underscored the importance of early tobacco prevention and enhanced screening for high genetic-risk populations.
{"title":"Early-life tobacco exposure, genetic susceptibility and incident colorectal cancer risk in UK biobank: A prospective cohort analysis","authors":"Yu Long , Yuting Zhu , Meiyin Lin , Qinming Li , Jun Liang , Chunyang Wang , Ruijie Zeng , Dongling Luo , Lijun Zhang , Yuyin Ma , Chongyang Duan , Yue Zhu , Hao Chen , Jianhua Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102985","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102985","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Although tobacco exposure is an established risk factor for colorectal cancer (CRC), the specific impact of early-life exposure (from prenatal to adolescence) and its joints with genetic susceptibility remains uncertain. This population-based study aimed to investigate the joint effects of early-life tobacco exposure and polygenic risk on CRC.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Data from UK Biobank participants were analyzed to assess tobacco exposure during two periods: prenatal exposure (n = 429,847) and age of smoking initiation (n = 430,672). Using Cox proportional hazards models, the associations between early-life tobacco exposure and CRC incidence were explored. Additionally, we evaluated the mediating role of accelerated biological aging in the link between early-life tobacco exposure and CRC, and further integrated the polygenic risk score (PRS) to assess the joint effects of genetic on CRC risk.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Early-life tobacco exposure exhibited age-at-initiation-dependent CRC risk associations. Smoking initiation in adolescence [hazard ratios (HR) = 1.13, 95 % confidence intervals (CI): 1.06–1.22], and adulthood (HR = 1.19, 95 % CI: 1.10–1.30) all significantly increased risk (<em>P</em> < 0.001), while in utero exposure and smoking initiation childhood (HR:1.06, 95 % CI: 0.94–1.19, <em>P</em> = 0.372) showed a suggestive but non-significant trend (HR:1.05, 95 % CI: 1.00–1.11, <em>P</em> = 0.066). In the joint analysis, high-PRS individuals with prenatal tobacco exposure had an elevated CRC risk compared to those with low PRS and no exposure (HR 1.28, 95 % CI: 1.16–1.42, P < 0.001). Furthermore, among high-PRS individuals, smoking initiation at any age (childhood, adolescence, or adulthood) increased CRC risk relative to never-smokers with low PRS. Mediation analysis indicated that accelerated biological aging may contribute to the association between smoking initiation at different ages and increased CRC risk.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Early-life tobacco exposure elevated CRC risk, especially in genetically susceptible individuals. These findings underscored the importance of early tobacco prevention and enhanced screening for high genetic-risk populations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 102985"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883748","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-03DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2025.102984
Stuart J. Case , Lindsay Sabik , Haley Grant
Introduction
Cancer survivors endure unique immune system suppression as a result of their cancer treatment, potentially making them susceptible to long COVID in ways that differ from the general population. The purpose of this study is to assess what factors are associated with long COVID among cancer survivors.
Methods
Observational, cross-sectional data from the 2023 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey were analyzed. The main outcome of interest was the prevalence of long COVID among cancer survivors who had tested positive for COVID-19. Bivariate analyses were conducted comparing those who did and did not have long COVID, and logistic regression models were used to determine the sociodemographic variables and individual health factors associated with long COVID among cancer survivors.
Results
In this sample, 15.2 % of cancer survivors who had tested positive for COVID-19 indicated they had long COVID. Cancer survivors who were male, older, received flu and COVID-19 vaccinations, and did not have diabetes or asthma had significantly lower odds of having long COVID.
Conclusion
This study provides insight into what sociodemographic and health-related factors are associated with the presence of long COVID, including age, sex, vaccination status, and comorbid conditions. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to establish causal patterns.
{"title":"Factors associated with long COVID among cancer survivors: A population-based analysis","authors":"Stuart J. Case , Lindsay Sabik , Haley Grant","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102984","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102984","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Cancer survivors endure unique immune system suppression as a result of their cancer treatment, potentially making them susceptible to long COVID in ways that differ from the general population. The purpose of this study is to assess what factors are associated with long COVID among cancer survivors.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Observational, cross-sectional data from the 2023 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey were analyzed. The main outcome of interest was the prevalence of long COVID among cancer survivors who had tested positive for COVID-19. Bivariate analyses were conducted comparing those who did and did not have long COVID, and logistic regression models were used to determine the sociodemographic variables and individual health factors associated with long COVID among cancer survivors.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>In this sample, 15.2 % of cancer survivors who had tested positive for COVID-19 indicated they had long COVID. Cancer survivors who were male, older, received flu and COVID-19 vaccinations, and did not have diabetes or asthma had significantly lower odds of having long COVID.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study provides insight into what sociodemographic and health-related factors are associated with the presence of long COVID, including age, sex, vaccination status, and comorbid conditions. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to establish causal patterns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 102984"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2026-01-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145883747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-27DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2025.102983
Yehudit Peerless , Gal Strauss , Ofer Margalit , Einat Shacham-Shmueli , Yu-Xiao Yang , Ben Boursi
Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Tumor sidedness influences treatment decisions for metastatic disease due to differences in biology and therapeutic response. Metformin, an anti-diabetic medication, may reduce CRC risk. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between metformin exposure and CRC risk based on tumor-sidedness.
