Pub Date : 2023-01-25DOI: 10.12923/2353-8627/2023-0001
Klaudia Kister, Jakub Laskowski, A. Makarewicz, Jakub Tarkowski
Introduction: Artificial intelligence research is increasing its application in mental health services. Machine learning, deep learning, semantic analysis in the form of transcriptions of patients' statements enable early diagnosis of psychotic disorders, ADHD, anorexia nervosa. Of great importance are the so-called digital therapists. This paper aims to show the use of AI tools in diagnosing, treating, the benefits and limitations associated with mental disorders. Material and methodS: This literature review was conducted by searching scientific articles from 2015 to 2022. The basis were PubMED, OpenKnowledge, Web of Science, using the following keywords: artificial intelligence, digital therapy, psychiatry, machine learning. Results: A review indicates the widespread use of AI tools in screening for mental disorders. These tools advance the clinical diagnosis medical specialists make up for several years. They impact solving medical staff shortages, lack of access to medical facilities and leveling patient resistance to treatment. The benefits are ultra-fast analysis of large sets of information, effective screening of people in need of specialized psychiatric care, reduction of doctors' duties and maximization of their work efficiency. During the current COVID 19 pandemic, robots in the form of digital psychotherapists are playing a special role. Conclusions: The need for further research, testing and clarification of regulations related to the use of AI tools is indicated. Ethical and social problems need to be resolved. The tools should not form the basis of autonomous therapy without the supervision of highly trained professionals. Human beings should be at the center of analysis just as their health and well-being. Keywords: artificial intelligence, digital therapy, psychiatry, machine learning
人工智能研究在心理健康服务中的应用越来越广泛。机器学习，深度学习，以患者陈述的转录形式进行语义分析，可以早期诊断精神障碍，多动症，神经性厌食症。非常重要的是所谓的数字治疗师。本文旨在展示人工智能工具在精神障碍的诊断、治疗、益处和局限性方面的应用。材料与方法:检索2015 - 2022年的科学文献进行文献综述。以PubMED, OpenKnowledge, Web of Science为基础，使用以下关键词:人工智能，数字治疗，精神病学，机器学习。结果:一项综述表明人工智能工具在精神障碍筛查中的广泛应用。这些工具推进临床诊断医学专家弥补了几年。它们影响解决医务人员短缺、无法使用医疗设施和消除患者对治疗的抗拒。其好处是对大量信息的超快速分析，对需要专业精神护理的人进行有效筛选，减少医生的职责，最大限度地提高他们的工作效率。在2019冠状病毒病大流行期间，以数字心理治疗师的形式出现的机器人正在发挥特殊作用。结论:需要进一步研究、测试和澄清与使用人工智能工具相关的法规。伦理和社会问题需要解决。如果没有训练有素的专业人员的监督，这些工具不应该成为自主治疗的基础。人类应该是分析的中心，就像他们的健康和幸福一样。关键词:人工智能，数字治疗，精神病学，机器学习
{"title":"Application of artificial intelligence tools in diagnosis and treatmentof mental disorders","authors":"Klaudia Kister, Jakub Laskowski, A. Makarewicz, Jakub Tarkowski","doi":"10.12923/2353-8627/2023-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12923/2353-8627/2023-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Artificial intelligence research is increasing its application in mental health services. Machine learning, deep learning, semantic analysis in the form of transcriptions of patients' statements enable early diagnosis of psychotic disorders, ADHD, anorexia nervosa. Of great importance are the so-called digital therapists. This paper aims to show the use of AI tools in diagnosing, treating, the benefits and limitations associated with mental disorders. \u0000Material and methodS: This literature review was conducted by searching scientific articles from 2015 to 2022. The basis were PubMED, OpenKnowledge, Web of Science, using the following keywords: artificial intelligence, digital therapy, psychiatry, machine learning. \u0000Results: A review indicates the widespread use of AI tools in screening for mental disorders. These tools advance the clinical diagnosis medical specialists make up for several years. They impact solving medical staff shortages, lack of access to medical facilities and leveling patient resistance to treatment. The benefits are ultra-fast analysis of large sets of information, effective screening of people in need of specialized psychiatric care, reduction of doctors' duties and maximization of their work efficiency. During the current COVID 19 pandemic, robots in the form of digital psychotherapists are playing a special role. \u0000Conclusions: The need for further research, testing and clarification of regulations related to the use of AI tools is indicated. Ethical and social problems need to be resolved. The tools should not form the basis of autonomous therapy without the supervision of highly trained professionals. Human beings should be at the center of analysis just as their health and well-being. \u0000\u0000Keywords: artificial intelligence, digital therapy, psychiatry, machine learning","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"89 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83454723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-25DOI: 10.12923/2353-8627/2023-0002
E. Szepietowska, Sara Filipiak
