中国疫苗和免疫最新文献

Based upon the World Health Organization (WHO)'s perspective, the post-eradication era is coming with a priority of global certifying the wild poliovirus eradication, by which then the Oral Poliomyelitis Attenuated Live Vaccine (OPV) will be ceased and Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (IPV) will be synchronized used, in particular the affordable Sabin-IPV (sIPV) is recommended to be used continuously in developing countries till the final eradication of poliomyelitis. However, no any sIPV has successfully been developed in the world. In this paper, the sIPV immunization strategy, current development status and its usage in industrialized countries are preliminarily analyzed. Feasibility analysis of potential sIPV usage in China, including immunization strategy, schedule, production technology and supply capacity is analysed as well. sIPV development in China should be accelerated in order to prepare production technology to the post-eradication era.

Objective: The study is to analyze the occurrence features of Adverse Event Following Immunization (AEFI) in China, and to evaluate the implementation of AEFI surveillance system, the safety of National Immunization Program (NIP) Vaccines and the quality of the immunization services.

Methods: The AEFI data of 2007-2008 were collected through the China Information System and the Children Immunization Information System, which reported before march 25, 2009. The descriptive methodology was used in the study.

Results: 32120 AEFI cases of 2007-2008 were reported, 95.02% were reported from 10 pilot provinces. The ratio of male and female was 1.41:1.77. 53% cases were < OR =1 years old and the cases were occurred more often between april to october. The first three vaccines are DPT, MPV and JREV. 65.85% happened after the 1st and 2nd dose and 75.05% within 1 d after vaccination. The estimat reported incidence of NIP vaccines were 7.99-322.77 per million doses. In the classification of AEFI cases, 79.93% cases were common, minor reactions, 14.65% were rare, serious reactions and others were <5%. Anaphylaxis, sterile abscess and vaccine reaction of BCG were the most common clinical diagnosis. 91.2% AEFI cases were cured or improved. Only 1.93% were hospitalized, among them 2/3 stayed in hospital < or = 10 d.

Conclusions: Comparing with 2005-2006, the completeness and sensitivity of national AEFI surveillance system were improved greatly in 2007-2008, but it still needs to be strengthened. The NIP vaccines were significantly related to the introduced vaccines in Expanded Immunization Program. AEFIs occurrence mostly in young children, first-dose and the early period of vaccination. The pilot study showed that safety of NIP vaccines and the quality of immunization services are satisfied.

Objective: To understand the status of infants infected with influenza viruses after switch over of dominant strain in the summer of 2006.

Methods: Two groups of infants serum were collected and to be detected the antibodies of influenza viruses which the infants experienced two peaks of influenza A H1N1 circulation in the age of 3-4 and 10-11 months old and the infants only experience one circulation in 5-6 months old.

Results: The antibody of influenza A H1N1 viruses was 31.47% in the infants who experience two circulations in 3-4 months and 10-11 months old and was 26.42% which only experience circulation in the 5-6 months old. There were no significant difference between 2 groups (chi2 = 1.207, P > 0.05).

Conclusion: The group of 13 months age of infants were rarely infected influenza virus in the first time exposure at the age of < or =4 months due to maternal antibodies protection. Whenas, the group of 8 months age who were exposed at the age of > or =5 months, were more easier infected the influenza virus than the group of 13 months age in the first time exposure at the age of < or =4 months.

Objective: To get genetic information of VP1 coding region of HEV71 in Beijing in 2008.

Methods: Enteroviruses were isolated from samples of throat swabs collected from 33 HFMD patients within 3 days after onset by rhabdomyosarcoma(RD) cells and identified by RT-PCR method with specific primers to human enteroviruses, then VP1 coding region was amplified and sequenced by Sanger dideoxy. Bioedit 7.0.5 and MEGA3.1 were used for the nucleotide sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis.

Results: 16 virus strains were isolated from 33 samples, of which 14 strains were identified as HEV71 and 2 were CVA16, and 1 was co-infected with CVA16 and HEV71. Sequence analysis of VP1 nucleotide sequences of 10 HEV71 isolates showed that homologous analysis of nucleotide identity amino acid 95.5%-100% and 98.9%-100% respectively; representative strains of Fuyang in 2008, nucleotide identity was 95.4%-99.1%; with representative strain of C4 nucleotide identity was over 92%. Phylogenetic analysis of HEV71 strains for the nucleotide sequence of VP1 coding region clarified that the HEV71 isolates in Beijing belonged to C4a cluster of C4 sub-genotype and 10 strains formed four relatively separated clusters.