Methods
A nested case-control study was conducted using the Veterans Administration (VA) database (1999–2020). The cohort included individuals with diabetes mellitus and at least 3 years of follow-up. CRC cases were identified and classified by tumor sidedness. Controls were selected via incidence-density sampling, matched on age, sex, index-date, and first VA encounter. Exposure of interest was cumulative metformin use prior to the index-date. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds-ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). The analysis was adjusted for race, BMI, smoking, aspirin, statins, and other anti-diabetic medications.
Results
The study included 31,078 CRC cases and 310,621 matched controls among diabetic individuals. Metformin exposure showed no effect on right-sided CRC incidence (adjusted OR 1.03, 95 %CI 0.92–1.16 for 1–3 years; 0.96, 95 %CI 0.83–1.12 for 3–5 years). In contrast, in patients with left-sided CRC metformin use was associated with a reduced risk of CRC (adjusted OR 0.90, 95 %CI 0.82–0.98 for 1–3 years; 0.87, 95 %CI 0.77–0.98 for 3–5 years).
Conclusions
Metformin was associated with a decrease in the incidence of left-sided CRC. These results suggest the influence of tumor sidedness, not only on treatment effect, but on prevention strategies as well.
{"title":"The effect of metformin exposure on colorectal cancer incidence according to tumor sidedness","authors":"Yehudit Peerless , Gal Strauss , Ofer Margalit , Einat Shacham-Shmueli , Yu-Xiao Yang , Ben Boursi","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. Tumor sidedness influences treatment decisions for metastatic disease due to differences in biology and therapeutic response. Metformin, an anti-diabetic medication, may reduce CRC risk. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between metformin exposure and CRC risk based on tumor-sidedness.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A nested case-control study was conducted using the Veterans Administration (VA) database (1999–2020). The cohort included individuals with diabetes mellitus and at least 3 years of follow-up. CRC cases were identified and classified by tumor sidedness. Controls were selected via incidence-density sampling, matched on age, sex, index-date, and first VA encounter. Exposure of interest was cumulative metformin use prior to the index-date. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds-ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). The analysis was adjusted for race, BMI, smoking, aspirin, statins, and other anti-diabetic medications.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The study included 31,078 CRC cases and 310,621 matched controls among diabetic individuals. Metformin exposure showed no effect on right-sided CRC incidence (adjusted OR 1.03, 95 %CI 0.92–1.16 for 1–3 years; 0.96, 95 %CI 0.83–1.12 for 3–5 years). In contrast, in patients with left-sided CRC metformin use was associated with a reduced risk of CRC (adjusted OR 0.90, 95 %CI 0.82–0.98 for 1–3 years; 0.87, 95 %CI 0.77–0.98 for 3–5 years).</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>Metformin was associated with a decrease in the incidence of left-sided CRC. These results suggest the influence of tumor sidedness, not only on treatment effect, but on prevention strategies as well.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 102983"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145839684","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-24DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2025.102974
Angeza Abdul Khaliq , Maarit H. Lamminmäki , Sirpa H. Heinävaara , Tytti M. Sarkeala
Introduction
Geographical variations in health reflect differences in environments, lifestyles, and healthcare access. Notably, non-Western countries exhibit higher rates of infection-related cancers such as liver and gastric cancers, compared to Western countries. This study compares sex-specific incidence and mortality of liver and gastric cancers in non-Western immigrants with those of the native Finnish population. We also assess how region of birth, age at immigration, and duration of residence influence liver and gastric cancer incidence and mortality among non-Western population.
Material and method
We analysed data from 162,844 non-Western immigrant men and 161,090 women residing in Finland from 1973 to 2017. Liver and gastric cancer diagnoses and causes of death from 2000 to 2017 were linked from national registries. We assessed cancer risks using a multivariate Poisson regression model, adjusting for age group, calendar period, and region of birth.