Introduction: The study investigated the dynamics of cognitive and emotional representation of COVID-19 in adult Poles, following the second (2021) and the fifth (2022) wave of the pandemic. Material and methods: The study involved a total of 303 subjects (N = 198 in Survey 1 in 2021, and N = 105 in Survey 2 in 2022). The following measures were used: a questionnaire covering demographic data and general opinions about COVID-19 as well as the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R). Results: After the fifth wave, significantly more respondents were convinced that COVID-19 was a real and dangerous disease. Cognitive deficits were more commonly recognised among symptoms of the viremia. Vaccination against COVID-19 was recognised as an essential preventive measure. Both surveys showed that COVID-19 representation was characterised by negative emotions and low sense of illness coherence. However, there was increased belief that the disease can be controlled through medical interventions. The age of the respondents in Survey 1 and Survey 2 was differently related to beliefs about COVID-19. Conclusions: 1. After 2.5 years of the pandemic, the awareness of Poles about the causes, symptoms and methods of preventing the disease has increased. 2. Failure to vaccinate against COVID-19 has been identified as a significant cause of viremia. 3. Negative emotions and a sense of serious consequences were predominant in both Surveys, but after the fifth wave of the pandemic the scores reflect increased perception of the chronic nature of the disease and belief that the illness can be treated with medication, whereas the sense of personal control was found to decrease. 4. After the fifth wave of the pandemic, older age corresponded to increased belief in the relevance of some preventive measures, and to greater awareness of the viral origin, increased belief in the feasibility of controlling the disease through one's behaviours and a greater sense of illness coherence. 5. The intensification of negative emotions related to the pandemic can be treated as a predictor of the increase in adjustment disorders and risk of mental health deterioration among adult Poles in the following years. Keywords: cognitive and emotional representation of illness, COVID-19 pandemic, Polish adults
{"title":"Greater knowledge about COVID-19, more negative emotions. Research in adult Poles after 2nd and 5th waves of the pandemic","authors":"E. Szepietowska, Sara Filipiak","doi":"10.12923/2353-8627/2023-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12923/2353-8627/2023-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: The study investigated the dynamics of cognitive and emotional representation of COVID-19 in adult Poles, following the second (2021) and the fifth (2022) wave of the pandemic.\u0000Material and methods: The study involved a total of 303 subjects (N = 198 in Survey 1 in 2021, and N = 105 in Survey 2 in 2022). The following measures were used: a questionnaire covering demographic data and general opinions about COVID-19 as well as the Revised Illness Perception Questionnaire (IPQ-R).\u0000Results: After the fifth wave, significantly more respondents were convinced that COVID-19 was a real and dangerous disease. Cognitive deficits were more commonly recognised among symptoms of the viremia. Vaccination against COVID-19 was recognised as an essential preventive measure. Both surveys showed that COVID-19 representation was characterised by negative emotions and low sense of illness coherence. However, there was increased belief that the disease can be controlled through medical interventions. The age of the respondents in Survey 1 and Survey 2 was differently related to beliefs about COVID-19.\u0000\u0000Conclusions:\u00001. After 2.5 years of the pandemic, the awareness of Poles about the causes, symptoms and methods of preventing the disease has increased.\u00002. Failure to vaccinate against COVID-19 has been identified as a significant cause of viremia.\u00003. Negative emotions and a sense of serious consequences were predominant in both Surveys, but after the fifth wave of the pandemic the scores reflect increased perception of the chronic nature of the disease and belief that the illness can be treated with medication, whereas the sense of personal control was found to decrease.\u00004. After the fifth wave of the pandemic, older age corresponded to increased belief in the relevance of some preventive measures, and to greater awareness of the viral origin, increased belief in the feasibility of controlling the disease through one's behaviours and a greater sense of illness coherence.\u00005. The intensification of negative emotions related to the pandemic can be treated as a predictor of the increase in adjustment disorders and risk of mental health deterioration among adult Poles in the following years.\u0000\u0000Keywords: cognitive and emotional representation of illness, COVID-19 pandemic, Polish adults","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83465866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-01-01DOI: 10.12923/2353-8627/2023-0004
Ewelina Drzał, Agnieszka Banaszek, Paweł Stanicki, Z. Wingralek
