中国疫苗和免疫最新文献

Vaccination is the important measure to improve the immunity level and prevent infectious disease. To ensure the safety injection in the vaccination is important. Because the consciousness of the safety injection continuously strengthens, Various safety injection devices emerged and continuously developed. AD suringe and the needle collecting device has renovated for 3 generation so far. This thesis summaried and discussed the research and development of the safety injection device in the vaccination.

Objective: In order to provide the evidence for polio free status, the VP1 gene characteristic analysis of poliovirus isolated from acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) cases and close contacts were conducted in Hebei Province during 2007-2008.

Methods: Virus isolation and identification were conducted according to the 4th edition of WHO polio laboratory manual. The sequence of VP1 region were amplified and sequenced. The phylogenetic trees based on VP1 region were constructed.

Result: The total number of poliovirus isolates were 42. Most isolates were type II and III. No wild poliovirus and vaccine derived poliovirus (VDPVs) was detected.

Conclusion: Gene characteristic of VP1 region of poliovirus can be used to identify the polio virus transmission and guide the work of immunization program.

Objective: To understand Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination quality, analysis of problems and impact factors so as to promote safe and effective vaccination.

Method: 248 of the vaccinated children were selected randomly, and to conduct the survey of seroconversion after BCG vaccination for 3 months by Purified Protein Derivative of BCG (BCG-PPD) test method.

Result: BCG-PPD test positive rate was 78.23%; urban children BCG-PPD test positive rate was higher than rural children; the size of BCG-PPD was positively correlated with the test positive rate; BCG-PPD test positive rate of children who administered BCG vaccine in hospital obstetric was higher than that in out-patient children.

Conclusion: Staff technical training of BCG vaccination, especially in rural areas should be improved. BCG vaccine administered by maternity will improve the timely immunization coverage and quality of vaccination.

Objective: In order to analysis the main factors of measles prevalence in 2008, and to provide evidence for establishing scientific strategies on measles elimination.

Methods: 1:1 matched case-control study was conducted in 3 cities, and the conditional logistic regression was used to analyse the risk factor of measles.

Results: 358 matched pairs (716 objects) were investigated. Floating population, hospital exposure were related factors by single factor conditional logistic regression, and multiple factor conditional logistic regression showed the odds ratio of hospital exposure was 2.33 (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, non-immunization was the main possible risk factor in the subjects aged from 8 months to 2 years, which odds ratios for measles was 65.29 (P < 0.05).

Conclusion: Hospital exposure, floating population and existing of non-immunization were the main factor for measles prevalence. It is necesarry to strengthen supervision and education for reducing the exposure opportunities. To perfect the floating population management and ensure the high coverage of 2 dose measles vaccine in children are suggested.

Objective: To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of measles before and after measles attenuated live vaccine (MV) supplementary immunization activities (SIAs) in Changzhou municipal in 2007-2008 and approach measures of measles elimination.

Methods: Analyze measles epidemiology and control measures with descriptive epidemiology.

Results: After SIAs in Nov.2007, the reported measles incidence was 24.13/100000, and increased by 91.60% in 2008 than in 2007, except Jintan and Liyang town, the others were higher in 2008 than in 2007. The reported measles incidence of 5-9 years old was lower in 2008 than in 2007. However, the reported measles incidence of other age groups was higher. One incidence peak reached 216.92/100000 was found in < 1 year old group and another peak appeared at aged 20-30 years old group. The proportions of measles cases of 8 months-14 years old in 2007 and 2008 were 53.47% and 54.38%. 7.37% and 4.18% of them received MV respectively. The reported cases in 2008 increased and 68.05% of them were floating population.

Conclusions: Low coverage of MVwas the main cause of high measles incidence. It indicated that a timely and strengthened routine vaccination, a high quality SIA, and well organized floating population management and surveillance are essential strategies to eliminate measles.

Objective: To investigate antibiotic resistance and the prevalence of serotype of Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Methods: Totally 123 strains of S. pneumoniae were collected to test the susceptibility of 6 antibiotics by K-B method according to the standard of CLIS. Serotyping of S. pneumoniae was performed by using quelling reaction.

Results: Among 123 strains of S. pneumoniae, all strains (100%) were resistant to AZM. There were 65.04%, 78.05%, 19.51%, 0.81%, 0% of S. pneumoniae were resistant against the MH, SXT, C, RA, OFX respectively. 11 serotypes were involved in 123 strains. The prevalent serogroup were 6, 14, 15, 19 and 23.5 strains were unable to serotype. The multi-resistant strains of S. pneumoniae included in serogroup 6 and 19.

