Sylwiusz Niedobylski, M. Skarbek, Justyna Tomasik, Bartłomiej Zaręba, Żaneta Zawadzka, Michał Próchnicki, Grzegorz Rudzki
Abstract Introduction: Eating disorders are characterised by persistent disturbances in eating behavior, resulting in severe carbohydrate homeostasis changes. The aim of the study is to review mutual correlations between eating disorders, with emphasis on anorexia nervosa, and carbohydrate metabolism, including glycemia and the levels of relevant hormones. Material and methods: A priori general inclusion criteria were established and included patients with eating disorders or with glucose metabolism disorders. A MEDLINE database review was carried out. Relevant articles have been extracted and approved by supervisor. Results: 40 studies got included in the review. Patients with active anorexia nervosa display low levels of fasting and postprandial glucose, decreased lipid metabolism, and decreased pancreatic endocrine activity. Insulin levels remain changed even after patient’s re-nourishment – insulin response tends to be delayed and decreased compared to patients without anorexia history. Eating disorders are associated with poorer glycemic control and a higher percentage of diabetic complications in patients with pre-existing diabetes – mostly type I. There are also reports of higher carbohydrate metabolism disturbances among patients with eating disorders. Conclusions: Carbohydrate metabolism disorders and eating disorders are clearly interrelated, although data on the nature of these relationships are still lacking. Treatment of eating disorders is not possible without normalizing eating patterns, thus also carbohydrate metabolism. However, it is not usual to monitor the mental state in terms of eating disorders potential development in patients during the treatment of carbohydrate disorders. According to existing data, this approach should be changed due to the risk of anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders in this group.
{"title":"Eating disorders and carbohydrate metabolism interrelations","authors":"Sylwiusz Niedobylski, M. Skarbek, Justyna Tomasik, Bartłomiej Zaręba, Żaneta Zawadzka, Michał Próchnicki, Grzegorz Rudzki","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2022-0008","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2022-0008","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction: Eating disorders are characterised by persistent disturbances in eating behavior, resulting in severe carbohydrate homeostasis changes. The aim of the study is to review mutual correlations between eating disorders, with emphasis on anorexia nervosa, and carbohydrate metabolism, including glycemia and the levels of relevant hormones. Material and methods: A priori general inclusion criteria were established and included patients with eating disorders or with glucose metabolism disorders. A MEDLINE database review was carried out. Relevant articles have been extracted and approved by supervisor. Results: 40 studies got included in the review. Patients with active anorexia nervosa display low levels of fasting and postprandial glucose, decreased lipid metabolism, and decreased pancreatic endocrine activity. Insulin levels remain changed even after patient’s re-nourishment – insulin response tends to be delayed and decreased compared to patients without anorexia history. Eating disorders are associated with poorer glycemic control and a higher percentage of diabetic complications in patients with pre-existing diabetes – mostly type I. There are also reports of higher carbohydrate metabolism disturbances among patients with eating disorders. Conclusions: Carbohydrate metabolism disorders and eating disorders are clearly interrelated, although data on the nature of these relationships are still lacking. Treatment of eating disorders is not possible without normalizing eating patterns, thus also carbohydrate metabolism. However, it is not usual to monitor the mental state in terms of eating disorders potential development in patients during the treatment of carbohydrate disorders. According to existing data, this approach should be changed due to the risk of anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders in this group.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"95 1","pages":"80 - 85"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89374273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Z. Wingralek, Agnieszka Banaszek, K. Nowak, Michał Próchnicki
Abstract Introduction: Since implementation, electroconvulsive therapy has remained very effective treatment in psychiatry. The aim of this study is to present the differences in its use in medical practice around the world. The range of diseases in which ECT is most commonly used and the frequency of its use in different countries were compared with special attention to the differences between highly and poorly developed countries. Material and method: Review of literature by searching PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the keywords: indications of ECT, frequency of ECT use for papers published from 1991 to 2021. Results: Among the diseases for which electroconvulsive therapy is used worldwide, major depression dominates, while in Asia and Africa this therapy is used in schizophrenia. In Latin America it is used primarily for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In Poland, it is used for depression, bipolar disorder, and fewer for schizophrenia. The highest rate of people treated with therapy per 100,000 population is found in countries such as the USA (51), Canada (23.2-25.6), Australia (37.85), Sweden (41), Finland (23), Slovakia (29.2), Estonia (27.8) and Belgium (47). Conclusions: There is a relationship between the range of diseases most frequently treated with ECT, the frequency of use and the level of country development. In the high developed countries, ECT is used mainly in major depression, in less developed countries more frequent treatment of schizophrenia may be determined by the high cost of medications and limited availability of hospital beds. The highest rates of use of this therapy are found in more developed countries.
