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Laws of nature according to some philosophers of science and according to chemists 一些科学哲学家和化学家认为的自然规律
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-09-11 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09517-x
Eric Scerri

The article contrasts the way that laws are regarded by some philosophers of science with the way that they are regarded by scientists and science educators. After a brief review of the Humean and necessitarian views of scienfic laws, I highlight difference between scientists who regard laws as being merely descriptive and philosophers who generally regard them as being explanatory and, in some cases, as being necessary. I also discuss the views of two prominent philosophers of science who deny any role for scienfic laws. I conclude that science educators should be wary of adopng the necessitarian view of scienfic laws.

文章将一些科学哲学家对定律的看法与科学家和科学教育家对定律的看法进行了对比。在简要回顾了科学定律的休谟主义和必然主义观点之后,我强调了科学家与哲学家之间的差异,前者认为定律仅仅是描述性的,而后者则普遍认为定律是解释性的,在某些情况下是必然的。我还讨论了两位著名科学哲学家的观点,他们否认科学定律的任何作用。我的结论是,科学教育工作者应警惕对科学定律采用必然论的观点。
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引用次数: 0
Chemical jargon: thinking out loud 化学术语:大声思考
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-08-28 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09521-1
Alexander Yu. Rulev

Language is an important part of the human culture. It serves for the expression and communication of thoughts. In is article, the problem of chemical jargon as a tool for communication between scientists is discussed.

语言是人类文化的重要组成部分。它用于表达和交流思想。本文讨论了化学术语作为科学家之间交流工具的问题。
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引用次数: 0
Editorial 77 编辑 77
IF 1.8 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-08-23 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09520-2
Eric Scerri
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引用次数: 0
Identity in the nanoworld: processes and contextuality 纳米世界的特性:过程与背景
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09519-9
Mariana Córdoba, Fiorela Alassia, Alfio Zambon

In this paper we will argue that the identity of the entities that inhabit the nanoworld is a contextual identity. To defend that, we will analyse the so-called “biological” identity and the “synthetic” identity of nanomaterials. From this analysis, we will claim that nano-individuals (entities that show an intermediate nature between individuals and stuff), can be adequately understood from the perspective of a processual ontology. With that, we intend to contribute to the philosophical understanding of the ontology of the nano-domain.

在本文中,我们将论证居住在纳米世界中的实体的特性是一种环境特性。为了证明这一点,我们将分析纳米材料的所谓 "生物 "特性和 "合成 "特性。通过分析,我们将宣称,纳米个体(介于个体和物质之间的实体)可以从过程本体论的角度得到充分理解。因此,我们打算为从哲学角度理解纳米领域的本体论做出贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Are there distinct views of chemistry behind the old and the new definition of mole? 摩尔的新旧定义背后是否有不同的化学观点?
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-08-07 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09515-z
Elena Ghibaudi, Marco Ghirardi, Alberto Regis

In recent years, the definition of mole, the unit of the amount of substance, has changed to have the base units of the International System defined by “explicit-constant” formulations. The old definition, by referring explicitly to both mass and elementary units, suggests that the mole is a bridge between the macroscopic and microscopic registers. Conversely, the new definition emphasizes the aspect of counting, referred to any kind of elementary unit. Paradoxically, this results in the disappearance of the notion of substance from the very unit of the quantity amount of substance. This change of definition elicited both positive and negative remarks from various authors, in relation to its epistemological, disciplinary, lexical and educational implications. In the present paper, we analyze some of these issues, highlighting the (conflicting) motivations of metrologists and chemists. We argue that the new definition of mole reflects a view of chemistry according to which the microscopic perspective prevails, possibly entailing the loss of reference to the macroscopic register; this could be related with the profound change undergone by the cognitive practices of chemistry along this last century.