Conclusions: The HEV71 viruses isolated from children of HFMD in Beijing belonged to C4 sub-genotype, and C4a cluster which was the predominant in China since 2004. According to phylogenetic analysis, HEV71 which belonged to more than 4 different clusters were circulating in Beijing in 2008. More virological suggestion for disease control and prevention, and information of HEV71 molecular epidemiology need to be collected urgently due to the successive large epidemic of HEV71 in China.

Objectives: To summary and compare the different seroconversion rates after the primary vaccination for the Japanese encephalitis (JE), and to evaluate the serological effect of 3 kinds of JE vaccines.

Method: Searching "CHKD", "Wanfang" database and "EMCC" databases, the studies of the immunogenicity after the primary JEV vaccination, all randomized controlled trials or non-randomized controlled trials were included, and statistical analysis were made by RevMan 4.2.10 software.

Results: A total of 12 literatures were included, 7 studies had control groups. The seroconversion rates after the primary vaccination, JEV-L, JEV-I (Vero) and JEV-I (PHK), were 86% (95% CI: 80%-91%), 83% (95% CI: 72% -94%) and 64% (95% CI: 58%-69%) respectively. Comparing the seroconversion rates of the 3 kinds of vaccines after primary immunization, the rate of JEV-I (Vero) was significantly higher than the rate of JEV-I (PHK), other comparisons were no significant difference.

Conclusion: The serological effects of JEV-L and JEV-I (Vero) after the primary vaccination were higher than that of JEV-I (PHK).

Objective: To ensure the quality of live attenuated measles vaccine on the market, viral titers were determined as the market surveillance test.

Methods: The measles vaccine was sampled from sites located in 24 provinces (cities, autonomous regions) of China, including provincial CDC, municipal CDC, county CDC, and primary users. The virus titer of samples was tested to evaluate the quality status of measles vaccine on the market.

Results: For all the 54 lots of measles vaccine sampled in this study, the virus titers were in compliance with the requirements of the China Pharmacopeia Vol. III (2005 edition). In comparison with the original test results provided by the manufacturers, the mean virus titer was decreased 0.2 lg +/- 0.3.

Conclusion: Viral titers of measles vaccine batches sampled from the market were all in compliance with the requirements of the China Pharmacopeia Vol. III (2005 edition). It showed that the measles vaccine in China market has good stability, and the cold chain system for measles vaccine conveyance and storage could ensure the vaccine efficacy.

To evaluate the risk of sequela after serious vaccine reaction. The rare serious vaccine reactions might result in sequela, the incidence of rare serious vaccine reactions, the estimated incidence of sequela and cases reported were reviewed. Further research should be developed to provide the scientific basis for sequela control and prevention.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence season and trend of meningococcal disease in China by epidemic years from 2004 to 2008 in order to provide scientific basis for making strategies ofmeningococcal disease prevention and control.

Methods: The incidence numbers of meningococcal disease were calculated by weeks, epidemic years and areas. The seasonality and prevalence trends of meningococcal disease were analyzed by circular distribution.

Results: The incidence trend of meningococcal disease had obvious seasonality in China (P < 0.01). The peak of meningococcal disease were different by epidemic years and areas (P < 0.01). There were no association between annual incidence rates and seasonality.

Conclusions: We should strength meningococcal disease surveillance before epidemic peak period,and put immunoprophylaxis first and carry out comprehensive measures of prevention and control.

Objective: To improve the cold chain systematic management and the quality of immunization through implementing MOH-WHO-Luxembourg project of strengthening cold chain and childhood immunization service quality in Qinghai province.

Methods: Analysis and comparison of relevant information of cold chain equipment, disease surveillance and immunization management.

Results: 47% township had transportation facility for immunization programs, 61% township hospital cold-chain equipment was renewed, 30% township hospitals cold-chain equipment updated. Vaccination safe injection has improved. 3554 staffs have been trained, the qualified rate > 98%. The measles incidence of children who are under five years dropped from 40/10 million in 2003 to 6.4/10 million in 2006.

Conclusion: The imunization service quality had been improved effectively through the project implementation.

Meningococcal disease, caused by Neisseria meningitidis (Nm), is still one serious threatening infectious disease with high mortality. Vaccination is available for prevention and control of such disease. Based on the chemical structure of capsule polysaccharide, Nm strains were classified into 13 serogroups. Meningococcal polysaccharide vaccines and polysaccharide conjugated protein vaccine against serogroup A, C, W135 and Y were efficacious and have been widely used. Because of poor immunogenicity and the structurally homologous with neural cell, capsule polysaccharide of serogroup B Nm can not be used as vaccine candidate. In last several decades, B group vaccines develoment focused on the proteins research. Based on the out membrane protein and reverse vaccinology technology, progress of B group vaccine were accelerated. Several meningococcal B vaccine showed favorable immunogenicity and efficacity. Some B vaccines have been licensed and widely used.