Conclusion: The antibiotic resistance of S. pneumoniae is very serious. Most of them are multi-resistant strains. The prevalent serogroup, especially of the multi-resistant strains, are 6 and 19 serogroup.

Objective: To know the characteristic of AEFI clusters, and provide reference for preventing and handling of AEFI clusters.

Methods: The literature were collected from CNKD and WAN FANG datebases 1999-2009. 4. The related information were analysed from the qualified literatures.

Results: 75 clusters from 83 literatures of 41 kinds of journal were identified. Among them, 64% occurred in rural area, 62.67% occurred at school. 10 kinds of vaccines were identified. 13 clusters of Japanese encephalitis vaccine (JEV), 12 of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), 10 of meningococcal polysaccharide vaccine (MPV), and 10 of live attenuated measles vaccine (MV), totally accounted for 60%. Common, minor reactions accounted for 5.33%, Rare, serious reactions was 17.33%, Coincidental illnesses was 12%, Psychogenic reactions was 46.67%, practice error events was 46.67%. 4 465 cases were reported, and 95.52% of them were school students. 82.22% were psychogenic reactions and 9.14% were coincidental illnesses. Common, minor vaccine reactions were fever; rare, serious vaccine reactions mainly were anaphylaxis, which accounted for 57.14%; psychogenic reactions mainly were hysteria, which accounted for 97.14%, 57.58% of them occurred after Vaccination of JEV, MPV and MV. Practice error events mainly were local redness and swelling, induration abscess and diabrosis. Clusters occurred after BCG vaccination accounted for 71.43%.

Conclusion: AEFI clusters occurred mainly in rural areas and after immunization campaigns at school. The incidence rate of common, minor vaccine reactions and rare, serious vaccine reactions were low. Psychogenic reactions and practice error events, especially after BCG vaccination, had a higher incident rate. The total occurrence of clusters and the average cases of each events were larger. It is important to improve the quality of vaccination service for preventing and handling AEFI clusters.

Objective: A new TaqMan probe based real-time assay was developed to rapid detection of rubella virus.

Methods: The specific primer pair and probe were designed within the conserved P150 gene of rubella virus and the PCR reactive condition was optimized to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Clinical specimens collected from two outbreaks were detected by the developed assay.

Results: The assay is specific to detect rubella virus. There is no cross-reactions to measles, mumps, influenza and other respiratory viruses. It could detect 0.01 TCID50/tube of rubella RNA and took only three hours to finish a detection. In addition, the assay is simple, accurate and repeatable.

Conclusion: The TaqMan based real-time PCR developed in this study provides a fast, sensitive and specific tool for molecular diagnosis on rubella virus.

Objective: Study meningoencephalitis virus isolated from the Coxsackie B5 virus(CVB5 virus) VP1 gene characteristics of Zhejiang Province in 2008 and compare with other countries CVB5 prototype isolates, and to explore the relationship of variation of the Virus VP1 areas and epidemic viral meningoencephalitis

Methods: Hep-2 and RD cells in cerebrospinal fluid and stool specimens for virus isolation, positive isolates combination with intestinal type of serum. On the separation of virus extracted RNA, and then RT-PCR amplified VP, gene CVB5 virus fragments, and purification of sequencing products, using DNAMAN and Bioedit analytical processing software.

Results: The VP1 gene of CVB5 isolated from Zhejiang province meningoencephalitis viral in 2008 was 735bp. There were no missing and insertion of nucleotide . Strains isolated from ZJ/12/02 with the nucleotide and amino acid sequence of the highest phylogenetic tree showed that they were not the same branch.

Conclusion: The mutation caused by viral meningoencephalitis virus CVB5 Zhejiang province in 2008 was smaller. Viral meningoencephalitis distributed in some areas in the province had no significant prevalence.

Objective: To develop a rapid method for detecting 8 pathogens which were highly related to bacterial meningitis by multiplex polymerase chain reaction.

Method: By optimizing the reaction condition and amplification program of single pair polymerase chain reaction, the multiplex pairs polymerase chain reactions (M-PCR) was developed to identify eight pathogens simultaneously including Neisseria Meningitis, Haemophilus Influenzae, Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Cryptococcus Neoformans, Staphylococcus Aureus, Listerisa Monocytogene, Streptococcus Suis and Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Meanwhile, The sensitivity of M-PCR assay was also studied.

Results: M-PCR methods for detecting 8 pathogens which could cause bacterial meningitis have been established. M-PCR showed specific, sensitive and more rapid than conventional culturing method.

Conclusion: This multiplex polymerase chain reaction method can be used for diagnosis and scanning of suspicious bacterial meningitis cases in order to improve the diagnostic positive rate of bacterial meningitis cases.