Introduction: Self-mutilation is of an auto-aggressive nature. They take many forms. Usually they do not occur as an isolated phenomenon. Self-injuring persons often have a diagnosed mental disorder, and a psychiatric diagnosis is one of the risk factors for the occurrence of self-harm. Material and method: In this study, articles were analyzed that contained information on the occurrence of various mental disorders. These articles searched for information on the occurrence of self-mutilation, its type, origin and causes. Discussion: Self-mutilation is common in patients with a psychiatric diagnosis. The frequency of such behaviors can range from 33% to 50% in people with autism, up to 22%, and even 49% in people diagnosed with psychotic disorders. Acts of selfharm may affect 50-78% of people diagnosed with border-line personality disorder. In adolescents with eating disorders, 41% of patients report self-harm. In the group of people diagnosed with bipolar disorder, it may be as high as 77.3%. People with depression are also a large self-injuring group. It is reported that it may be up to 71.2% of patients with unipolar disorder. Conclusions: Self-mutilation is a phenomenon that is more and more topical and common not only in the adolescent population. This is a multi-factorial issue. One of the risk factors are mental disorders. Self-mutineers choose various methods, and this choice depends, among others, on from recognition. The size of the phenomenon and its evolution make it necessary to study it in order to increase the level of knowledge, update information and, consequently, the ability to help people at risk of NSSI. Keywords: self-mutilation, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, personality disorders
{"title":"Self-mutilation in people with psychiatric diagnosis - literature review","authors":"Ewelina Drzał, Agnieszka Banaszek, Paweł Stanicki, Z. Wingralek","doi":"10.12923/2353-8627/2023-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.12923/2353-8627/2023-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Introduction: Self-mutilation is of an auto-aggressive nature. They take many forms. Usually they do not occur as an isolated phenomenon. Self-injuring persons often have a diagnosed mental disorder, and a psychiatric diagnosis is one of the risk factors for the occurrence of self-harm. Material and method: In this study, articles were analyzed that contained information on the occurrence of various mental disorders. These articles searched for information on the occurrence of self-mutilation, its type, origin and causes. Discussion: Self-mutilation is common in patients with a psychiatric diagnosis. The frequency of such behaviors can range from 33% to 50% in people with autism, up to 22%, and even 49% in people diagnosed with psychotic disorders. Acts of selfharm may affect 50-78% of people diagnosed with border-line personality disorder. In adolescents with eating disorders, 41% of patients report self-harm. In the group of people diagnosed with bipolar disorder, it may be as high as 77.3%. People with depression are also a large self-injuring group. It is reported that it may be up to 71.2% of patients with unipolar disorder. Conclusions: Self-mutilation is a phenomenon that is more and more topical and common not only in the adolescent population. This is a multi-factorial issue. One of the risk factors are mental disorders. Self-mutineers choose various methods, and this choice depends, among others, on from recognition. The size of the phenomenon and its evolution make it necessary to study it in order to increase the level of knowledge, update information and, consequently, the ability to help people at risk of NSSI. Keywords: self-mutilation, autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, personality disorders","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"112 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75355347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Agnieszka Paulina Brzezińska, Weronika Perczyńska, Justyna Nowaczek, M. Maciejczyk, K. Nowak, J. Rog
Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the mental health of the Polish population. Students are the group with a high risk of developing mood disorders. The scientific data suggest the usefulness of biological substances as potential biomarkers of psychiatric disorders. Saliva is non-invasive, quick to obtain material and a promising fluid for measuring stress and depression severity. In this paper, we present the protocol of our study, which aims to assess the utility of concentrations of biological fluids as potential biomarkers of the stress response and risk of developing depression and anxiety disorders among students of Lublin. Materials and methods: Total number of 80 students were included in the study. Participants were asked to collect saliva samples simultaneously with responding to the questionnaires concerning their mental state. Afterwards, the samples were examined with an ELISA test to assess the level of fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA). The relationship between biomarkers and severity of stress, depression, anxiety will be examined. Results: Cortisol on its own is not a good material to investigate the stress reaction in saliva due to its variable levels among people during stressful situations. Scientific data indicate the usefulness of other biomarkers or their combination to indicate the potential risk of developing depression and/or anxiety. Conclusions: Introducing objective tests, helpful for mood symptoms recognition, would improve the prevention and diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in vulnerable populations.