{"title":"ECT on a world map - a narrative review of the use of electroconvulsive therapy and its frequency in the world","authors":"Z. Wingralek, Agnieszka Banaszek, K. Nowak, Michał Próchnicki","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2022-0009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2022-0009","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction: Since implementation, electroconvulsive therapy has remained very effective treatment in psychiatry. The aim of this study is to present the differences in its use in medical practice around the world. The range of diseases in which ECT is most commonly used and the frequency of its use in different countries were compared with special attention to the differences between highly and poorly developed countries. Material and method: Review of literature by searching PubMed and Google Scholar databases using the keywords: indications of ECT, frequency of ECT use for papers published from 1991 to 2021. Results: Among the diseases for which electroconvulsive therapy is used worldwide, major depression dominates, while in Asia and Africa this therapy is used in schizophrenia. In Latin America it is used primarily for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In Poland, it is used for depression, bipolar disorder, and fewer for schizophrenia. The highest rate of people treated with therapy per 100,000 population is found in countries such as the USA (51), Canada (23.2-25.6), Australia (37.85), Sweden (41), Finland (23), Slovakia (29.2), Estonia (27.8) and Belgium (47). Conclusions: There is a relationship between the range of diseases most frequently treated with ECT, the frequency of use and the level of country development. In the high developed countries, ECT is used mainly in major depression, in less developed countries more frequent treatment of schizophrenia may be determined by the high cost of medications and limited availability of hospital beds. The highest rates of use of this therapy are found in more developed countries.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"41 1","pages":"86 - 103"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78445086","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Parandis Pourdehghan, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, S. Mostafavi
Abstract Introduction: There have been so far three noteworthy epidemics caused by coronaviruses: SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. We aimed to review prevalence of the most common psychological problems during these epidemics. Material and methods: We conducted systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies. A comprehensive search was performed in electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycINFO/ProQuest, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar. Two independent reviewers searched for all English-language articles on psychological problems during coronavirus epidemics published by February 2021. We used DerSimonion-Laird random-effects model to estimate the prevalence of psychological problems. We conducted subgroup analyses to analyze the source of heterogeneity. Meta-regression model was also used. Results: Eighty-eight eligible papers were included. The prevalence of the most common psychological problems was insomnia (27%), depression (24.8%), stress (22%), and anxiety (12.4%), respectively. Subgroup analysis indicated that healthcare workers were more likely to have the mentioned psychological problems compared to survivors and the general population. According to meta-regression analyses, study tools and study populations were identified as the most important sources of heterogeneity. Variability in study tools and study populations was attributed to a high level of heterogeneity. Conclusions: This study suggested that people during coronavirus epidemics were exposed to insomnia, depression, stress, and anxiety far more than other psychological problems.
