中国疫苗和免疫最新文献

Objective: To study the genic characteristic of Norovrius genotype I.8 from sporadic gastroenteritis of a hospital in Nanning Municipal.

Methods: Specimens of diarrhea patients from a hospital in Nanning Municipal between January 2007 and December 2008 were collected and detected for Noroviral genogroup Iribonucleic acid (RNA) by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(real-time RT-PCR). All positive specimens were subjected for sequencing analysis and constructed phylogenetic tree.

Results: Norovirus genogroup I RNA were detected in 3 of 696 stool specimens. The homology between one of the four strains (NN07230) and reference strain of G I.8 (WUG I/00/JP) was 94.5%; and the homology between the NN07230 strain and strains circulating during 2006-2007 in Japan and Korea ranged from 96.7% to 98.5%. And they formed one cluster in the phylogenetic tree.

Conclusion: The research showed that genotype I.8 infection exists in sporadic gastroenteritis in Nanning City.

Objective: To identify and describe the genetic characteristics of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) which could multiplicated on L20B cell line, and discuss the impact to isolation rate of polioviruses.

Methods: 5 L20B positive isolates were collected from stool samples of patient with acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and health children in Guangxi Zhuang autonomous region and Ningxia Hui autonomous region. These isolates were analysed using VP4 nucleotide sequencing method. The completed VP, coding regions were amplified and sequenced. Finally, phylogenetic tree were constructed base on completed VP1 coding regions sequences of these L20B positive isolates and those downloaded form GenBank database.

Results: The 5 NPEVs were all identified as coxsackieviruses group A (CVA). Among them, 1 was identified as CVA4, 1 was identified as CVA8 and 3 were identified as CVA10, and all of them belonged to human enterovirus species A (HEV-A). Nucleotide homology analysis and phylogenetic analysis base on completed VP1 coding regions sequences showed that all these 3 serotypes of NPEVs clustered independently, and they were all native circulated viruses in mainland China.

Conclusions: 5 NPEVs in this study belonged to HEV-A, covered 3 serotypes, CVA4, CVA8 and CVA10. Due to the high sensitivity of primarily inoculation of poliovirus onto L20B cell, the isolation rate of polioviruses could not be affected so much. Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) outbreaks in mainland China in recent years, and it was found that HEV-A is also pathogen of HFMD. Identification of these viruses have current significance to differential diagnosis of poliovirus infection and HFMD control and prevention.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of 23-valent penumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PenV23) and Split-Virus influenza vaccine (InfV-B) for preventing upper respiratory diseases in the aging population.

Methods: 151 people aged > or =60 years who inoculated the PenV23 and InfV-B vaccines at clinics during 2005 as trial group, and 188 people aged > or =65 years didn't administered as control guoup from some comminity. On base line survey, both guoups were followed up two years after vaccination about incidence, hospitalization rate, treatment and direct medical cost.

Results: The vaccine of PenV23 and InfV-B vaccination in upper respiratory tract infection was 60% [(odds ratio OR) = 0.35, 95% CI (0.153-0.794)] and the difference between the 2 groups was significant (P = 0.009). The people had recevied both vaccines, the mean duration of hospitalization in vaccinated vs unvaccinated control peple was 20.00 days: 24.19 days (t = 5.82, P < 0.001). Benefit-cost ratio was 4.03, and the net benefit was Yen 177994.86.

Conclusion: Incidence of influenza-like illness for the elderly people in the community decreased by administered PenV23 ahd InfV-B vaccine. This vaccines had high cost-benefits.

Objective: To evaluate the disease burden of Japanese Encephalitis (JE), and provide strategy for disease control and prevention.

Methods: Firstly, analysis the incidence, mortality and fatality rate of JE in Gansu province in 2006. Then the investigation was carried out for calculating all expenditure items of the patients, including medical cost of the hospitalization, medicines, the transport costs, and other non-medical direct cost.

Results: In 2006, among the 27 type A and B notifiable infectious diseases in Gansu Province, JE mortality rate was at the top 3, fatality rate was at first rank. The direct cost of JE disease was 6889 RMB per case. In 2006, the direct cost of JE cases was 1,116,000 RMB in Gansu Province.

Conclusion: JE had the high mortality, and fatality. The fatality in adult was higher than in children. JE patients had to pay high costs. JE disease burden should not be underestimated.

A novel influenza type A(H1N1) virus was identified as a significant cause of acute respiratory illnesses, which spread rapidly to many countries around the world in 2009. The most effective method to prevent the outbreak of influenza type A (H1N1) was performed through large-scale immunization. Research progress and adverse reaction monitoring on influenza type A (H1N1) vaccines were reviewed.

Objective: To learn the compliance status regarding completing full rabies vaccination schedule, and to analyse the economic cost.

Methods: Interviewing patients who visited doctor at Emergency Department, the People's Hospital, Beijing University from June 2007 to January 2009 on vaccination compliance of Essen regimens. The economic cost of Essen regimen and Zagreb regimen were estimated using average vaccination cost, average release amount by National Institue for Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products.