{"title":"How do students cope with stress during remote learning due to COVID-19 pandemic? Biological and psychological factors-protocol of the study","authors":"Agnieszka Paulina Brzezińska, Weronika Perczyńska, Justyna Nowaczek, M. Maciejczyk, K. Nowak, J. Rog","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2022-0024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2022-0024","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic negatively affected the mental health of the Polish population. Students are the group with a high risk of developing mood disorders. The scientific data suggest the usefulness of biological substances as potential biomarkers of psychiatric disorders. Saliva is non-invasive, quick to obtain material and a promising fluid for measuring stress and depression severity. In this paper, we present the protocol of our study, which aims to assess the utility of concentrations of biological fluids as potential biomarkers of the stress response and risk of developing depression and anxiety disorders among students of Lublin. Materials and methods: Total number of 80 students were included in the study. Participants were asked to collect saliva samples simultaneously with responding to the questionnaires concerning their mental state. Afterwards, the samples were examined with an ELISA test to assess the level of fibroblast growth factor (FGF-2), cortisol and chromogranin A (CgA). The relationship between biomarkers and severity of stress, depression, anxiety will be examined. Results: Cortisol on its own is not a good material to investigate the stress reaction in saliva due to its variable levels among people during stressful situations. Scientific data indicate the usefulness of other biomarkers or their combination to indicate the potential risk of developing depression and/or anxiety. Conclusions: Introducing objective tests, helpful for mood symptoms recognition, would improve the prevention and diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in vulnerable populations.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"31 1","pages":"258 - 263"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77503767","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Sylwiusz Niedobylski, Kacper Michta, Konrad Wachoł, Karolina Niedziałek, Urszula Łopuszańska, M. Samardakiewicz, Michał Próchnicki
Abstract Introduction: Academic burnout is emerging as an essential obstacle in education process. Students of the most challenging fields of study with high degrees of stress are thought to be at the highest risk. Medical studies are considered one of them. The aim of the study was to measure the levels of academic burnout, stress and gratitude among Polish medical students of Medical University of Lublin, and determine their styles of coping with stress. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire comprised of the following: Maslach Burnout Inventory – Student Survey (MBI-SS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), a Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) and a Gratitude Questionnaire Six-Item form (GQ-6). The data was obtained from 773 medical students. Results: Total number of 169 students (21.86%) met criteria for academic burnout. When it comes to 354 participants, they displayed signs of low self-esteem (45.8%). The number of 18 students showed low level of gratitude, while gratitude level of the majority of them – 496 (64.17%) was high. The most common style of coping with stress was emotions-oriented style – 354 students (48.29%), followed by task-oriented style – 345 students (47.07%). Burnout subscales turned out to be associated with age, year of study, self-esteem, gratitude and different styles of coping with stress to the various extent. Conclusions: The prevalence of academic burnout among Polish medical students is high compared with general population across various occupations. Utilisation of protective characteristics of high self-esteem, gratitude and healthy coping methods can result in development of efficient anti-burnout prevention strategies and intervention tools.