摘要:迄今为止，由冠状病毒引起的疫情有三次值得关注:SARS、MERS和COVID-19。我们的目的是回顾这些流行病期间最常见的心理问题的流行情况。材料和方法:我们对研究进行了系统综述和荟萃分析。在PubMed/MEDLINE、Web of Science、PsycINFO/ProQuest、SCOPUS和Google Scholar等电子数据库中进行全面检索。两名独立审稿人检索了截至2021年2月发表的所有关于冠状病毒流行期间心理问题的英文文章。我们使用dersimonon - laird随机效应模型来估计心理问题的患病率。我们进行亚组分析来分析异质性的来源。采用元回归模型。结果:纳入符合条件的论文88篇。最常见的心理问题分别是失眠(27%)、抑郁(24.8%)、压力(22%)和焦虑(12.4%)。亚组分析表明，与幸存者和一般人群相比，卫生保健工作者更有可能出现上述心理问题。根据meta回归分析，研究工具和研究人群被确定为异质性的最重要来源。研究工具和研究人群的差异归因于高水平的异质性。结论:本研究表明，在冠状病毒流行期间，人们面临的失眠、抑郁、压力和焦虑远远超过其他心理问题。
{"title":"Prevalence of the most common psychological problems during coronavirus epidemics: A systematic review and meta-analysis","authors":"Parandis Pourdehghan, Mohammad Reza Mohammadi, S. Mostafavi","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2022-0005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2022-0005","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction: There have been so far three noteworthy epidemics caused by coronaviruses: SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. We aimed to review prevalence of the most common psychological problems during these epidemics. Material and methods: We conducted systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies. A comprehensive search was performed in electronic databases PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, PsycINFO/ProQuest, SCOPUS, and Google Scholar. Two independent reviewers searched for all English-language articles on psychological problems during coronavirus epidemics published by February 2021. We used DerSimonion-Laird random-effects model to estimate the prevalence of psychological problems. We conducted subgroup analyses to analyze the source of heterogeneity. Meta-regression model was also used. Results: Eighty-eight eligible papers were included. The prevalence of the most common psychological problems was insomnia (27%), depression (24.8%), stress (22%), and anxiety (12.4%), respectively. Subgroup analysis indicated that healthcare workers were more likely to have the mentioned psychological problems compared to survivors and the general population. According to meta-regression analyses, study tools and study populations were identified as the most important sources of heterogeneity. Variability in study tools and study populations was attributed to a high level of heterogeneity. Conclusions: This study suggested that people during coronavirus epidemics were exposed to insomnia, depression, stress, and anxiety far more than other psychological problems.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"15 1","pages":"41 - 58"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75513572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between coping styles in mothers of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the severity of their children’s symptoms. Material and method: The study included a group of 70 women raising children with a medical diagnosis of ASD. The children with the aforementioned pervasive developmental disorders were from 5 to 16 years old and were patients of the Mental Health Centre in Kielce, Poland. A study involved: our own survey; the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) by R. Goodman; the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) questionnaire by Endler and Parker; the Sense of Coherence Scale SOC-29 by Antonovsky; the Set of Questionnaires for the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASRS) by S. Goldstein and J. A. Naglieri. Results: The mothers’ preference for emotion-focused and avoidance coping styles was found to correlate significantly with their low sense of coherence and the severity of their child’s ASD symptoms measured with ASRS and SDQ. Conclusions: 1. Emotion-focused and avoidance coping styles were associated with a low sense of coherence in the surveyed women. 2. The mothers’ preference for emotion-focused and avoidance coping styles was associated with increased ASD symptoms, more severe emotional and behavioral deficits and poorer peer interactions in their children. 3. The mothers’ preference for problem-focused coping correlated with a low severity of their children’s social and communication deficits.