Results
Non-Western immigrant men had higher liver cancer incidence (Relative risk (IRR) 1.41, 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) 1.13–1.78) and mortality (MRR 1.50, CI 1.16–1.94), and higher gastric cancer incidence (IRR 1.74, CI 1.46–2.06) and mortality (MRR 1.74, CI 1.42–2.14) than native men. Among non-Western immigrant women, only gastric cancer showed increased incidence (IRR 2.21, 95 % CI 1.88–2.60) and mortality (MRR 2.22, 95 % CI 1.83–2.70). Age at immigration did not impact risk levels.Prolonged duration of residence decreased the risk of gastric cancer in non-Western women, whereas in men the risk remained elevated.
Discussion
The increased cancer risk among non-Western immigrants may stem from greater exposure to infections such as hepatitis B and C and H. pylori, prevalent in their countries of origin. Cultural adaptation and lifestyle changes, particularly in alcohol and tobacco use, also play a role.
Conclusion
Targeted healthcare measures, including early diagnosis and lifestyle interventions, are crucial for reducing cancer risks among non-Western immigrants in Finland. Addressing language and cultural barriers is essential for effective healthcare and for reducing health disparities.
导言：健康的地理差异反映了环境、生活方式和医疗保健获取的差异。值得注意的是，与西方国家相比，非西方国家的肝癌和胃癌等与感染有关的癌症发病率更高。本研究比较了非西方移民与芬兰本土人口中肝癌和胃癌的性别特异性发病率和死亡率。我们还评估了出生地区、移民年龄和居住时间对非西方人群中肝癌和胃癌发病率和死亡率的影响。材料和方法：我们分析了1973年至2017年居住在芬兰的162,844名非西方移民男性和161,090名女性的数据。从2000年到2017年，肝癌和胃癌的诊断和死亡原因与国家登记处相关联。我们使用多元泊松回归模型评估癌症风险，调整了年龄组、日历期和出生地区。结果：非西方移民男性的肝癌发病率（相对危险度（IRR） 1.41, 95 %置信区间（CI） 1.13-1.78）和死亡率（MRR 1.50, CI 1.16-1.94）高于本土男性，胃癌发病率（IRR 1.74, CI 1.46-2.06）和死亡率（MRR 1.74, CI 1.42-2.14）高于本土男性。在非西方移民妇女中，只有胃癌的发病率（IRR 2.21, 95 % CI 1.88-2.60）和死亡率（MRR 2.22, 95 % CI 1.83-2.70）增加。移民年龄对风险水平没有影响。居住时间的延长降低了非西方女性患胃癌的风险，而男性患胃癌的风险仍然升高。讨论：非西方移民癌症风险的增加可能源于更多的感染，如乙肝、丙肝和幽门螺杆菌，在他们的原籍国流行。文化适应和生活方式的改变，特别是在使用酒精和烟草方面，也发挥了作用。结论：有针对性的医疗保健措施，包括早期诊断和生活方式干预，对于降低芬兰非西方移民的癌症风险至关重要。消除语言和文化障碍对于有效的医疗保健和减少健康差距至关重要。
{"title":"Liver and gastric cancer incidence and mortality in Non‐Western immigrant men and women: a register-based cohort study from 2000 to 2017","authors":"Angeza Abdul Khaliq , Maarit H. Lamminmäki , Sirpa H. Heinävaara , Tytti M. Sarkeala","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Introduction</h3><div>Geographical variations in health reflect differences in environments, lifestyles, and healthcare access. Notably, non-Western countries exhibit higher rates of infection-related cancers such as liver and gastric cancers, compared to Western countries. This study compares sex-specific incidence and mortality of liver and gastric cancers in non-Western immigrants with those of the native Finnish population. We also assess how region of birth, age at immigration, and duration of residence influence liver and gastric cancer incidence and mortality among non-Western population.</div></div><div><h3>Material and method</h3><div>We analysed data from 162,844 non-Western immigrant men and 161,090 women residing in Finland from 1973 to 2017. Liver and gastric cancer diagnoses and causes of death from 2000 to 2017 were linked from national registries. We assessed cancer risks using a multivariate Poisson regression model, adjusting for age group, calendar period, and region of birth.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Non-Western immigrant men had higher liver cancer incidence (Relative risk (IRR) 1.41, 95 % Confidence Interval (CI) 1.13–1.78) and mortality (MRR 1.50, CI 1.16–1.94), and higher gastric cancer incidence (IRR 1.74, CI 1.46–2.06) and mortality (MRR 1.74, CI 1.42–2.14) than native men. Among non-Western immigrant women, only gastric cancer showed increased incidence (IRR 2.21, 95 % CI 1.88–2.60) and mortality (MRR 2.22, 95 % CI 1.83–2.70). Age at immigration did not impact risk levels.Prolonged duration of residence decreased the risk of gastric cancer in non-Western women, whereas in men the risk remained elevated.</div></div><div><h3>Discussion</h3><div>The increased cancer risk among non-Western immigrants may stem from greater exposure to infections such as hepatitis B and C and H. pylori, prevalent in their countries of origin. Cultural adaptation and lifestyle changes, particularly in alcohol and tobacco use, also play a role.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Targeted healthcare measures, including early diagnosis and lifestyle interventions, are crucial for reducing cancer risks among non-Western immigrants in Finland. Addressing language and cultural barriers is essential for effective healthcare and for reducing health disparities.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 102974"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145835371","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ambient air pollution is a major global health concern, yet its association with laryngeal cancer remains poorly defined. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the relationship between long-term exposure to outdoor air pollutants and incidence of laryngeal cancer. Comprehensive searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and SCOPUS were conducted from inception to 01/06/2024. Eligible studies included observational and ecological designs reporting quantitative associations between ambient pollutants and laryngeal cancer incidence. Study quality, risk of bias, and evidence certainty graded were appraised using the NIH tool, National Toxicology Program framework and GRADE approach respectively. A total of nine studies (4 ecological, 5 cohort) comprising over 7.4 million participants were included. Each pollutant was analysed by a maximum of 3 studies. Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) demonstrated the most consistent association with laryngeal cancer, with hazard ratios between 1.18 and 1.24 per 10 μg/m³ increase. One large cohort reported a significant relationship between particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM₂.₅) and laryngeal cancer (HR 1.85; 95 % CI: 1.2–2.85), while findings across other pollutants, including PM₁₀, SO₂, O₃, CO, and NOₓ, were inconsistent. Although data remain limited, emerging evidence suggests that chronic exposure to ambient NO₂ and PM₂.₅ may increase laryngeal cancer risk. Future large-scale prospective cohort studies with standardized exposure metrics and robust confounding control are needed to better characterise this relationship. Natural experiments in regions undergoing major air-quality policy changes can provide valuable evidence on the impact of reducing exposure on laryngeal cancer incidence at a population level.
{"title":"Ambient air pollution and laryngeal cancer: A systematic review","authors":"Jasen Soopramanien , Sagar Mittal , Kinjal Jadeja , Lakshya Soni , Samiyah Saghir , Fathima Mannan","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ambient air pollution is a major global health concern, yet its association with laryngeal cancer remains poorly defined. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the relationship between long-term exposure to outdoor air pollutants and incidence of laryngeal cancer. Comprehensive searches of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, and SCOPUS were conducted from inception to 01/06/2024. Eligible studies included observational and ecological designs reporting quantitative associations between ambient pollutants and laryngeal cancer incidence. Study quality, risk of bias, and evidence certainty graded were appraised using the NIH tool, National Toxicology Program framework and GRADE approach respectively. A total of nine studies (4 ecological, 5 cohort) comprising over 7.4 million participants were included. Each pollutant was analysed by a maximum of 3 studies. Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) demonstrated the most consistent association with laryngeal cancer, with hazard ratios between 1.18 and 1.24 per 10 μg/m³ increase. One large cohort reported a significant relationship between particulate matter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM₂.₅) and laryngeal cancer (HR 1.85; 95 % CI: 1.2–2.85), while findings across other pollutants, including PM₁₀, SO₂, O₃, CO, and NOₓ, were inconsistent. Although data remain limited, emerging evidence suggests that chronic exposure to ambient NO₂ and PM₂.₅ may increase laryngeal cancer risk. Future large-scale prospective cohort studies with standardized exposure metrics and robust confounding control are needed to better characterise this relationship. Natural experiments in regions undergoing major air-quality policy changes can provide valuable evidence on the impact of reducing exposure on laryngeal cancer incidence at a population level.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":"100 ","pages":"Article 102981"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145829164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-20DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2025.102978
Mohammad Hajizadeh, Grace Johnston
This document is the authors' response to the received comments for manuscript CANEP-D-25-00363.
本文是作者对CANEP-D-25-00363稿件评论的回复。
{"title":"Socioeconomic inequalities in prostate cancer mortality: Response to recent commentary.","authors":"Mohammad Hajizadeh, Grace Johnston","doi":"10.1016/j.canep.2025.102978","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canep.2025.102978","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This document is the authors' response to the received comments for manuscript CANEP-D-25-00363.</p>","PeriodicalId":56322,"journal":{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology","volume":" ","pages":"102978"},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145806469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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