{"title":"Academic burnout, self-esteem, coping with stress and gratitude among Polish medical students – a cross sectional study","authors":"Sylwiusz Niedobylski, Kacper Michta, Konrad Wachoł, Karolina Niedziałek, Urszula Łopuszańska, M. Samardakiewicz, Michał Próchnicki","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2022-0023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2022-0023","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction: Academic burnout is emerging as an essential obstacle in education process. Students of the most challenging fields of study with high degrees of stress are thought to be at the highest risk. Medical studies are considered one of them. The aim of the study was to measure the levels of academic burnout, stress and gratitude among Polish medical students of Medical University of Lublin, and determine their styles of coping with stress. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire comprised of the following: Maslach Burnout Inventory – Student Survey (MBI-SS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (SES), a Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) and a Gratitude Questionnaire Six-Item form (GQ-6). The data was obtained from 773 medical students. Results: Total number of 169 students (21.86%) met criteria for academic burnout. When it comes to 354 participants, they displayed signs of low self-esteem (45.8%). The number of 18 students showed low level of gratitude, while gratitude level of the majority of them – 496 (64.17%) was high. The most common style of coping with stress was emotions-oriented style – 354 students (48.29%), followed by task-oriented style – 345 students (47.07%). Burnout subscales turned out to be associated with age, year of study, self-esteem, gratitude and different styles of coping with stress to the various extent. Conclusions: The prevalence of academic burnout among Polish medical students is high compared with general population across various occupations. Utilisation of protective characteristics of high self-esteem, gratitude and healthy coping methods can result in development of efficient anti-burnout prevention strategies and intervention tools.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"55 1","pages":"246 - 257"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84840077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aleksandra Buźniak, N. A. Woropay-Hordziejewicz, Aleksandra Bereznowska, P. Atroszko
Abstract Introduction: The aim was to examine the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) among adolescents and adult working populations of different genders, the prevalence of ADHD, and its relationship to stress. Materials and methods: A sample of 723 professionally active people and 1744 high school students participated in the study. Part A of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) was used to measure ADHD and the 4-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4) was used to measure stress. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the original 6-item two-factor solution of ASRS Part A had a satisfactory fit and showed basic measurement invariance between age groups and genders. Inattention and hyperactivity were related mostly similarly to stress in all groups. The prevalence of ADHD among adolescents was much higher than in previous reports, and no gender differences were found. About every fifth high school student and every tenth adult showed a risk of ADHD. The potential cause of the difference in the prevalence in the studied groups can be generation change. Conclusions: ASRS is a well-functioning screening measure with good psychometric properties. It is a convenient option for large-scale epidemiological surveys necessary to understand potential generational changes in the prevalence of ADHD and the lack of gender differences among adolescents.
摘要简介:目的是研究波兰版成人ADHD自我报告量表(ASRS)在不同性别的青少年和成年工作人群中的心理测量特征、ADHD的患病率及其与压力的关系。材料与方法:选取723名职业活跃人士和1744名高中生参与研究。采用成人注意力缺陷多动障碍自我报告量表(ASRS) A部分测量注意力缺陷多动障碍，采用4项感知压力量表(PSS-4)测量压力。结果:验证性因子分析显示，原ASRS Part A的6项双因子解具有满意的拟合性，在不同年龄组和性别之间具有基本的测量不变性。在所有组中，注意力不集中和多动与压力的关系最为相似。青少年中ADHD的患病率比以前的报告高得多，而且没有发现性别差异。大约五分之一的高中生和十分之一的成年人有患多动症的风险。研究群体中患病率差异的潜在原因可能是代际变化。结论:ASRS是一种功能良好的筛选方法，具有良好的心理测量特性。这是一种方便的大规模流行病学调查的选择，需要了解ADHD患病率的潜在代际变化和青少年中缺乏性别差异。
{"title":"Alarmingly high prevalence and lack of gender differences in ADHD among high school students: Screening for ADHD with ASRS among adolescents and working adults","authors":"Aleksandra Buźniak, N. A. Woropay-Hordziejewicz, Aleksandra Bereznowska, P. Atroszko","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2022-0022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2022-0022","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction: The aim was to examine the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) among adolescents and adult working populations of different genders, the prevalence of ADHD, and its relationship to stress. Materials and methods: A sample of 723 professionally active people and 1744 high school students participated in the study. Part A of the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) was used to measure ADHD and the 4-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4) was used