摘要:本研究旨在分析自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)患儿母亲的应对方式与患儿症状严重程度的关系。材料和方法:该研究包括一组70名妇女，她们抚养的孩子被医学诊断为ASD。患有上述广泛性发育障碍的儿童年龄在5岁至16岁之间，是波兰凯尔采精神卫生中心的病人。一项研究涉及:我们自己的调查;R. Goodman的优势与困难问卷(SDQ);Endler和Parker编制的压力情境应对量表(CISS);Antonovsky的连贯性感量表SOC-29;自闭症谱系障碍诊断问卷(S. Goldstein and J. A. Naglieri)。结果:母亲对情绪集中型和回避型应对方式的偏好与母亲的低一致性意识以及用ASRS和SDQ测量的孩子的ASD症状的严重程度显著相关。结论:1。在接受调查的女性中，以情绪为中心和回避的应对方式与连贯性较低有关。2. 母亲对情绪集中和回避的应对方式的偏好与孩子的ASD症状增加、更严重的情绪和行为缺陷以及更差的同伴互动有关。3.母亲倾向于以问题为中心的应对方式，与孩子社交和沟通缺陷的严重程度较低相关。
{"title":"Coping with stress of mothers of children with disorders belonging to autism spectrum","authors":"Justyna Świerczyńska, B. Pawłowska","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2022-0001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2022-0001","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between coping styles in mothers of children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and the severity of their children’s symptoms. Material and method: The study included a group of 70 women raising children with a medical diagnosis of ASD. The children with the aforementioned pervasive developmental disorders were from 5 to 16 years old and were patients of the Mental Health Centre in Kielce, Poland. A study involved: our own survey; the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) by R. Goodman; the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS) questionnaire by Endler and Parker; the Sense of Coherence Scale SOC-29 by Antonovsky; the Set of Questionnaires for the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASRS) by S. Goldstein and J. A. Naglieri. Results: The mothers’ preference for emotion-focused and avoidance coping styles was found to correlate significantly with their low sense of coherence and the severity of their child’s ASD symptoms measured with ASRS and SDQ. Conclusions: 1. Emotion-focused and avoidance coping styles were associated with a low sense of coherence in the surveyed women. 2. The mothers’ preference for emotion-focused and avoidance coping styles was associated with increased ASD symptoms, more severe emotional and behavioral deficits and poorer peer interactions in their children. 3. The mothers’ preference for problem-focused coping correlated with a low severity of their children’s social and communication deficits.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"11 1","pages":"1 - 12"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80280369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Introduction: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a polypeptide of 247 amino acid residues and is widely distributed throughout the central nervous system of the CNS. It plays an important role in the survival, differentiation, growth, and development of neurons in the central nervous system. The human BDNF gene is located on chromosome 11 in the p13-14 region and covers approximately 70 kb. The gene has a complex structure as it consists of 11 exons (I-IX, plus Vh and VIIIh) and nine functional promoters. BDNF expression in the brain is relatively low but it is found in most major regions of the brain. Material and methods: The gene encoding the brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF has many polymorphisms, but one of them mainly attracts the attention of researchers. This is a common, non-conservative polymorphism - rs6265 - a single nucleotide SNP polymorphism that results in an amino acid change – valine (Val) to methionine (Met) - at codon 66. Results: Polymorphism rs6265 is associated with many neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression or a higher risk of addiction, but it also determines other features, such as e.g. sports performance. Few studies are investigating the relationship between rs6265 polymorphism and predisposition to play sports. Conclusions: The results on the effect of rs6265 BDNF polymorphic variants on the risk of depression and addition are inconsistent, indicating a significant association in some studies and none in others. Therefore, more studies are needed to determine how rs6265 affects gene expression and function.