近年来,摩尔(物质的量的单位)的定义发生了变化,国际单位制的基本单位由 "显式常数 "表述来定义。旧定义明确提及质量和基本单位,表明摩尔是宏观和微观之间的桥梁。相反,新定义则强调计数的一面,指的是任何一种基本单位。矛盾的是,这导致物质的概念从物质的量的单位中消失。这一定义的变化在认识论、学科、词汇和教育影响方面引起了不同作者的积极和消极评论。在本文中,我们分析了其中的一些问题,强调了计量学家和化学家(相互冲突的)动机。我们认为,"摩尔 "的新定义反映了一种微观视角占主导地位的化学观点,可能意味着失去了对宏观记录的参照;这可能与上个世纪化学认知实践所经历的深刻变化有关。
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引用次数: 0
What is the electron density? 电子密度是多少?
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09516-y
Sebastian Fortin, Olimpia Lombardi

Although the electron density can be calculated with the formal resources of quantum mechanics, in physics it does not play the leading role that the quantum state does. In contrast, the concept of electron density is central in quantum chemistry. There is no doubt about how the electron density is computed in terms of the wave function of an atom or molecule. However, when the interpretation of the concept is at stake, there is no general agreement. In this article we will analyze the two main interpretations of the concept of electron density: the Born-style probability density interpretation and the Schrödinger-style charge density interpretation. In particular, we will examine their differences, their relations with quantum mechanics and the consequences that each of them entails from a strictly quantum point of view.

虽然电子密度可以通过量子力学的形式资源计算出来,但在物理学中,电子密度并不像量子态那样起主导作用。与此相反,电子密度的概念在量子化学中处于核心地位。电子密度是如何根据原子或分子的波函数计算出来的,这一点毋庸置疑。然而,在对这一概念进行解释时,人们的看法却并不一致。本文将分析对电子密度概念的两种主要解释:伯恩式概率密度解释和薛定谔式电荷密度解释。我们将特别研究它们之间的区别、它们与量子力学的关系,以及从严格的量子观点来看它们各自带来的后果。
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引用次数: 0
The problem of chemical laws 化学定律问题
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-08-01 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09518-w
Hernan Lucas Accorinti

In this paper, we will address a recurring problem in the field of the general philosophy of science but one that takes on particular relevance in the context of chemistry: the problem surrounding scientific laws. The main challenge is that the laws of chemistry are not universal; moreover, in practice, they are stated alongside numerous exceptions. Given that there are exceptions, we could argue that what the laws assert is neither universally true nor necessary. But if that's the case, are they genuine scientific laws? And if so, what is the reason for such lawfulness?

在本文中,我们将讨论一个在一般科学哲学领域经常出现的问题,但这个问题在化学领域尤为重要:围绕科学定律的问题。主要的挑战在于化学定律并不具有普遍性;此外,在实践中,这些定律是与众多例外情况一起阐述的。既然存在例外,我们就可以说,定律所断言的既不是普遍真实的,也不是必然的。但如果是这样的话,它们是真正的科学定律吗?如果是,那么这种规律性的理由是什么?
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引用次数: 0
The equilibrium box 平衡箱
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-24 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09514-0
G. M. Anderson

The meaning of the once widely used term the Gibbs Free Energy in terms of available work energy is perfectly illustrated for chemical reactions by the Van’t Hoff Equilibrium Box. Combining this with DeDonder’s extent of reaction variable and using the reaction of (hbox {NH}_3) to (hbox {H}_2) and (hbox {N}_2) at (200^{circ }hbox {C}) as an example shows the difference between total work energy and available work energy, and in addition allows calculation of the equilibrium composition, demonstration of the minimum in the Gibbs energy curve, and the standard relationship between (Delta _textrm{r}G^{circ }) and (ln {K})