to measure stress. Results: Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the original 6-item two-factor solution of ASRS Part A had a satisfactory fit and showed basic measurement invariance between age groups and genders. Inattention and hyperactivity were related mostly similarly to stress in all groups. The prevalence of ADHD among adolescents was much higher than in previous reports, and no gender differences were found. About every fifth high school student and every tenth adult showed a risk of ADHD. The potential cause of the difference in the prevalence in the studied groups can be generation change. Conclusions: ASRS is a well-functioning screening measure with good psychometric properties. It is a convenient option for large-scale epidemiological surveys necessary to understand potential generational changes in the prevalence of ADHD and the lack of gender differences among adolescents.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"7 1","pages":"237 - 245"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79122632","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Julita Szarpak, Paulina Drożak, M. Piwonski, Hubert Wróblewski, J. Morylowska-Topolska
Abstract Introduction: Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that is often accompanied by disorders such as depression, psychotic disorders, cognitive disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, impulse control disorders. The aim of the study was to review the literature and present the characteristics of neuropsychiatric disorders occurring in people suffering from Parkinson’s disease, with the specification of the above-mentioned disorders. Material and method: The literature available on the PubMed platform from 1986 to 2022 was reviewed using the following keywords: Parkinson’s disease, depression, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, sleep disorders, cognitive disorders, impulse control disorders. Original studies, reviews, meta-analyzes and internet sources were analyzed. Results: The above-mentioned neuropsychiatric disorders appear with different frequency among people suffering from Parkinson’s disease and occur at different times of its duration or even precede its onset for many years. The non-motor symptoms in the form of depressed mood, energy loss or changes in the rhythm of the day may result in a delay of appropriate therapy and thus in complications. Neuropathological changes in the course of Parkinson’s disease as well as dopaminergic drugs used in its therapy influence the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Conclusions: In order to avoid misdiagnosis, practitioners should use, e.g. scales intended for patients with Parkinson’s disease. To prevent the consequences of the aforementioned disease entities, methods of early diagnosis, determination of risk factors and standardization of the treatment process must be determined. Consistent care for patients with Parkinson’s disease is significant, not only in the neurological field, but also in the psychiatric one.
{"title":"Should patients with Parkinson’s disease only visit a neurologist’s office? - a narrative review of neuropsychiatric disorders among people with Parkinson’s disease","authors":"Julita Szarpak, Paulina Drożak, M. Piwonski, Hubert Wróblewski, J. Morylowska-Topolska","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2022-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2022-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction: Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease that is often accompanied by disorders such as depression, psychotic disorders, cognitive disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, impulse control disorders. The aim of the study was to review the literature and present the characteristics of neuropsychiatric disorders occurring in people suffering from Parkinson’s disease, with the specification of the above-mentioned disorders. Material and method: The literature available on the PubMed platform from 1986 to 2022 was reviewed using the following keywords: Parkinson’s disease, depression, anxiety disorders, psychotic disorders, sleep disorders, cognitive disorders, impulse control disorders. Original studies, reviews, meta-analyzes and internet sources were analyzed. Results: The above-mentioned neuropsychiatric disorders appear with different frequency among people suffering from Parkinson’s disease and occur at different times of its duration or even precede its onset for many years. The non-motor symptoms in the form of depressed mood, energy loss or changes in the rhythm of the day may result in a delay of appropriate therapy and thus in complications. Neuropathological changes in the course of Parkinson’s disease as well as dopaminergic drugs used in its therapy influence the development of neuropsychiatric disorders. Conclusions: In order to avoid misdiagnosis, practitioners should use, e.g. scales intended for patients with Parkinson’s disease. To prevent the consequences of the aforementioned disease entities, methods of early diagnosis, determination of risk factors and standardization of the treatment process must be determined. Consistent care for patients with Parkinson’s disease is significant, not only in the neurological field, but also in the psychiatric one.