{"title":"Consequences of the rs6265 (Val66Met) polymorphism in the BDNF gene in selected mental disorders and sport","authors":"A. Strońska, A. Boroń, A. Grzywacz","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2022-0003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2022-0003","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a polypeptide of 247 amino acid residues and is widely distributed throughout the central nervous system of the CNS. It plays an important role in the survival, differentiation, growth, and development of neurons in the central nervous system. The human BDNF gene is located on chromosome 11 in the p13-14 region and covers approximately 70 kb. The gene has a complex structure as it consists of 11 exons (I-IX, plus Vh and VIIIh) and nine functional promoters. BDNF expression in the brain is relatively low but it is found in most major regions of the brain. Material and methods: The gene encoding the brain-derived neurotrophic factor BDNF has many polymorphisms, but one of them mainly attracts the attention of researchers. This is a common, non-conservative polymorphism - rs6265 - a single nucleotide SNP polymorphism that results in an amino acid change – valine (Val) to methionine (Met) - at codon 66. Results: Polymorphism rs6265 is associated with many neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression or a higher risk of addiction, but it also determines other features, such as e.g. sports performance. Few studies are investigating the relationship between rs6265 polymorphism and predisposition to play sports. Conclusions: The results on the effect of rs6265 BDNF polymorphic variants on the risk of depression and addition are inconsistent, indicating a significant association in some studies and none in others. Therefore, more studies are needed to determine how rs6265 affects gene expression and function.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"10 1","pages":"24 - 33"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86438517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Introduction: Lifestyle is often a decisive factor influencing both, somatic health and mental health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of life, sleep quality and general mental health of nursing students. Material and method: The study used the diagnostic survey method. The study was cross-sectional. A questionnaire was used, which was made available to the respondents via the Internet. The survey included the demographic questionnaire, the Fantastic Life Inventory, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQI) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30). A total number of 165 nursing students (151 female and 14 male), aged from 19 to 53, participated in the study. All calculations were made using version 24 of the SPSS statistical package. Results: The general mental health of students, as measured by the GHQ-30 scale, was quite good – the mean score on the GHQ30 scale – M = 9.21 (SD = 7.80). The average lifestyle quality index in the Fantastic Life Inventory Scale (M = 34.99; SD = 6.19) indicated a high quality of lifestyle. As many as 81% (N = 134) of the respondents followed the principles of rational nutrition and consumed a balanced diet, 92% (N = 152) did not abuse alcohol, 86% (N = 142) did not smoke, 93% (N = 154) had never used other psychoactive substances. However, 57% (N = 94) of respondents did not undertake physical activity or undertook it on an insufficient level. Most of the subjects experienced sleep disturbances, the most common being difficulty falling asleep – 78.8% (N = 130), and waking up during the night or early in the morning – 70.3% (N = 116). Conclusions: The quality of lifestyle and general mental health of the respondents was good. A significant influence of the quality of life on the occurrence of mental health disorders has been demonstrated.
{"title":"Lifestyle, sleep quality, and overall mental health of nursing students","authors":"D. Juchnowicz, Zuzanna Tulej, K. Karakuła, J. Rog","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2022-0002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2022-0002","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction: Lifestyle is often a decisive factor influencing both, somatic health and mental health. The aim of the study was to evaluate the quality of life, sleep quality and general mental health of nursing students. Material and method: The study used the diagnostic survey method. The study was cross-sectional. A questionnaire was used, which was made available to the respondents via the Internet. The survey included the demographic questionnaire, the Fantastic Life Inventory, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Questionnaire (PSQI) and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-30). A total number of 165 nursing students (151 female and 14 male), aged from 19 to 53, participated in the study. All calculations were made using version 24 of the SPSS statistical package. Results: The general mental health of students, as measured by the GHQ-30 scale, was quite good – the mean score on the GHQ30 scale – M = 9.21 (SD = 7.80). The average lifestyle quality index in the Fantastic Life Inventory Scale (M = 34.99; SD = 6.19) indicated a high quality of lifestyle. As many as 81% (N = 134) of the respondents followed the principles of rational nutrition and consumed a balanced diet, 92% (N = 152) did not abuse alcohol, 86% (N = 142) did not smoke, 93% (N = 154) had never used other psychoactive substances. However, 57% (N = 94) of respondents did not undertake physical activity or undertook it on an insufficient level. Most of the subjects experienced sleep disturbances, the most common being difficulty falling asleep – 78.8% (N = 130), and waking up during the night or early in the morning – 70.3% (N = 116). Conclusions: The quality of lifestyle and general mental health of the respondents was good. A significant influence of the quality of life on the occurrence of mental health disorders has been demonstrated.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"106 1","pages":"13 - 23"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89739025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Martyna Kozłowska, Karolina Iwanicka, Zuzanna Idzik, Piotr Ziemecki
Abstract Introduction: Schizo-obsessive disorder is a term that includes a dual diagnosis: schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The schizo-obsessive disorder definition was made at the end of the 19th century and is still valid today. Nowadays, the coexistence of schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive syndromes becomes more commonly observed, therefore the recognition and number of the described cases has increased. Material and methods: The aim of this article is to present a clinical case of a patient with a diagnostically and therapeutically difficult disorder, including the comorbidity of schizophrenia and OCD. The analysis of the clinical case and the medical records of a patient and a review of the literature including schizophrenia, OCD, and schizo-obsessive disorder, was performed. Case study: A male patient, 20 years old, single, high school student, who lives with his family. In November 2019 a mental deterioration occurred. Simultaneously, obsessional ideas and behaviors appeared. An ambulatory treatment was introduced, however without adequate response, which was the cause of the first psychiatric hospitalization in 2020. Discussion: Comorbidity between obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia may cause a particular problem for physicians. Without appropriate diagnosis, there is no possibility to implement proper management and treatment. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms should be treated as relatively common in patients with schizophrenia, which will prevent a mistake in the assessment of the patient’s condition. Conclusions: Due to specific character of the disease, difficulties in diagnosis and treatment, there is a special need for individual therapeutic measures. Appropriate and targeted approach to the patient may be a chance for success in therapy.