Results: In total, 3440 patients were interviewed. The proportion completing full vaccine schedule was 33.3%, 77.1% and 78.0% for exposure category I, II and III respectively. The compliance was high for first 3 doses, it reduced significantly after the third dose. The individual medical costs was 694 RMB for Essen regimen, and 482.2 RMB for Zagreb regimen. The estimated annual medical costs was 9.709 billion RMB for Essen regimen, and 6.746 billion RMB for Zagreb regimen nationaly.

Conclusions: The Zagreb regimen should be recommended in order to simplify the vaccine administration, to increase compliance and to reduce rabies vaccination cost.

Objective: To evaluate the booster immunization effect to non-and-low response children after 3 doses HepB immunization.

Methods: Non-and-low response infants born in 2004 2005 administered 3 doses of HepB at 0, 1, 6 months in Guangzhou, Beijing and Zhejiang were divided into 4 groups randomly, and boosted 3 dose of 4 different types of HepB at 0, 1, 6 months.

Results: The GMC of non-and-low response children in group A (before booster), group B (after 1 dose booster) and group C (after 3 dose booster) were 18.66 mIUml, 88.82 mIU/ml, 178.24 mIU/ml respectively; the proportion of non-responders in three groups were 20.4%, 9.1%, 1.9% respectively. In 103 non-and-low response children, proportion of titers of more than 100 mIU/ml of group B and group C were 61.2% and 84.5%, and there was statistical significant difference (chi2 = 14.13, P < 0.01). The GMC after 3 doses revaccination with four kinds of HepB, included 5 microg HepB-Y, 10 microg HepB-Y, l0 microg HepB-CHO, 10 microg HepB-HY were 168.8 mJU/ml, 174.7 mIU/ml, 184.9 mIU/ml, 182.9 mIU/ml respectively. Proportion of titers of more than 100 mIU/ml for four kinds HepB were 79.0%, 85.7%, 88.2% and 84.6% respectively, and there was no significant difference (chi2 = 0.75, 0.05).

Conclusion: There were no different of seroconversion rate between study population received 1 dose and 3 dose booster (P > 0.05), but high titer was observed after 3 dose booster. The four kinds of HepB, including 5 microg HepB-Y,10 microg HepB-Y, 10 microg HepB-CHO, 10 microg HepB-HY had the same immunization effect after 3 doses revaccination at 0, 1, 6 months to non-and-low response children.

Objective: To investigate influenza type A(H1N1) antibody levels in 3 different population which included common people, people recovered from be infected with influenza A(H1N1) and people vaccinated influenza type A(H1N1) vaccine in Gansu province in 2009.

Methods: Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test, HI test is positive when HI-titer > or = 1:40.

Results: The influenza type A(H1N1) antibody-positive rate of urban population were 3.64% (11/302) and 10.45% (44/421) in Gansu province in August and later November respectively. The antibody-positive rate of people vaccinated after 30 days was 46.13% (131/284), GMT was 1:21.31. 10-15 days after infected by influenza type A(H1N1), HI antibody-positive rate was 87.04%, it rose to 96.40% after 15 days vaccination, and GMT was 1:139.4.

Conclusion: In Gansu, Influenza A H1N1 outbroke firstly among students. Currently, all age groups were reported being infected with the influenza type A H1N1 virus. Only 6.65% of residents were given vaccination, antibody level of influenza type A H1N1 in people was low. Influenza type A(H1N1) virus will continue to spread in Gansu. Strengthening vaccination and improving treatment to serious cases were recommended strategies for influenza type A H1N1 control and prevention.

Objective: To detect Japanese B Encephalitis virus (JEV) neutralization antibody (NA) titer and evaluate immunologic barrier, analyze the factor of affecting JEV NA titer, and provide the data for JE control.

Method: Cluster sampling was selected randomly in the region of high, middle, low JE incidence rate. To detect the NA of JEV by micro neutralization test.

Results: The positive rate of JEV NA (and GMT) was 81.3% (1:27.84) in Ankang prefecture where JE incidence rate was high, 47.9% (1:7.41) in Baoji prefecture where JE incidence rate was middle, 24.1% (1:3.04) in Tongchuan prefecture where JE disease rate was low. There was the tendency that JEV NA titer increased with increasing age in the region of high JE disease rate, and there was not this tendency in the region of low JE incidence rate.

Conclusion: In shaanxi province, the children's JEV NA titer was low in the region of high JE incidence rate, and it is important to vaccinate JE vaccine for children. The adult's JEV NA titer was low in the region of low JE incidence rate. And it is important to control JE disease in adult groups.

Objective: To investigate the serotype distribution and molecular features of Streptococcus pneumonia isolates in China.

Methods: 144 strains isolated from 6 provines were selected as the research object. The serotypes were determined with the method of capsular swelling. The molecular characteristics were conducted by optimized pulsed-field gel electrophoresis.

Results: A total of 135 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates were divided into 14 serogroups. 19, 6, 15, 23 serogroups are prevalent types in China. 9 isolates were failed to identify specific serogroups. All isolates could be divided into 92 pulsotypes. Pulsotypes were scattered. Absolutely dominant pulsotype was not found. Pulsotypes were similar among same serogroup isolates.

Conclusion: The pneumococcus of serogroup 19, 6, 15, 23 were common in China. PFGE had strong discriminatory ability of subtyping of Streptococcus pneumoniae. PFGE showed better epidemiological survey capacity.