对于化学反应来说,范特霍夫平衡箱(Van't Hoff Equilibrium Box)完美地诠释了吉布斯自由能(Gibbs Free Energy)这一曾经被广泛使用的术语在可用功能方面的含义。将其与 DeDonder 的反应变量范围相结合,并使用 (200^{circ }hbox {C} 时 (hbox {NH}_3) 到 (hbox {H}_2) 和 (hbox {N}_2) 的反应作为例子,可以显示总功能和可用功能之间的差异、此外,还可以计算平衡组成,证明吉布斯能曲线的最小值,以及 (Delta _textrm{r}G^{circ }) 和 (ln {K}) 之间的标准关系。
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引用次数: 0
The periodic spiral of elements 元素周期螺旋
IF 1.8 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-07-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09510-4
Mario Rodríguez Peña, José Ángel García Guerra

There are 2 main problems with the current periodic table: artificial breaks from a given noble gas to the next alkali metal (along with the common protrusion of the “f” block) and hydrogen placed in the alkali group, although this gas also exhibits halogen properties. This paper proposes arranging chemical elements in a square spiral with hydrogen at the centre. This element is also above lithium but passes above fluorine to connect with helium, representing its dual alkali and halogen nature effectively. Then the spiral moves outwards in a counter-clockwise direction, avoiding artificial breaks and following the natural direction of reading for the “s” and “p” blocks elements placed at the bottom of the spiral. Furthermore, this proposed square spiral improves upon previous Janet´s and Benfey´s representations with a more regular shape to draw, an effective depiction of the dual nature of hydrogen, and easily identifiable orbital blocks without the need for protrusions.

目前的元素周期表存在两个主要问题:从某一惰性气体到下一个碱金属的人为断裂(以及常见的 "f "块突出),以及将氢置于碱族中,尽管这种气体也具有卤素特性。本文建议将化学元素排列成以氢为中心的正螺旋形。该元素也在锂之上,但经过氟与氦相连,有效地体现了其碱和卤的双重性质。然后,螺旋以逆时针方向向外移动,避免了人为的断裂,并遵循了置于螺旋底部的 "s "和 "p "块元素的自然读数方向。此外,这种拟议的方形螺旋形比以前的 Janet´s 和 Benfey´s 表示法有所改进,它的绘制形状更加规则,有效地描绘了氢的双重性质,而且无需突起即可轻松识别轨道块。
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引用次数: 0
Relational quantum mechanics, causal composition, and molecular structure 关系量子力学、因果构成和分子结构
IF 0.9 3区 化学 Q1 HISTORY & PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE Pub Date : 2024-06-20 DOI: 10.1007/s10698-024-09513-1
Stephen Esser

Franklin and Seifert (2021) argue that solving the measurement problem of quantum mechanics (QM) also answers a question central to the philosophy of chemistry: that of how to reconcile QM with the existence of definite molecular structures. This conclusion may appear premature, however, because interactions play a crucial role in shaping molecules, but we generally lack detailed models of how this is accomplished. Given this explanatory gap, simply choosing an interpretation of QM is insufficient, unless the interpretation also has relevant conceptual resources that address how spatially organized molecules are composed. This article seeks to close the gap, using the interpretation provided by relational quantum mechanics (RQM), along with a posited causal ontology. This framework, which entails the co-existence of multiple perspectives on systems within a single world, offers a path toward reconciling the quantum mechanical view of molecules with another conception more congenial to chemistry: that of molecules shaped by patterns of localizing interactions.

富兰克林和塞弗特(2021 年)认为,解决量子力学(QM)的测量问题也回答了化学哲学的一个核心问题:即如何协调 QM 与确定分子结构的存在。然而,这一结论似乎还为时过早,因为相互作用在分子的形成过程中起着至关重要的作用,但我们普遍缺乏如何实现这一点的详细模型。鉴于这种解释上的差距,仅仅选择一种对 QM 的解释是不够的,除非这种解释也有相关的概念资源来解决空间组织分子是如何构成的问题。本文试图利用关系量子力学(RQM)提供的解释以及假定的因果本体来弥补这一差距。这一框架包含了对单一世界中系统的多种观点,为调和量子力学分子观与另一种更适合化学的概念(即由局部相互作用模式塑造的分子)提供了一条途径。
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Foundations of Chemistry
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