{"title":"Schizo-obsessive disorder - case study","authors":"Martyna Kozłowska, Karolina Iwanicka, Zuzanna Idzik, Piotr Ziemecki","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2022-0004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2022-0004","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction: Schizo-obsessive disorder is a term that includes a dual diagnosis: schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The schizo-obsessive disorder definition was made at the end of the 19th century and is still valid today. Nowadays, the coexistence of schizophrenia with obsessive-compulsive syndromes becomes more commonly observed, therefore the recognition and number of the described cases has increased. Material and methods: The aim of this article is to present a clinical case of a patient with a diagnostically and therapeutically difficult disorder, including the comorbidity of schizophrenia and OCD. The analysis of the clinical case and the medical records of a patient and a review of the literature including schizophrenia, OCD, and schizo-obsessive disorder, was performed. Case study: A male patient, 20 years old, single, high school student, who lives with his family. In November 2019 a mental deterioration occurred. Simultaneously, obsessional ideas and behaviors appeared. An ambulatory treatment was introduced, however without adequate response, which was the cause of the first psychiatric hospitalization in 2020. Discussion: Comorbidity between obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia may cause a particular problem for physicians. Without appropriate diagnosis, there is no possibility to implement proper management and treatment. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms should be treated as relatively common in patients with schizophrenia, which will prevent a mistake in the assessment of the patient’s condition. Conclusions: Due to specific character of the disease, difficulties in diagnosis and treatment, there is a special need for individual therapeutic measures. Appropriate and targeted approach to the patient may be a chance for success in therapy.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"54 1","pages":"35 - 40"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83330401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Introduction Approved or not, the Hermann Rorschach test can be considered more than just a test to a clinical trial. Reflection on it as a broader phenomenon may yield what is the most valuable: better knowledge of human nature. Objective This article aims to present the dual nature of Rorschach's inkblots: as a test of “guessing” the meaning of signs and as a test of perception. Method Narrative literature review on the meaning and interpretation of the Rorschach test. Results The nature and reception of inkblots. The inkblots have a dual nature: they require visual perception, and at the same time they are signs, whose meanings are extracted in the process of interpretation. This process is largely subject to cultural determinants; it also depends on the structure of stimuli and on their artistic expression. Charles Sanders Peirce's theory of signs and the sign nature of inkblots. According to Peirce, the interpretation of a sign, as a triadic structure, belongs to the ontic order and is a continuous process, taking place perpetually. Mental interpretation, as it were, follows the ontic dimension and constitutes a kind of reflection of this dimension. The phenomenology of perception and the interpretation of inkblots. Perception as viewed by Rorschach found its unintended, though strikingly consistent, complement in the philosophy of Maurice Merleau-Ponty. This is particularly clear in the acknowledgment of the role of the body in perception and in emphasis placed on the active and dynamic nature of the subject–object relationship. Rorschach and Merleau-Ponty vs. Peirce: similarities and differences. The seemingly completely different ways of understanding interpretation in Peirce's semiotics (indirect cognition) and in Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology (direct cognition), actually show important similarities. I draw attention to the ontic dimension of interpretation and its systemic character, which both philosophers stress, and to the view of interpretation as a perpetual process that is never completed, both in Peirce's semiotics and in Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology. Conclusion The semiotic and perceptual nature of the inkblots created by the Swiss psychiatrist reflects two basic and mutually complementary ways in which humans experience the world. This experience has both a psychological and an ontic nature, which makes it possible for an examination using the Rorschach test to become an encounter with an existential dimension.