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"49 1","pages":"220 - 236"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85867162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Introduction: For several years now, there has been an increased interest on the part of psychiatrists, pediatricians, psychologists, specialists in education, and sociologists in the issue of so-called behavioral addictions, which include Internet addiction and computer gaming addiction. The aim of this study was to draw a typology of Internet gamers. Material and methods: The examined group and method: The study involved 576 individuals aged 16 to 19 years. The participants were surveyed using an Inquiry Form and the Online Gaming Addiction Questionnaire designed by the present authors. Results: The participants of this study were divided into four types of online gamers: gamers who scored the highest on the KBUGI scales and items corresponding to the DSM-5 criteria for Internet Gaming Disorder (Type 1); gamers who mostly played violent online games in which the player kills his enemies, destroys things, breaks traffic rules, and experiences power and new sensations (Type 2); individuals who played mainly to eliminate the feeling of boredom, enhance their mood and experience pleasure, new sensations and rivalry (Type 3); and people who only played occasionally and were not at risk of Internet gaming addiction (Type 4). Conclusions: The four groups included gamers severely addicted to gaming; gamers who played violent games to satisfy their need for aggression (moderate Internet gaming addiction); gamers who played mainly to eliminate boredom and seek new stimuli (mild Internet gaming addiction); and non-addicted gamers.
{"title":"A typology of adolescent online gamers. Part I","authors":"B. Pawłowska, E. Potembska","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2022-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2022-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction: For several years now, there has been an increased interest on the part of psychiatrists, pediatricians, psychologists, specialists in education, and sociologists in the issue of so-called behavioral addictions, which include Internet addiction and computer gaming addiction. The aim of this study was to draw a typology of Internet gamers. Material and methods: The examined group and method: The study involved 576 individuals aged 16 to 19 years. The participants were surveyed using an Inquiry Form and the Online Gaming Addiction Questionnaire designed by the present authors. Results: The participants of this study were divided into four types of online gamers: gamers who scored the highest on the KBUGI scales and items corresponding to the DSM-5 criteria for Internet Gaming Disorder (Type 1); gamers who mostly played violent online games in which the player kills his enemies, destroys things, breaks traffic rules, and experiences power and new sensations (Type 2); individuals who played mainly to eliminate the feeling of boredom, enhance their mood and experience pleasure, new sensations and rivalry (Type 3); and people who only played occasionally and were not at risk of Internet gaming addiction (Type 4). Conclusions: The four groups included gamers severely addicted to gaming; gamers who played violent games to satisfy their need for aggression (moderate Internet gaming addiction); gamers who played mainly to eliminate boredom and seek new stimuli (mild Internet gaming addiction); and non-addicted gamers.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"125 1","pages":"195 - 203"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73913479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study was to characterize types of gamers in terms of selected personality traits. Material and methods: The study involved 576 individuals aged 16 to 19 years. The participants were surveyed using Gough and Heilbrun’s ACL, the Coping with Stress Questionnaire, and the Psychological Inventory of the Aggression Syndrome. Results: The four types of online gamers identified in the first part of the study reported in this paper differed significantly in the following personality characteristics: self-image, coping styles and aggression types. Conclusions: 1. Individuals severely addicted to Internet gaming, significantly more often than those addicted moderately, mildly or not addicted at all, used escapist and emotional coping strategies and responded with auto-aggression, and physical and displaced aggression. Compared to the respondents not addicted to online gaming, they had a more negative self-esteem and were characterized by greater impulsivity, hostility, and were less responsible and autonomous. 2. Adolescents moderately addicted to gaming, compared to their non-addicted peers, were characterized by greater hostility, impulsivity, proneness to conflict, tendency to humiliate others, and verbal, physical and indirect aggression. 3. Young people with mild online gaming addiction, significantly more often than non-addicted adolescents, used psychoactive drugs, showed self-aggressive behavior and responded with displaced aggression in situations of stress.
