中国疫苗和免疫最新文献

Objective: To evaluate the effect of implementing Yellow Card Warning System for Expanded Programme on Immunizations (EPI) in Guizhou province.

Methods: Investigating the EPI funds input, staff arrangement, normal standardized management and vaccine coverage rate before and after Yellow Card Warning System implementation in all 88 counties of Guizhou Province, and analyzing the data with descriptive epidemiology.

Results: After carrying out Yellow Card Warning System, funds devotion and staff arrangement on EPI were increased, normalization management was strengthened, and coverage rate of various vaccines were raised.

Conclusion: To bring EPI work into government assessment system and implement Yellow Card Warning System to inacceptable county governments is an effective measure, which impulses the provincial EPI work sustained and deep development.

To evaluate the safety of influenza Type A (H1N1) vaccine by review the incidence, epidemiology characteristics of sudden death and the deaths related with immunization, especially focus on the sudden deaths after immunization of influenza Type A (H1N1) vaccine. Preliminary showed that those deaths reported as adverse events following immunization did not associated with the vaccine. Vaccination campaign according to the national immunization strategy should be carried out and appropriately respond to the emergency events should be strenghtened.

Objective: To understand the impact of surveillance system of viral encephalitis during 2005-2007 in Baoji city of Shaanxi province, to find epidemiological characteristic, control strategies and measurement to Japanese Encephalitis (JE).

Methods: Establishing the monitoring system of viral encephalitis, special monitoring of viral encephalitis cases was analyzed statistically by Epi data and Excel software.

Results: The seasonal trend of viral encephalitis was identical with that of JE, but the age of the incidence was different. Rate of missed diagnosis was 23.76%, squcalac cases was 5.5 times of the regular reported cases. The actual mortality was 7 times of the reported cases after 90 days and 180 days follow-up visit.

Conclusions: Viral encephalitis monitoring and JE follow-up should be conducted in epidemic season so as to improve the accuracy of report and diagnosis of JE.

The study on timely birth dose of hepatitis B vaccine for infants were reviewed in the article. The authors recommend that some relevant researches are necessary to be implemented in the areas which the coverage of HepB timely birth dose is at a low level in order to find out the influencing factors and intervention strategies to protect more children against hepatitis B virus infection as soon as possible.

Objective: To investigate the epidemiological characteristic and genotype distribution of norovirus infection among adult patients with sporadic gastroenteritis in Nanning Municipal.

Methods: The epidemiological data of adult diarrhea patients in outpatient clinics of a hospital in Nanning City between January 2007 and December 2008 were analyzed. A total of 696 fecal specimens were collected from the patients and were screened for the presence of norovirus RNA by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Some positive specimens were selected randomly and subjected for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to identify genotypes.

Results: The sporadic norovirus infection in adults occurred preferentially during the cold season, and there was no statistical difference in the detection rate between age groups. 183 (26.30%) of 696 specimens were positive for norovirus RNA. Among them, 180 (98.36%) belonged to genogroup II (G II) and the other 3 (1.64%) belonged to genogroup I (G I). The sequence analysis showed that all 10 G II strains selected randomly belonged to genotype G II4, while 3 GI strains were classified into three different genotypes: G I2, G I4 and G I8.

Conclusion: The study showed that norovirus was an important etiologic agent of sporadic gastroenteritis among adults in Nanning City. Genotype G II4 was the predominant genotype, and genotype GI existed sporadically.

Objective: To evaluate the effects of immunization strategy about Hepatitis B vaccine preventing mother-to-children transmission (MTCT)of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) in Shun Yi District of Beijing.

Methods: The supervision data of blood serum of the children born from mothers who HBsAg carrier or HBsAg and HBeAg carrier were collected during the years of 2005-2008. The positive rate of HBsAg, anti-HBs, anti-HBc and the protective rate were analyzed.

Results: 223 children born from mothers of HBsAg and HBeAg carrier or HBsAg carrier were vaccinated according to the Hepatitis B vaccine immunigation strategy of Beijing. The infective rate of HBV was 1.18%, and protective rate of HepB was 98.61%. The infective rate of HBV of the children born from mothers of HBsAg and HBeAg carrier was higher than the rate of the children born from mothers of HBsAg carrier. The positive rate of anti-HBs was 84.71%. There were statistics significance in different years. The GMC of anti-HBs was 139.32 mIU per mL. The anti-HBs GMC of 2007 and 2008 were higher than those of 2005 and 2006. The anti-HBs GMC of the children who HBIG adopted was higher than that of the children who HBIG did not adopted.