{"title":"Inkblots as a cultural phenomenon: On the centenary of the Rorschach test","authors":"A. Hunca-Bednarska","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2021-0018","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2021-0018","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction Approved or not, the Hermann Rorschach test can be considered more than just a test to a clinical trial. Reflection on it as a broader phenomenon may yield what is the most valuable: better knowledge of human nature. Objective This article aims to present the dual nature of Rorschach's inkblots: as a test of “guessing” the meaning of signs and as a test of perception. Method Narrative literature review on the meaning and interpretation of the Rorschach test. Results The nature and reception of inkblots. The inkblots have a dual nature: they require visual perception, and at the same time they are signs, whose meanings are extracted in the process of interpretation. This process is largely subject to cultural determinants; it also depends on the structure of stimuli and on their artistic expression. Charles Sanders Peirce's theory of signs and the sign nature of inkblots. According to Peirce, the interpretation of a sign, as a triadic structure, belongs to the ontic order and is a continuous process, taking place perpetually. Mental interpretation, as it were, follows the ontic dimension and constitutes a kind of reflection of this dimension. The phenomenology of perception and the interpretation of inkblots. Perception as viewed by Rorschach found its unintended, though strikingly consistent, complement in the philosophy of Maurice Merleau-Ponty. This is particularly clear in the acknowledgment of the role of the body in perception and in emphasis placed on the active and dynamic nature of the subject–object relationship. Rorschach and Merleau-Ponty vs. Peirce: similarities and differences. The seemingly completely different ways of understanding interpretation in Peirce's semiotics (indirect cognition) and in Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology (direct cognition), actually show important similarities. I draw attention to the ontic dimension of interpretation and its systemic character, which both philosophers stress, and to the view of interpretation as a perpetual process that is never completed, both in Peirce's semiotics and in Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology. Conclusion The semiotic and perceptual nature of the inkblots created by the Swiss psychiatrist reflects two basic and mutually complementary ways in which humans experience the world. This experience has both a psychological and an ontic nature, which makes it possible for an examination using the Rorschach test to become an encounter with an existential dimension.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"30 1","pages":"247 - 269"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90830168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract Introduction: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective and safe treatment for many mental disorders. Nevertheless, the attitudes towards ECT are negative and the use of this method in Poland is decreasing. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the general knowledge and attitudes towards electroconvulsive therapy among Polish university students, including students of medicine, psychology and other faculties. Material and methods: An original online questionnaire containing 39 questions was used, distributed through student groups on social networking sites. A total of 418 questionnaires were completed. The collected data were statistically analyzed. Results: Significant knowledge gaps and negative beliefs about electroconvulsive therapy were observed among Polish students. Medical and psychology students had more extensive knowledge and more positive beliefs about this method of treatment than students of other faculties. Greater knowledge of the therapy was associated with a more positive attitude towards it. The main source of knowledge about ECT for students of medicine and psychology were lectures and courses, and for students of other faculties – movies. Students, who considered psychiatry as their future specialization, had less knowledge and a more negative attitude towards ECT, relative to the rest of the respondents. Conclusions: There is a need for educational interventions that will change the way how ECT is perceived both in the public opinion and in the medical community. An effective solution to low levels of knowledge for medical students may be the observation of the procedure included in the study programme.