{"title":"Personality traits in adolescents with the Internet Gaming Disorder. Part II","authors":"B. Pawłowska, E. Potembska","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2022-0020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2022-0020","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study was to characterize types of gamers in terms of selected personality traits. Material and methods: The study involved 576 individuals aged 16 to 19 years. The participants were surveyed using Gough and Heilbrun’s ACL, the Coping with Stress Questionnaire, and the Psychological Inventory of the Aggression Syndrome. Results: The four types of online gamers identified in the first part of the study reported in this paper differed significantly in the following personality characteristics: self-image, coping styles and aggression types. Conclusions: 1. Individuals severely addicted to Internet gaming, significantly more often than those addicted moderately, mildly or not addicted at all, used escapist and emotional coping strategies and responded with auto-aggression, and physical and displaced aggression. Compared to the respondents not addicted to online gaming, they had a more negative self-esteem and were characterized by greater impulsivity, hostility, and were less responsible and autonomous. 2. Adolescents moderately addicted to gaming, compared to their non-addicted peers, were characterized by greater hostility, impulsivity, proneness to conflict, tendency to humiliate others, and verbal, physical and indirect aggression. 3. Young people with mild online gaming addiction, significantly more often than non-addicted adolescents, used psychoactive drugs, showed self-aggressive behavior and responded with displaced aggression in situations of stress.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"13 1","pages":"204 - 219"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-11-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75436241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Introduction: Internet users often reveal online intimate details from their lives, such as pictures with naked parts of their bodies or posts about their emotional states. The first part of the article presents an attempt to create media exhibitionism construct based on psychopathological criteria from ICD-10. The second part of the article presents psychometric properties of the Media Exhibitionism Questionnaire. Material and methods: After extracting 49 items, based on the theoretical foundations of the media exhibitionism construct, the competent judges assessed the accuracy of individual items. This resulted in the selection of 20 statements. Then the revised questionnaire was sent to Facebook users asking them to fill it out and send it to other users of the portal. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was carried out by the method of main components with Varimax rotation on N=65 persons, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on N=554 persons. Results: After EFA the questionnaire consisted of 14 items and 4 factors: physical exhibitionism, exhibitionism of narcissistic traits, emotional exhibitionism, exhibitionism of histrionic traits. The four-factor solution was adopted on the basis of theoretical assumptions. The chi2 value was significant (χ2=286.01; p<0.001), which indicated discrepancies between the observed covariance matrix and the one implied by the model. Other indicators have shown a satisfactory agreement between the data and the model. Conclusions: The questionnaire has satisfactory psychometric properties (α=0.846) and can be used to predict problem behaviours on social media, as well as in counselling regarding responsible development of self-image on the Internet.
{"title":"Construction and characteristic of the media exhibitionism construct and the Media Exhibitionism Questionnaire","authors":"Magdalena Cyrklaff-Gorczyca","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2022-0017","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2022-0017","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction: Internet users often reveal online intimate details from their lives, such as pictures with naked parts of their bodies or posts about their emotional states. The first part of the article presents an attempt to create media exhibitionism construct based on psychopathological criteria from ICD-10. The second part of the article presents psychometric properties of the Media Exhibitionism Questionnaire. Material and methods: After extracting 49 items, based on the theoretical foundations of the media exhibitionism construct, the competent judges assessed the accuracy of individual items. This resulted in the selection of 20 statements. Then the revised questionnaire was sent to Facebook users asking them to fill it out and send it to other users of the portal. The exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was carried out by the method of main components with Varimax rotation on N=65 persons, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted on N=554 persons. Results: After EFA the questionnaire consisted of 14 items and 4 factors: physical exhibitionism, exhibitionism of narcissistic traits, emotional exhibitionism, exhibitionism of histrionic traits. The four-factor solution was adopted on the basis of theoretical assumptions. The chi2 value was significant (χ2=286.01; p<0.001), which indicated discrepancies between the observed covariance matrix and the one implied by the model. Other indicators have shown a satisfactory agreement between the data and the model. Conclusions: The questionnaire has satisfactory psychometric properties (α=0.846) and can be used to predict problem behaviours on social media, as well as in counselling regarding responsible development of self-image on the Internet.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"8 1","pages":"165 - 177"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80515325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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