Conclusion: The Hepatitis B vaccine immunization strategy of Shun Yi District had good immunological and protective effects to prevent HBV perinatal transmission.

Objective: To understand the timely coverage of 5 kinds of EPI vaccine in Dinghai District, including hepatitis B vaccine (HepB), bacillus calmette guerin vaccine (BCG), oral poliomyelitis attenuated live vaccine (OPV), diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus combined vaccine (DPT), measles attenuated live vaccine (MV), and to analyze the influence factors so as to formulate measures to improve the coverage.

Methods: Analyzing the immunization data and related information of 4258 resident children and 394 floating population born during 2005-2007.

Results: Timely coverage rate of BCG, HepB, OPV, DPT, MV were 22.26%, 95.020, 90.82%, 91.40%, 95.40% respectively and 48.73%, 74.37%, 76.40%, 80.46%, 84.52%, for floating population. Except for the timely BCG coverage rate was low for resident and floating populations, the timely vaccination rates for other 4 kinds of NIP vaccines in the resident were significantly higher than those in the floating population. The logistic regression analysis showed that inappropriate timing of vaccination, long time waiting for inoculation, lacking of time for the families, long distance from the vaccination sites were four factors that affected the timely immunization of NIP vaccines.

Conclusion: Implementing the strategy of midwife being responsible for BCG and HepB vaccination can improve the timely coverage of the first dose HepB and BCG: Shorten running inteval of vaccination and available service from the supplier, improve immunization awareness and initiative of the recipients (especially for the floating children's parent/guardian) will be useful to increase the timely NIP vaccine coverage rates.

Objective: To evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of combined diphtheria, tetanus, accellular pertussis Plus hemophilus influenza type b vaccine (DTaP-Hib)to Chinese infants.

Methods: Safety study (study A), and immunogenicity and safety study (study B) were conducted in infants aged 3, 4 and 5 months. The immune response and safety of the DTaP-Hib vaccine were compared after administered DTaP and Hib separately based on specified criteria.

Results: A total of 690 healthy infants received primary vaccination with combined DTaP-Hib or administered DTaP and Hib(DTaP+Hib) separately. Immunogenicity was assessed before and one month after vaccination in a subjet. The tolerance of DTaP-Hib vaccine was at least as same as administered DTaP+Hib separately. The differences of local and general adverse events following immunigation (AEFI) between groups had no difference statisticaly significantly. At least 97.5% of DTaP-Hib recipients had seroprotection against diphtheria, tetanus and Hib, and response to acellular pertussis antigens one month after primary vaccination. The immune response of the DTaP-Hib vaccine was comparable to administered DTaP+Hib based on specified criteria separately.

Conclusion: The combined DTaP-Hib vaccine gets expected safety and immunogenicity.

Objective: To analyze VDPV found from acute flaccid paralysis cases and effectiveness for emergency response in Binzhou, Shandong in 2007.

Methods: Outbreak investigation, rapid evaluation for oral poliomyelitis attenuate live vaccine (OPV) coverage rate, active searched for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP)cases, supervision for VDPV case, virology and serology surveillance, mopping-up of OPV were used for this emergency response to prevent the possible VDPV spread.

Results: The case was reported from the AFP surveillance system. The poliovirus type I was isolated from stool specimen, which was identified as VDPV by gene sequencing. This AFP case was diagnosed as Guillain-barre syndrome (GBS) with 11 doses of OPV and normal self-immunity function test. The investigation results showed that the OPV coverage rates and the neutralization antibody to poliovirus type 1-3 were at high level among the local children, no similar VDPV was isolated from stools of healthy children around the case. The quality of AFP surveillance system was good, and had not found additional similar case in Bizhou city. Additional VDPV was not found in continuous stool specimen from this case. The case was diagnosed as VDPV infected vector but not VDPV case by the national and provincial expert group.

Conclusion: This VDPV was found in the area with high coverage rate OPV, There was no evidence for the VDPV circulation. The emergency response for the VDPV was rapid and effective. The VDPV surveillance and research related should be strengthened.

Objective: To evaluate the safety of vaccine by analyzing the death cases after vaccination.

Methods: To collect and analyze infomation of death cases related after vaccination in Shanghai during 2006-2008.

Results: In the 6 death cases reported after vaccination, 1 case was rare serious adverse events following immunization (AEFI), respiratory and circulatory failure caused by allergic disease. Other 5 cases were not related to vaccination.

Conclusions: Coincidental event is common type in death after vaccination. Monitoring adverse events following immunization is the key measure to deal with the death cases following immunization.