{"title":"Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about electroconvulsive therapy among Polish students","authors":"Adam Gędek, Michał Materna, Ł. Święcicki","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2021-0021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2021-0021","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract Introduction: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is an effective and safe treatment for many mental disorders. Nevertheless, the attitudes towards ECT are negative and the use of this method in Poland is decreasing. Aim: The aim of the study was to investigate the general knowledge and attitudes towards electroconvulsive therapy among Polish university students, including students of medicine, psychology and other faculties. Material and methods: An original online questionnaire containing 39 questions was used, distributed through student groups on social networking sites. A total of 418 questionnaires were completed. The collected data were statistically analyzed. Results: Significant knowledge gaps and negative beliefs about electroconvulsive therapy were observed among Polish students. Medical and psychology students had more extensive knowledge and more positive beliefs about this method of treatment than students of other faculties. Greater knowledge of the therapy was associated with a more positive attitude towards it. The main source of knowledge about ECT for students of medicine and psychology were lectures and courses, and for students of other faculties – movies. Students, who considered psychiatry as their future specialization, had less knowledge and a more negative attitude towards ECT, relative to the rest of the respondents. Conclusions: There is a need for educational interventions that will change the way how ECT is perceived both in the public opinion and in the medical community. An effective solution to low levels of knowledge for medical students may be the observation of the procedure included in the study programme.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"37 1","pages":"294 - 311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81287762","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Abstract The aim The aim of the work was to analyze correlation between the assessment of family relations and the assessment of the child’s functioning and psychological factors (stress-coping style, burnout, adaptation level, coherence, a sense of social suport, and mental health) in mothers of children with Asperger’s syndrome and childhood autism. Participants and methods The study included 70 mothers of children treated in mental health clinic (52 mothers of children with Asperger’s syndrome and 18 mothers of children with autism). The study used a battery of psychological tests. Results In the group of mothers of children with autism, there are significant correlations between the assessment of relations in the family and stress-coping styles and burnout. In the group of mothers of children with Asperger’s Syndrome, there are significant correlations between the assessment of family relations and the assessment of the child’s disorder, burnout, a sense of coherence, emotional support and mental resilience. Conclusions Based on the statical analyzes, the following conclusions were formulated: 1. Positive assessment of family relations by women raising children with autism is associated with the use of a task-oriented stress-coping style, whereas negative assessment – with the loss of personal involvement.2. Positive assessment of family relations by women raising children with Asperger’s syndrome is associated with a sense of control, instrumental support, mental resilience, and negative – with the assessment of the child’s disorder as a threat, burnout, loss of efficacy, personal involvement and decreased emotional control.
{"title":"Correlation between the assessment of family relations and psychological factors in mothers of children diagnosed with autism and Asperger’s syndrome","authors":"B. Pawłowska, Justyna Świerczyńska","doi":"10.2478/cpp-2021-0019","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2478/cpp-2021-0019","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract The aim The aim of the work was to analyze correlation between the assessment of family relations and the assessment of the child’s functioning and psychological factors (stress-coping style, burnout, adaptation level, coherence, a sense of social suport, and mental health) in mothers of children with Asperger’s syndrome and childhood autism. Participants and methods The study included 70 mothers of children treated in mental health clinic (52 mothers of children with Asperger’s syndrome and 18 mothers of children with autism). The study used a battery of psychological tests. Results In the group of mothers of children with autism, there are significant correlations between the assessment of relations in the family and stress-coping styles and burnout. In the group of mothers of children with Asperger’s Syndrome, there are significant correlations between the assessment of family relations and the assessment of the child’s disorder, burnout, a sense of coherence, emotional support and mental resilience. Conclusions Based on the statical analyzes, the following conclusions were formulated: 1. Positive assessment of family relations by women raising children with autism is associated with the use of a task-oriented stress-coping style, whereas negative assessment – with the loss of personal involvement.2. Positive assessment of family relations by women raising children with Asperger’s syndrome is associated with a sense of control, instrumental support, mental resilience, and negative – with the assessment of the child’s disorder as a threat, burnout, loss of efficacy, personal involvement and decreased emotional control.","PeriodicalId":56342,"journal":{"name":"Current Problems of Psychiatry","volume":"20 1","pages":"270 - 283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87192456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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